Background: Nitro-m-xylene (NMX) is an important intermediate in the production of fine chemicals. Ionic liquids (ILs) are emerging solvents and catalysts. Investigating the exothermic characteristics and catalytic mechanism of IL-catalyzed synthesis of NMX is of great significance for the development of safe, efficient, and green nitration processes. Method: The thermal stability and acid strength of the six imidazolium hydrogen sulfate ILs containing different cations were characterized by TGA and UV-vis. The effect of ILs on the exothermic behavior of MX nitration was characterized by reaction calorimeter. Quantum chemical and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations (AIMD) were combined to reveal the catalytic mechanism. Significant findings: ILs all exhibited high thermal stability, [MIMBs]HSO4 showed relatively higher acid strength and catalytic activity, with MX conversion and NMX yields of 99.3% and 98.1% under catalytic conditions, respectively. The introduction of different ILs reduced the heat accumulation during nitration. The anions and sulfonic acid groups of the ILs could serve as catalytic sites with NO2+, promoting their reaction with MX. AIMD calculations revealed the reaction pathway and free energy barriers by which the ILs promoted protonation of HNO3 and facilitated the NO2 + attack on MX.

Articular cartilage regeneration remains a significant challenge because of its limited intrinsic healing capacity and the inadequacy of conventional treatments for restoring structural and functional integrity. In this study, a novel injectable composite hydrogel scaffold was designed to mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) of native cartilage. The scaffold combines hyaluronic acid methacrylate (HAMA), chondroitin sulfate methacrylate (CSMA), and decellularized cartilage matrix (dCM) enriched with Type II collagen (COL II). This biomimetic scaffold exhibited excellent injectability, rapid UV-induced cross-linking, and favorable mechanical properties. Biological assessments demonstrated that the scaffold effectively enhanced chondrocyte proliferation, phenotypic maintenance, and ECM synthesis, with a remarkable over 10-fold upregulation of COL II gene expression. Additionally, studies have further confirmed the superior capability of the scaffold to facilitate hyaline cartilage regeneration in vivo, with the regenerated tissue closely mimicking the mechanical and histological characteristics of native cartilage. This study provides an innovative biomimetic approach for cartilage regeneration and repair, offering potential as a minimally invasive strategy for cartilage repair in tissue engineering. (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(ECM).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(HAMA),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(CSMA)(sic)(sic)(sic)II(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(COL II)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(dCM)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)COL II (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) 10 (sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).

Microalgal biodiesel production is constrained by inefficient lipid biosynthesis and energy-intensive harvesting processes. Here, we report a cationic amphiphilic photoactive antenna TPyD with aggregation-induced emission, which programs microalgae to overcome these challenges. TPyD assembles into algal cell membranes through its cationic pyridinium moiety and hydrophobic decyl chain, creating a biohybrid system capable of on-demand functional switching. Under photosynthetic light, TPyD acts as a blue-to-red light converter and endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger on the algal membrane to enhance photosynthesis and lipid biosynthesis. Under high light, it switches to a photosensitizer, generating in situ ROS to disrupt membrane integrity for lipid release. At elevated concentrations, TPyD also triggers algal flocculation by modulating surface potential. Consequently, by simply tuning light and TPyD levels, this biohybrid orchestrates a sequential regulation of lipid biosynthesis, cell collection, and lipid release, achieving a similar to 200% increase in lipid yield. This work establishes an all-in-one, solar-driven platform for lipid bioprocessing, presenting an energy-efficient strategy for sustainable biodiesel production.

Biohybrids promise to endow photosynthetic organisms with new or enhanced functions, yet most operate monofunctionally, targeting either photosynthesis enhancement or stress tolerance, and cannot report environmental changes. Here, we develop an environmentally responsive membrane antenna, TPyB, featuring an aggregation-induced emission light-harvesting module with an H2O2-cleavable site. Assembled onto the plasma membrane of green microalgae, TPyB creates a biohybrid with a responsive interface for photosynthesis promotion, stress reporting, and modulation. Under normal conditions, TPyB acts as a spectral converter that reconfigures incident sunlight to augment photosynthesis and biomass. Upon stress onset, rising intracellular H2O2 triggers the cleavage of TPyB, producing dual outputs: a distinct fluorescence color change (red to yellow) for stress reporting, and direct H2O2 quenching to alleviate oxidative damage. This trait enables the biohybrid to conditionally shift from light optimization to stress management, achieving faster recovery and enhanced tolerance. Thus, by assembling a responsive membrane-anchored antenna with living organisms, this work establishes a bioaugmentation paradigm for advanced biohybrids capable of environmental sensing and adaptive regulation.

Mutation in paired-like homeobox 2B (PHOX2B) is used as the diagnostic marker of Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CCHS). The mutant gene/protein affects neural crest cells embryonic development which leads to congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS). When individuals also have Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) with CCHS it is known as Haddad syndrome (HS). Previous studies on CCHS/HS have mainly focused on the conformational dynamics of the mutant protein and have remained controversial. Here we performed RNA-sequencing on the patient derived neuroepithelial stem cells (NESCs), pertinent to the neurodevelopmental phenotype in CCHS/HS, and found that the PHOX2B-PARM has a profound impact on the transcriptional profile of the cells. The single copy of PHOX2B-PARM in heterozygote cells led to >8 fold differentially expressed genes. This include genes e.g., STMN2, L1CAM, ONECUT2 and NFASC, that are reported to have role in neurodevelopment. In the patient cells there was a significant enrichment of genes related to neuronal development and synapse organization mainly driven by L1CAM interactions and synaptogenesis signaling pathway. Our results not only highlight the use of a suitable model of CCHS/HS but also provide a clear path for future experimental validation.

Surface conductivity graded insulators (SCGIs) present promising application for compact dc-gas-insulated switchgear (GIS), where the lifting behavior of particles and the occurrence of abnormal surface discharge are highly dependent on the electric field distribution. In this part, an iterative method for optimizing the surface conductivity distribution of the SCGI is proposed. Surface electric field inhomogeneity coefficients were used to assess the optimization of electric field. After optimization, the inhomogeneity coefficient of tangential electric field on the insulator surface is decreased from 3.79 to 2.07. The electric field strength around the insulator's grounded shell is significantly reduced. The optimized surface conductivity distribution presented obvious zoning characteristics. To simplify the manufacturing process of SCGI, the optimal surface conductivity distribution was discretized. Surface fluorination technology is utilized to manufacture SCGIs. A graded distribution of surface conductivity along the SCGI is achieved, by adjusting the fluorination time in various areas, enhancing the surface insulating properties of insulators and inhibiting the activity of metal particles around insulators in dc-GIS.

To develop an injectable recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rh-BMP-2) hybrid material and evaluate its clinical efficacy in promoting tendon-bone interface healing in patients with rotator cuff injuries through clinical outcome assessments and MRI-based imaging analysis. This study included patients with rotator cuff tears who had an inadequate response to conservative treatment. The injectable rh-BMP2 hybrid material was synthesized. Ultimately, a total of 92 patients completed the final follow-up and were included in the analysis, with 46 patients in the experimental group (receiving the BMP-2 hybrid injection) and 46 in the control group (receiving no injection).Clinical evaluations were conducted preoperatively, at 1 and 3 months postoperatively for the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and at 3 months and 1 year postoperatively for shoulder range of motion (shoulder flexion, external rotation, internal rotation), the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, and Constant-Murley score. At the final follow-up (1 year), the abduction strength ratio and MRI signal-to-noise quotient were recorded. At the 1-year final follow-up, the BMP-2 group showed significantly better outcomes across multiple key measures compared to the control group. The BMP-2 group showed superior outcomes in ASES score (93.58 ± 5.21 vs. 90.68 ± 7.17, p = 0.03), Constant-Murley score (87.17 ± 5.55 vs. 83.93 ± 6.18, p = 0.01), and Shoulder flexion (168.70°±12.83° vs. 163.70°±13.12°, p = 0.05). External Rotation range was significantly better in the BMP-2 group (68.70°±12.25° vs. 62.61°±12.33°, p = 0.02). The abduction strength ratio favored the BMP-2 group (82.25

The development of sustainable, high-performance thermal insulators is crucial to reducing building energy consumption, which accounts for nearly 40% of global energy use. Cellulose-based porous materials have attracted considerable interest for this purpose owing to their renewability and inherently low thermal conductivity. However, the intrinsic flammability of cellulose and the structural collapse commonly encountered during conventional drying or flame-retardant modification processes make it difficult to simultaneously achieve high flame retardancy, low thermal conductivity, and sustainable fabrication in cellulose-based porous insulators. Herein, we report an ambient-drying strategy to fabricate cellulose/ammonium phytate (AP) composite xerogels for bio-based fire-retardant thermal-insulation application. In this design, bio-based AP serves dual roles as a crosslinking agent and a phosphorus-nitrogen synergistic flame retardant. The optimized xerogels exhibit a thermal conductivity of 45 mW m-1 K-1 and outstanding flame retardancy, with a high limiting oxygen index of 95% and a 95.2% reduction in peak heat release rate compared with pure cellulose xerogels. This work provides a practical pathway toward sustainable, fire-safe thermal insulation materials derived entirely from renewable resources.

Wound healing is a complex process involving various stages such as hemostasis, inflammation, cell proliferation, and tissue remodeling. If a wound fails to heal promptly, it can lead to ulcers, necrosis, and even limb amputation, resulting in significant losses. Over the years, many clinical studies have explored the role of dressings in wound healing. Although numerous dressings have been introduced to the market, traditional ones typically influence only external factors such as temperature, humidity, and pH, often causing issues like excessive moisture or dryness, allergic reactions, secondary injuries, and limited applicability across different wound types. In response, paracrine effect hydrogels, a novel class of biomaterials, have shown great promise in overcoming these limitations. Unlike traditional dressings or simple bioactive delivery systems, paracrine-oriented hydrogels function as microenvironmental regulators that influence intercellular communication, immune responses, and tissue regeneration. These dressings target the internal wound microenvironment, enhancing functions like exudate absorption, anti-inflammatory effects, and antibacterial activity. Although research on paracrine effect-type hydrogels is still developing, they are expected to become a emerging strategy in wound healing. This paper reviews the design principles, classification, mechanisms, and clinical applications of hydrogel dressings that leverage paracrine effects. It also highlights the historical development of hydrogel dressings, recent advancements, and the role of paracrine signaling in tissue repair. Finally, the paper discusses the current challenges and future directions in this field, offering valuable insights for the design of innovative hydrogel-based wound care products.

Lithium difluorophosphate (LiPO2F2) as an electrolyte additive can significantly improve the battery performance, and the safety of its synthesis process needs to be further investigated. In this study, LiPO2F2 was prepared from lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) and lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6). The process conditions were optimized by response surface methodology. The result showed that under the optimal reaction conditions of 7 additions, 0.68 mol/L LiPF6 concentration, 65 degrees C reaction temperature, the optimum yield of LiPO2F2 could reach 72.9%. Meanwhile, the thermal stability of the reactants and products was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC). Meanwhile, the reaction pathways were deduced using the density functional theory. Finally, the thermal risk of reaction was assessed through the risk matrix and the Stoessel criticality diagram. The results of this study can be used to guide the safe production of LiPO2F2.

Abstract Regulating type-I and type-II photochemistry is essential for anticancer photodynamic therapy. Type-I pathways generate hydroxyl and superoxide radicals, whereas type-II produces singlet oxygen. We tuned reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by varying Pt(II) configuration and ligand flexibility. Among the four complexes, rigid cis-configured c-Pt-BDP showed maximal •OH production and photocytotoxicity, with light-IC50 values of 0.89 μM in Panc02 and 0.93 μM in A549 cells. Flexible cis-configured c-Pt-CH2-BDP favored 1O2 and showed moderate activity (light-IC50: >2.42 and 1.77 μM, respectively). Rigid trans-configured t-Pt-BDP produced •O2−, whereas flexible t-Pt-CH2-BDP generated negligible ROS; both showed poor activity (light-IC50 > 50 μM). Computational predictions explained the ROS profiles through kinetic and energetic differences. Fe2+ accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and GSH depletion supported ferroptotic cell death. In A549 xenografts, irradiated intratumoral c-Pt-BDP achieved 88.42% tumor growth inhibition under the tested conditions. Thus, Pt(II) geometry and ligand flexibility provide design parameters for controlling ROS generation in metal-coordinated photosensitizers.

To investigate the effect of surface conductivity gradient design on the electric field regulation of insulators, the surface charging characteristics and metal particle lifting activity of surface conductivity graded insulators (SCGIs) were measured under different operating conditions. The platform was designed to replicate the typical conditions of dc-gas insulated metal enclosed switchgear (GIS), including dc operating conditions, dc polarity reversal, and ac and dc superposition. The surface charge distribution of various types of insulators and the lifting voltage of metal particles near the insulators were tested. The results indicate that the SCGI can regulate the surface charge distribution, significantly reduce electric field distortion around the insulator's grounding shell, and inhibit the lifting behavior of particles under dc conditions. In addition, the surface-conducting graded insulators demonstrate optimal charge modulation and suppression of metal particle activity under dc polarity reversal and ac-dc superposition conditions, effectively enhancing insulation performance under complex operating conditions. The study may serve as a valuable reference for the optimal design of dc GIS insulators.

The articular osteochondral injury involves the repair of hyaline cartilage, subchondral bone plate, and cancellous bone. Due to the weak regeneration ability of chondrocytes and the complex structure of the bone-cartilage junction, there is currently no excellent repair method. The challenge of hyaline cartilage repair is to avoid fibrosis and hypertrophy, which has been solved to some extent after the advent of type II collagen scaffolds; the difficulty of the subchondral bone plate and cancellous bone repair lies in the repair of the complex transition structure of cartilage tidemark, calcified cartilage, subchondral bone plate, and cancellous bone. Inspired by developmental biology, the generation of this complex structure during development depends on endochondral ossification (ECO). ECO depends on some specific proteins, such as IHH, PTHrP, BMP, and WNT, and the receptors of these proteins. Studies have shown that polydopamine coating can promote the production of BMP and WNT proteins. We developed a type II collagen-based double-layer scaffold (Col II & Dopa-Col II) with type II collagen on the upper layer and polydopamine-coated type II collagen on the lower layer. Proteomics and RNA sequencing analysis have found that polydopamine coating can mobilize the proliferation and hypertrophy differentiation of chondrocytes, induce intra-chondral vascular nerve invasion, and promote ECO and bone remodeling by upregulating Parathyroid hormone signaling pathway, Hedgehog signaling pathway, VEGF signaling pathway, and Axon guidance. All the results indicate that Col II & Dopa-Col II can achieve hyaline cartilage and vascularized subchondral bone regeneration.

Cationic tetraphenylethylene (TPE)-based amphiphiles were developed as membrane antennas to enhance photosynthesis. The positioning of the TPE group was adjusted to balance ultraviolet to blue light conversion, significantly boosting photosynthetic activity.

To meet the dual demands of mechanical strength and electrochemical performance in high-efficiency energy storage devices, we developed an anisotropic bamboo template (ABT) through UV-assisted catalytic oxidation to modify the lignin in bamboo while preserving its natural layered structure. On this ABT, we uniformly loaded the conductive polymer polypyrrole (PPy) and introduced flexible polyacrylamide (PAM) to form a threedimensional hydrogel network. This resulted in the successful fabrication of high-performance anisotropic polypyrrole bamboo-based/polyacrylamide composite hydrogels (PBPH). By adjusting the PPy loading concentration and electrolyte soaking time, we optimized the mechanical and electrochemical properties of PBPH. The results show that when the PPy concentration is 0.1 M and the soaking time is 6 h, the PBPH exhibits areal capacitances of 1377.28 mF cm- 2 and 101.73 mF cm- 2 in the longitudinal and radial directions, respectively, along with high mechanical strength (104.82 MPa) and toughness (1.95 MJ m- 3). The superior performance of PBPH is attributed to the synergistic effects of the ABT's layered porous structure, the uniform conductive network of PPy, and the PAM hydrogel. This study provides a new approach for the design of integrated rigid supercapacitors and holds promise for applications in high-performance energy storage devices.

Cross-talk between the nervous and immune systems is involved in neurological diseases. However, their potential interplay in depression has yet to be elucidated. Here, using single-cell RNA and neutrophil SMART RNA sequencing, we showed that CCR5+ neutrophils were significantly increased in patients with depression and preferentially migrated to the hippocampus in a mouse model of depression. Infiltrated neutrophils engulf neuronal spines and subsequently promote depressive symptoms in male mice. Furthermore, by genetic or pharmacologic disruption, we identified a chemotactic effect of the astrocyte-derived chemokine CCL5 on mediating the infiltration of CCR5+ neutrophils and behavioral disorders in male depressed mice. Our findings therefore highlight the critical role of neutrophils in depression pathogenesis and astrocytes in mediating the dysregulation of innate immune responses and suggest that inhibition of CCL5/CCR5-mediated neutrophil infiltration represents a potential therapeutic strategy for noninfectious brain diseases such as depression.

The investigation of Low-velocity impact (LVI) damage in natural fiber-reinforced composites (NFRCs) was challenging due to the complex damage mechanisms of natural fibers, periodic fiber waviness, structural inhomogeneity, and inherent defects. Herein, a multiscale modeling approach based on the multiscale structural composition of plain-woven natural fiber-reinforced composites (PWNFRCs) characterized by X-ray computed tomography was proposed to accurately capture the LVI response and failure mechanisms of PWNFRCs. The homogenization approach was employed to transfer the material properties of PWNFRCs from the mesoscale to the macroscale. The macroscale LVI numerical model predicted the LVI response and failure mechanisms of PWNFRCs under different energy levels. At impact energy levels of 5J, 7.5J, and 10J, the errors between the experimental peak impact loads and the simulated peak impact loads were 8.29 %, 2.84 %, and 3.70 %, respectively, while the maximum displacement error remained within 8.3 %. The study revealed that the damage failure modes of PWNFRCs under higher-energy impacts progressively evolved into more complex synergistic damage mechanisms, including fiber fracture, matrix cracking, and interlayer delamination. The high consistency between the experimental and simulation results demonstrated that the proposed multiscale modeling approach was reliable in predicting the dynamic response and damage failure mechanisms under various LVI loading conditions.

Gas-insulated transmission lines and switchgears (GILs/GISs) are essential components that constitute ultra-high-voltage power transmission and transformation systems. Epoxy-based insulators, as core components, experience significant electric field distortions and consequent flashover faults. Since the 1980s, researchers have focused on utilizing dielectric functionally graded materials (FGMs) to improve the electric field distribution of insulators. The key research on FGMs for GIL/GIS insulators over the past half-century is reviewed. The development from bulk-FGMs to surface-FGMs, and eventually to multi-FGMs are outlined. Bulk-FGMs are typically used in AC systems. These materials provide a more uniform electric field distribution by creating a gradient in the relative permittivity within the insulator's bulk. Surface-FGMs are commonly employed in DC systems, and they regulate the electric field by designing a surface conductivity gradient, thus preventing internal breakdowns that result from bulk conductivity gradients. In practice, GIL/GIS insulators are exposed to complex operating conditions, including AC, DC, and transient voltages, resulting in the development of multi-FGMs. These combine both conductivity and permittivity gradients, thus providing a comprehensive solution for suppressing both dynamic and static electric field distortions. An effective reference for researchers and industry professionals to support the transition of the research on FGM insulators from laboratory studies to practical engineering applications is provided.

Chronic wounds are susceptible to bacterial aggregation, which could lead to severe infections and a complicated healing process. Addressing bacterial infections is crucial for effective wound repair. In this study, we developed an antibacterial nanozyme sustained-release system, Arg-CDs/ZIF-8, by doping arginine carbon dots (Arg-CDs) into the zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) to achieve pH-responsive release. ensuring prolonged action at the wound site. In the presence of hydrogen peroxide, Arg-CDs/ZIF-8 demonstrates superior generation of NO and reactive oxygen species capability, exhibiting promising synergistic antibacterial effects against E. coli and S. aureus. In vivo animal experiments also demonstrated the excellent wound-healing ability of Arg-CDs/ZIF-8 in the presence of H2O2. The in vivo toxicity results confirm that Arg-CDs/ZIF-8 has good biosafety, providing a promising nonantibiotic approach to combat wound infections, and highlighting its potential in the development of antimicrobial materials.

Serine Hydroxymethyltransferase 1 (SHMT1) plays a pivotal role in one‐carbon metabolism, facilitating the production of SAM. In this study, dysregulation of one‐carbon metabolism is reported in both Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and animal models, characterized by significantly downregulated expression of SHMT1. Astrocyte‐specific conditional knockout of Shmt1 decreased SAM level, exacerbated motor dysfunction, and dopaminergic neuronal loss in a PD mouse model. While SAM is conventionally generated through the one‐carbon cycle, the data indicate that, despite significant alterations in SHMT1, SAM remains unaffected while labeled 13 C‐Serine. Intriguingly, isotopic labeling experiments revealed a significant association between SHMT1 and the production of PDME, an intermediate metabolite of the phosphatidylethanolamine methylation pathway. Consequently, PEMT is discovered as interacting with SHMT1. It is demonstrated that disruption of the interaction between SHMT1 and PEMT leads to SAM depletion, causing H3K4me1 hypomethylation, which in turn reduces the expression of Slc1a2 and Glul. As a result, decoupling of SHMT1 and PEMT in astrocytes ultimately exacerbates neuroexcitotoxicity and dopaminergic neuron loss in PD. Thus, the study elucidates the novel metabolic connection between SHMT1 and PEMT that links the astrocytic one‐carbon cycle and membrane phospholipid metabolism in PD.