The problem of studying the interaction of various geophysical (seismic, acoustic, meteorological) fields is considered in the context of prediction of geoecological risks generated by technogenic and natural phenomena. It is proved that meteorological -dependent processes of propagation of infrasound from explosions in the atmosphere can greatly enhance the ecological loading on the social and natural environments. Such a situation is observed in regions of open strip mines, test sites, and other areas where regular explosions are made. Therefore the active vibrational method is proposed and investigated by the authors for the sounding of adjacent lithosphere–atmosphere media by strictly repeating small-power vibrational seismic and acoustic oscillations that powerful seismic vibrators can radiate. It is proved that simultaneous remote recording of both types of oscillations is possible. The use of the approach of active monitoring of the natural environment makes it possible to achieve ecological purity, high repeatability, and precision accuracy of the measurement parameters being estimated. The results of these works are illustrated by data from numerous experiments and numerical calculations.

Предложен интегрированный подход к решению проблемы изучения взаимодействия инфранизкочастотных геофизических волновых полей разной природы (сейсмических, акустических и гидроакустических) от природных и техногенных источников с учетом метеофакторов. В качестве источников волновых полей в экспериментах рассматриваются сейсмические вибраторы, обладающие свойством порождать одновременно сейсмические волны в земле и акустические в атмосфере. Высокая повторяемость волновых форм в экспериментах с применением таких источников обеспечивает высокие метрологическую точность и разрешающую способность в изучении межволновых взаимодействий. Приводятся результаты экспериментов по межволновым взаимодействиям, в том числе в пределах Байкальской рифтовой зоны. This article addresses the interaction of seismic, acoustic and hydroacoustic conjugate heterogeneous geophysical fields. The research employs of the vibration method. One of the reason for considering the heterogeneous interactions of waves in geophysics is the data of field experiments observed by the authors. They prove that waves from various types of sources lead to the formation and simultaneous propagation of seismic acoustic and hydroacoustic waves. Seismic vibrators are considered as sources of wave fields. They simultaneously generate low-frequency seismic waves in the ground and acoustic waves in the atmosphere. Hydroacoustic waves are formed as a result of the seismic waves transformed at the bottom-water interface. The effects of the interaction of waves and the field are considered in experiments at ranges up to 100 km. The peculiarities of the structure of waves in the Earth, water, atmosphere and ice are studied. Two paths are possible for long-distance propagation of seismoacoustic waves. The first path is near-surface propagation along the Earth’s surface with a maximum of transferred acoustic energy along the azimuthal direction in the direction of the wind. The other path is associated with the processes of propagation and reflection in the upper layers of the atmosphere. The long-range propagation of acoustic waves in the atmosphere is facilitated by the phenomenon of spatial focusing of waves and beam propagation in the upper atmosphere. The structure of hydroacoustic waves on the example of the process of propagation in the water column of Lake Baikal is complicated by the presence of re-reflected waves caused by variations in hydrostatic pressure and temperature heterogeneity along the depth of the lake. It is mainly caused by the propagation of waves in water with the boundaries of “bottom–ice”. The propagation of elastic oscillations in ice on Lake Baikal is characterized by pronounced attenuation due to the strong cracking of the ice. A satisfactory result can be obtained in the monochromatic probing mode at individual frequencies and points of the ice area.

One of the methods used to monitor the developing geodynamic processes in seismically active zones is based on regular sounding of the medium by powerful seismic vibrators, with subsequent analysis of the time dynamics of the seismic field parameters. Such monitoring is accompanied by some nonlinear processes taking place at the stages of radiation and propagation of seismic oscillations. One is due to the peculiarities of constructions of different vibrators and the processes of its interaction with the underlying surface. Others develop in the medium of seismic wave propagation. Such processes enrich the seismic wave field with additional lower and higher frequency components. In this chapter it is shown that allowance for these processes increases the noise immunity of vibrational correlograms (analogs of explosive seismograms), as well as their time resolution, contributing to an increase in the accuracy of measurements of the arrival types of the main wave types. The modern concept of earthquake source development is as a process of the development of a system of cracks. Broadening of the spectra of the initial sounding seismic oscillations also results from vibroseismic sounding of fractured dilatancy media typical for earthquake preparation zones. The applicability of the parameters of wave field nonlinearity in the form of possible prognostic characteristics of the earthquake source development process is justified. The results of an analysis and formulated conclusions presented in this chapter are based on numerical calculations and experiments. The experiments were made during monitoring of a 355-km-long Earth's crust zone in periods of lunisolar tides. It is shown that allowance for the ratios between the high and first harmonics of seismic wave fields provides invariance of positive results of monitoring with respect to inevitable seasonal and instrumental fluctuations of the intensity characteristics of the radiation field. At the same time, high sensitivity of the relations to small variations of stresses in the Earth's crust is retained.

Рассматривается проблема геомониторинга окружающей среды в связи с обнаружением и определением местоположения разного класса импульсных источников, несущих угрозу для окружающей социальной инфраструктуре. В качестве таких источников могут выступать различные карьерные и промышленные взрывы, падающие на землю отработанные ступени ракет при спутниковых запусках, космические тела и др., являющиеся мощными источниками сейсмических и акустических волн. В рамках обозначенной проблемы рассматриваются задачи, связанные с обнаружением и определением местоположения разного класса источников на основе регистрируемых от них сейсмических и акустических колебаний. Решение задачи рассматривается как совмещенной обратной задачи по исходным данным от сети пространственно распределенных датчиков с использованием кинематических характеристик в виде времен вступлений волн сейсмических и акустических волн. Проведён сравнительный анализ результатов численных и натурных экспериментов по решению задачи геолокации источников различными методами. Разработан соответствующий программный комплекс.

The emergence of large-scale computing paradigms required the evolution of software development methods, moreover, the need to effectively transform traditionally sequential applications into parallelizable and scalable architectures. This transformation is key in harnessing the computing power of modern multicore and distributed systems. Python, with its vast ecosystem and simplicity, is becoming a powerful language that facilitates this transition. This article discusses the methodologies and development of a Python preprocessor tool aimed at converting sequential applications into forms suitable for large-scale computing environments. Through detailed analysis and implementation, we demonstrate the use of Spark functions and third-party libraries to automate this transition, making large-scale computing more accessible to a wider range of applications and developers. The tool includes a set of rules that identify different patterns of code input (for example, list-sequential looping) and transform consistent code. This article introduces a Python preprocessor designed to automate the transformation of sequential Python applications into ones that harness the power of large-scale computing environments.

The problem of measuring the spatiotemporal and energy parameters of acoustic infrasonic oscillations in the atmosphere is considered based on the placement of laser and fiber lines in geoecological monitoring zones. The measurements are based on the phenomenon of acousto-optical transformation at infralow frequencies associated with the influence of an external acoustic wave field on the characteristics of the propagation of laser pulse beams in this field. Background and anthropogenic atmospheric acoustic processes are used as external field sources. The measured parameter is the fluctuation of the phase (frequency) of the atmospheric optical signal relative to the reference optical fiber signal. The characteristics of the atmospheric fiber laser system and some results of experiments on assessing the statistics of fluctuations in the phase of atmospheric laser pulses and the parameters of infrasound fields in a given atmospheric monitoring zone are presented.

The problem of passive geophysical monitoring of vehicle objects based on their seismic-acoustic noise is considered. Heavy types of vehicles are considered as sources of vehicle oscillations: electric trains, freight trains, wheeled and tracked vehicles. The statement of the monitoring problem is given. Solving it includes a number of stages. The initial stage of monitoring is associated with the detection of moving vehicles against the background of external noise. The paper proposes two ways to increase the detection range: taking into account the characteristic narrowband frequency components in the oscillation spectrum in one method and broadband ones in the other. The solution is based on combining methods of spectral-time analysis and narrowband filtering of recorded oscillations. The results of the analysis of records of vehicle vibrations obtained in the field are presented. The features of the spectra of seismic and acoustic noise of various types of vehicle are considered. It has been shown that the predominant frequencies of seismic and acoustic oscillations arising during vehicle movement are in the low frequency range. The dependence of the characteristic narrowband frequency component on the speed mode of the vehicle is analyzed.

Рассматривается задача измерения пространственно-временны́х и энергетических параметров акустических инфразвуковых колебаний в атмосфере на базе размещения лазерных и волоконных линий в зонах геоэкологического мониторинга. В основе измерений лежит явление акустооптического преобразования на инфранизких частотах, связанного с влиянием внешнего акустического волнового поля на характеристики распространения в этом поле лазерных импульсных пучков. В качестве внешних источников поля используются фоновые и антропогенные атмосферные акустические процессы. Измеряемым параметром является флуктуация фазы (частоты) атмосферного оптического сигнала относительно опорного оптического волоконного сигнала. Приводятся характеристики лазерной атмосферно-волоконной системы и некоторые результаты экспериментов по оценке статистики флуктуаций фазы атмосферных лазерных импульсов и параметры инфразвуковых полей в заданной атмосферной зоне мониторинга. The problem of measuring the space-time and energy parameters of acoustic infrasound vibrations in the atmosphere based on the placement of laser and fiber lines in geoecological monitoring zones is considered. The measurements are based on the phenomenon of the acousto-optical transformation at infra-low frequencies associated with the influence of an external acoustic wave field on the characteristics of propagation of laser pulse beams in this field. Background and anthropogenic atmospheric acoustic processes are used as external sources of the field. The measured parameter is the phase (frequency) fluctuation atmospheric optical signal relative to the reference optical fiber signal. The characteristics of the atmospheric fiber laser system and some results of experiments aimed at estimating the statistics of phase fluctuations of atmospheric laser pulses and the parameters of infrasound fields in a given atmospheric monitoring zone are presented.

On the basis of a numerical method for solving direct and inverse problems, a method has been developed for tracking the dynamics of the propagation of a seismohydroacoustic wave field, constructing model seismograms, and estimating the velocity characteristics of the complex geophysical structure of the Baikal rift zone in the area of the Babushkin village (southeastern Baikal) and the Buguldeika village (northwestern Baikal). The choice of the profile for modeling is due to the experimental work performed here by the Institute of Physics of the Earth of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Geophysics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and the Institute of Geology of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2021. The algorithm for solving the direct problem of wave field reconstruction is based on applying the Laguerre integral transform in time and finite-difference approximation in the spatial coordinates. The numerical model of the medium used to calculate the propagation of seismic waves is established taking into account a priori data on the velocity section of the Baikal rift zone obtained by a number of researchers in the region according to the data of deep seismic sounding of the Earth. The results of direct numerical modeling assume the prediction of the complex structure of the wave field and are intended to facilitate its interpretation. As an approach to solving the inverse problem of reconstructing the velocity characteristics of an inhomogeneous medium, a computational grid algorithm based on calculating weighted average velocities in sections of the grid superimposed on the Earth’s surface is proposed and tested. By choosing the grid step and the method for approximating the discrete wave travel time curve by cubic splines and taking into account the curvature of the head wave travel time curve in areas with a pronounced inhomogeneity of the medium structure, it is possible to determine the velocity characteristic with an increased accuracy. The consistency of the reconstructed theoretical velocity model of the medium with the model experimentally obtained by the method of deep seismic sounding is shown.

The problem of constructing a digital twin of a vibration geophysical system for active geophysical monitoring of the environment is considered. The system is used to probe complex media in the "lithosphere-atmosphere-hydrosphere" complex in order to monitor the dynamically changing geophysical characteristics of media in time and space. First of all, this concerns seismic-volcano-hazardous zones, landslide areas, areas of quarry and nuclear explosions, etc. in order to develop methods for predicting catastrophic phenomena - earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, etc. An example of such a seismically active zone is the Baikal Rift Zone. The functioning of the virtual part of the digital twin of a vibration geophysical system is based on multifactor equations for the propagation and processing of vibration oscillations in complex environments. Such equations determine the main components of the digital twin, the connections between them and the simulation modes that underlie the digital twin. The implementation of the virtual digital model is provided using the Manufacturing and Transportation Simulation System simulation modeling system. The system is a visually interactive processor-oriented simulation modeling system for technical systems and technological processes.

The problem of passive geophysical monitoring of transport objects using acoustic and three-component seismic oscillations is considered. The solution is based on the application of spectral-time analysis, the method of spectral-polarization processing, the selection of informative frequencies of oscillations and the determining the direction finding on the object. The azimuthal orientation of the major axis position of the scattering ellipse obtained by polarization processing makes it possible to determine the direction finding. Numerical estimates of the accuracy of problem solving in a field experiment have been obtained. The proposed approach is based on consideration of the spatial-frequency characteristics of the object and its seasonal variation.

This article describes interaction of geophysical field of the different types. Interaction of fields means the converting of the waves energy of one type into the waves energy of another type. Using the results obtained in experiments in the Baikal rift zone by the method of vibrational sounding of adjacent "air-ice-water-earth" media, field seismo-hydroacoustic and meteo-acoustic interactions are analyzed. Such interactions must be studied due to the need to solve a number of modern environmental protection problems of predicting the geoecological impact of various man-made and natural processes as transport and industrial noise, quarry and test site explosions, etc. on the surrounding social infrastructure and natural environment. As part of the problems under consideration the results of experiments on registration at long distances of seismic waves in the ground, hydroacoustic waves in water and sound waves in the air are presented. The effect of spatial focusing of sound waves in the air, which causes high geoecological risks of infrasound impact on the surrounding social environment, is considered.

This paper is a review of our work, an experimental study and simulation of seismic fields in volcanic structures using vibrators as sources of elastic waves. We review the results of experimental studies of mud volcanoes carried out by the Institute of Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Geophysics (ICM&MG) of the Siberian Branch (SB), Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS); by the Institute of Physics of the Earth (IPE), RAS; and by the Kuban State University in the Taman mud-volcanic province using vibrators. We have carried out mathematical simulation in heterogeneous geophysical media to refine the information on the structure of the object under investigation, as well as on the distinguishing features of the seismic field. We have developed a mathematical approach to deal with the simulation of vibroseismic probing of mud volcanoes with arbitrary geometries incorporating knowledge of deep-seated faults, overlapping layers, and so on. Numerical techniques were used to solve sets of equations in elasticity theory and to develop parallel algorithms, program packages, as well as carrying out numerical experiments in high-performance computational systems. We present results from calculations of the seismic field for the source zone of the Shugo mud volcano. This paper describes 3D and 2D geophysical models developed for this study and the results of simulation for the seismic field of the Karabetova Gora mud volcano and for the Elbrus magmatic volcano. It is shown that the approach developed here using active vibroseismic techniques can be successfully used in practice to refine the seismic field, the deep structure of geophysical models, and to study the effects exerted by the geometry of a magma chamber and by the presence of erupting channels on data acquired by an observation system on the ground surface. These studies prove that vibroseismic sources with high accuracies of periodic excitation can be used to study volcanic structures and to conduct active monitoring of volcanic activity.

Effective programming of parallel architectures has always been a difficult t ask. T o d ate, programming languages and technologies have been developed that simplify the programmer’s work, but do not make parallelization automatic. MapReduce is a model of programming for the development of large-scale computations with intensive use of data. There are many frameworks where the implementation of this paradigm has been recently developed. There is a need to rewrite existing serial code to use the frameworks listed. The researcher must be familiar with the problems of parallelization, the API of the framework, and also have considerable experience. This prompted us to develop a new tool that automatically translates sequential programs into ready-made versions suitable for execution in the MapReduce paradigm. The code fragment from the serial version is converted in two stages. At the first stage, the synthesis of the program, the functional specification, was made. It was necessary to find information about the calculation structure for each block of code. The result was stored as a high-level intermediate language, reminiscent of the program format for MapReduce frameworks. Checking for semantic equivalence to the original has done using the proof of the theorem. At the second stage, executable code is created, which was the result of generation from a sequential program using the Hadoop or Spark instruction set. Creating a parallelizing compiler is one way to solve this problem. This will allow you to translate code written in a different paradigm (for example, imperative code) into a parallel version for the framework. Classical compilers, such as logical plan-to-physical compilers, use pattern matching rules. The compiler contains a set of rules that identify different patterns of code input (for example, list-sequential looping) and transform consistent code.

The problem of studying the interactions of different geophysical fields is very relevant in terms of predicting geoecological risks caused by environmentally hazardous man-made and natural events - earthquakes, powerful landfill and quarry explosions, transport noise, etc. The problem of interaction of fields by the authors is considered as optimizing in order to identify determining factors in the problem of mutual transformation of geophysical fields. The authors proposed and investigated the vibration method of studying the problem of interaction of geophysical fields of different nature-seismic, acoustic, hydroacoustic, meteorological. Due to the high metrological and ecological characteristics of seismic vibrators, high accuracy and repeatability of research results in this area, as well as their high environmental friendliness in comparison with traditional explosions, are achieved. The results of the studies are substantiated theoretically and experimentally.

In connection with the problem of geoecology of transport noise for urban infrastructure, this paper considers the detection and recognition of transport types based on seismic oscillations recorded at the ground surface and acoustic oscillations recorded in the atmosphere. A distinctive feature of this problem is that it is focused on solutions in low and infra-low frequency regions. Railway, automobile, heavy wheeled and tracked transport are considered as objects under study. The detection of oscillation sources is based on an adaptive threshold algorithm using the maximum likelihood criterion. In selected sections of records, informative features of the transport types being considered are determined by using spectral and spectral-time analysis. Based on the resulting statistics of the records, the problem of constructing etalons is solved at the stage of training and recognition of transport objects by noise in conditions of a priori uncertainty regarding their number. Numerical estimates of the accuracy of solving the problem in a field experiment are obtained.

The optimization problem of inter-wave transformations in adjacent geophysical media is considered in connection with the analysis of the phenomenon of acoustic-seismic conversion. It concerns the transformation of an atmospheric acoustic wave into a surface seismic wave. To characterize the transformation effect, a quantitative factor in the form of an energy criterion proposed. In this case, the problem of optimizing the inter-wave transformation is reduced to finding conditions that maximize criterion. There is a number of limiting factors that can neutralize the effect of acousto-seismic transformation. In as significantly weaken the effect for acoustic-seismic transformation screening effect of the snow cover in the article is discussed. Mathematical simulation of the elastic waves propagation from infralow frequency source taking into account snow cover is considered. The programs for calculation of the acoustic levels through mathematical model based on the conservation laws and differential equations for porous snow medium are implemented. The results of the processing and analysis of the experimental data taking into account the snow cover is executed.

The article considers the estimation and prevention problem of ecologically dangerous influence of technogenic noises generated by moving transport, such as heavy tracked and wheeled transport, railway transport. The influence on the man and the environment of a low-frequency controlled CV-40 seismic vibrator [1] used for seismological research separately is considered. The influence of vibrations located in the area of low and infra-low frequencies is estimated. The field records of technogenic noises are analyzed. Numerical analysis and estimation of levels of geoecological risks associated with seismic vibration in the ground and acoustic oscillations in the atmosphere are presented. Spectral and spectral-time analysis of technogenic noises records are performed. The main ecologically dangerous frequency areas, which are the most characteristic for these sources, are separated. The dynamics of changes of the vibration velocity level over distances for heavy wheeled and tracked types of transport has been determined.