Methods of multivariate data analysis are applied for ecological monitoring of the landfills. Traditional waste management approach often fails to reveal the specific areas within a landfill due to the complexity of geometrical configuration and variety of degradation processes. The present investigation is based on three different man-caused formations in the Samara region: illegal dump Bezenchuk, poorly run landfill Otradny, and a modern well-run landfill Kinel. Refuse samples are obtained by means of step-by-step drilling. Each sample is characterized by several measured variables such as depth, temperature, humidity, ash content, volumetric weight, and pH. The samples also have a variety of evaluated properties such as age, belonging to a stratum or lens, topsoil, etc., determined by the traditional methods of landfill exploration. Both measured and evaluated data are subjected to PCA and PLS analysis. Chemometric methods give possibility to explore the structure of a landfill, to reveal their specific areas, and to predict evaluated properties using measured data only.

Objective. To assess effect of level of calcium consumption with food (dairy produce) on bone mineralization in teenagers during growth period. Material and methods. 412 teenagers aged 15 to 18 years (192 male and 220 female) were included. Bone mineral density (BMD) was evaluated in 380 from them. Clinical examination and questionnaire design were performed in agreement with common protocol using questionnaire allowing assessing dairy produce consumption during the previous week. BMD was assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (bone densitometer Hologic 4500/W, USA with referent pediatric base for L1-L4) in lumbar spine (L1-L4) and left proximal femur. Results. Anthropometric indices, bone mineral content (BMC) in all skeletal regions and femur neck BMD in boys were significantly higher than in girls. Daily calcium consumption with food and separately with dairy produce in boys was significantly higher than in girls (p

Objective. To study BMP4 gene polymorphisms effect on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone remodeling markers in healthy postmenopausal women and women with osteoporosis. Material and methods. 272 women were dilivered in 2 groups from BMD: postmenopausal women (control group) and women with osteoporosis Results. Significant association of exon 4 6007C→T polymorphism with lumbar spine BMD and bone remodeling markers was revealed. This polymorphism encodes amino acid substitution in polypeptide sequence (C allele encodes alanin and T allele valine). Homozygous AA genotype accumulation was revealed in group of pts with osteoporosis. Carriers of this genotype showed significantly lower spine BMD values in comparison with AV genotype carriers. Healthy control did not have such a relationship. Mean values of femoral neck BMD did not correlate with homozygous AA genotype in pts with osteoporosis and in control group. But mean spine and femoral neck BMD values were significantly lower in carriers of all three genotypes (mean by 26%) than in control (p=0,001). Study of alkaline phosphatase concentration variability and crosslaps in pts with osteoporosis revealed lower alkaline phosphatase mean value and higher crosslaps mean value in genotype AA carriers Conclusion. Gene BMP4 6007C→T polymorphism leads to substitution of alanin (in presence of С allele) to valin (in presence of T allele) in BMP4 protein polypeptide sequence what modulates its functional activity. This polymorphism is associated with lumbar spine BMD and bone remodeling level in postmenopausal women.

Hip fractures can be separated into cervical and trochanteric fractures. Trochanteric fractures have been associated with up to twice the short-term mortality of cervical fractures in the elderly. There is also evidence suggesting that the mechanisms are different. Evidence from the literature remains limited on the predictive power of bone mineral density (BMD) and quantitative ultrasounds (QUS) for both types of hip fractures.5703 elderly women aged 75 years or more, who were recruited from the voting lists in the EPIDOS study, and had baseline calcaneal ultrasounds (QUS) and DXA measurements at the hip and the whole body, were analyzed in this paper. Among those, 192 hip fractures occurred during an average follow-up of 4 years, 108 cervical and 84 trochanteric fractures.Femoral neck, trochanteric and whole body BMD were able to predict trochanteric hip fracture (RR's and 95% CI were, respectively, 3.2 (2.4–4.2); 4.8 (3.5–6.6); and 2.8 (2.2–3.6)) more accurately than cervical fractures (respectively, 2.1 (1.7–2.7); 2.3 (1.8–3.0); 1.2 (1.0–1.6)). All ultrasound parameters, SOS, BUA, and stiffness index (SI) were significant predictors of trochanteric (RR's respectively 3.0 (2.2–4.1), 2.5(2.0–3.1), and 3.5(2.6–4.7)) but not cervical fractures. After adjustment for femoral neck or trochanteric BMD ultrasound parameters were still significant predictors of trochanteric fracture, and stiffness tended to be a better predictor of trochanteric fractures than either BUA or SOS with a relative risk of 2.25 (1.6–3.1).A significant decrease of all bone measurements, BMD and QUS, was highly predictive of trochanteric fractures, whereas a decrease of femoral neck and trochanteric BMD were only associated with a slight increase in cervical fracture risk and a low total body BMD or QUS parameters were not significant predictors of cervical fractures. In women who sustained a hip fracture, the decrease of BMD and QUS values increases the risk of trochanteric fracture as compared to cervical fracture. Trochanteric fractures were mostly a consequence of a generalized low BMD and QUS, whereas other parameters might be involved in cervical fractures.

The incidence of spine fractures was studied in population selection of 50 years old persons and older. The study was conducted as a part of the European Program on Spine Osteoporosis. There were 521 patients (221 men,300 women) aged 50 years and older. The fractures were evaluated by lateral radiograms of the thoracic and lumbar spine. Morphologic analysis of the main heights of T4 -L4 with the estimation of the vertebral deformity indices were carried out. Fractures were evaluated using 25% level by Felsenberg. In 414 patients (173 men,241 women) morphometric analysis of radiograms was performed. The rate of spine fractures was 11,8% (14.5% - in men,10.0% - in women, with no statistically significant differences). Wedged fractures were the most frequent ones (13.3% in men,12.4% - in women), then pressed fractures (3.5% in men,5.8% in women) and compressed ones (4.0% in men,0.4% in women) with statistically significant prevalence in men (p 0.05). This study is the first work in Russia related to the incidence of spine fractures in population selection of 50 years and older persons who are at risk of osteochondrosis development.

In accordance with the program on osteoporosis epidemiology in subjects over 50, a retrospective study of hip fracture incidence in populations of two Russian towns (Elektrostal and Yaroslavl) was performed. The total population of Elektrostal and Yaroslavl is above 100000 and 600000, respectively. The analysis of medical records of the traumatological departments of the central city hospitals where patients with hip fractures have been admitted and files from outpatient traumatological stations was performed for 1986-1991 and 1982-1991. The towns' administration provided statistical data on relevant population number and age distribution. Hip fracture has been defined as a fracture of the femoral neck or intertrochanteric region fracture (ICD 9 code 820.0 and 820.2). The incidence of hip fracture for the examined period for the town of Elektrostal made up 61/100000 person-years (32 males and 77 females) and for the town of Yaroslavl 61/100000 person-years (45 males and 70 females). Male/female ratio was 1:2 and 1:15, respectively. The occurrence of hip fractures was maximal in subjects over 75 years old. More recent data showed no significant differences in the incidence of hip fractures in the two towns, except a significant rise in hip fracture incidence in female residents of Yaroslavl. Compared to European countries, the incidence of hip fractures in the above towns was significantly lower. The reasons of these differences are unclear and need further investigation.

Diagnostic criteria for osteoarthrosis worked out at the Institute of Rheumatology, AMS of the USSR and the criteria for gonarthrosis proposed by the Criteria Committee of American Association of Rheumatology were compared in a clinical trial which involved 76 patients with osteoarthrosis and 29 patients with other rheumatic diseases. The comparative approbation of both criteria has shown their suitability for diagnosing osteoarthrosis of the knee joint and their high sensibility and specificity. It has shown the simplicity and availability of the regression tree method.