Мета. Встановлення впливу інокуляції насіння люцерни новим комплементарним бактеріальним препаратом Ековітал та позакореневого підживлення борним мікродо- бривом Авангард Р Бор на формування урожаю насіння люцерни. Методи. Закладання двофакторного польового досліду проводили методом розщеплених ділянок, де ділянки першого порядку – інокуляція насіння люцерни мікробним препаратом Ековітал, субділянки – позако- реневе підживлення борним мікродобривом Авангард Р Бор. Ступінь забезпеченості насіннєвої люцерни вологою, дефіцит вологозабезпечення та коефіцієнт зволоження встановлювали за Н.Н. Івановим. Визначення структури урожаю виконували за М.А. Бурнашовою, статистичний аналіз врожайних даних проводили за В.О. Ушкаренком, Р.А. Вожеговою, С.П. Голобородьком, С.В. Коковіхіним. Економічну ефективність вирощування люцерни на насіння розраховували за фактичними витратами, енергетичну ефективність – за О.К. Медведовським, П.І. Іваненком. Результати. За вирощування люцерни на насіння на темно-каштановому ґрунті в умовах природного зволоження урожайність насіння культури у контрольному варіанті без інокуляції насіння й застосування борних мікродобрив (контроль 1) не перевищувала 125–143 кг/га, а у варіанті з обприскуванням водою (контроль 2) – 126–144 кг/га. Під час застосування борних мікродобрив приріст урожайності насіння люцерни без інокуляції насіння Ековіталом порівняно з контролем 1 був істотно вищим, складаючи під час обприскування на початку буто- нізації 10,0 кг/га (8,0%), на початку цвітіння й масового цві- тіння – 11,0 кг/га (8,8%). За інокуляції насіння Ековіталом та застосування борних мікродобрив Авангард Р Бор на початку бутонізації приріст урожайності насіння люцерни сорту Анжеліка досягав 22,0 кг/га (15,4%), відповідно, на початку цвітіння і масового цвітіння – 23,0 кг/га (16,1%). Порівняно з контролем 2 приріст урожайності насіння люцерни без інокуляції Ековіталом становив на початку бутонізації 9,0 кг/га (7,1%); на початку цвітіння й у період масового цвітіння – 10,0 кг/га (7,9%), відповідно, за іноку- ляції насіння та початку бутонізації – 21,0 кг/га (14,6%); початку цвітіння і масового цвітіння – 22,0 кг/га. Висновки. За інокуляції насіння комплементарним бактеріальним препаратом Ековітал і застосування борних мікродо- брив Авангард Р Бор порівняно з контролем 1 (без іно- куляції насіння й підживлення борними мікродобривами) та контролем 2 (обприскування водою) у 2019–2020 рр. отримано суттєвий приріст урожаю насіння люцерни перш за все за рахунок формування більшої маси вегетативних і генеративних органів культури.

Influence of highly disperse nanostructured modifiers of alumina – magnesia, partially stabilized zirconia – on the consolidation processes of composite ceramics of industrial corundum powders annealed at 1600–1700 °C, changes of its microstructure and physico-mechanical properties is investigated. It is established, that due to processes of self-diffusion of active modifiers there is a distribution of their nanograins on the borders of miсroparticles of corundum powder. In addition, nanostructured modifiers fill a pore space that causes sliding of particles under mechanical and thermal loads of material and transfers the mechanism of fragile destruction to pseudo-plastic. The entered nanostructured modifiers promote the process of lamellar zones formation throughout the material that also strengthens its mechanical properties. The correlation of composite ceramics structure and their physico-mechanical characteristics are developed.

Influence of highly disperse nanostructured modifiers of alumina – magnesia, partially stabilized zirconia – on the consolidation processes of composite ceramics of industrial corundum powders annealed at 1600–1700 °C, changes of its microstructure and physico-mechanical properties is investigated. It is established, that due to processes of self-diffusion of active modifiers there is a distribution of their nanograins on the borders of miсroparticles of corundum powder. In addition, nanostructured modifiers fill a pore space that causes sliding of particles under mechanical and thermal loads of material and transfers the mechanism of fragile destruction to pseudo-plastic. The entered nanostructured modifiers promote the process of lamellar zones formation throughout the material that also strengthens its mechanical properties. The correlation of composite ceramics structure and their physico-mechanical characteristics are developed.

The introduction of biotechnologies into the practice of land use, the reduction or replacement of chemicals by bioformulations, including microbial, are relevant for modern crop production. To date, a wide range of biological products based on soil bacteria has been developed, they are used to increase plant productivity and crop quality, protect plants from harmful organisms, and reduce the rate of mineral fertilizers and pesticides application. Aim. To study the effect of the complex use of microbial preparations Azotobacterin and Biophosphorin together with fungicides on the tomatoes, cucumbers, white cabbage diseases development and their productivity under field cultivation. Methods. Microbiological methods of micromycetes isolation from infected plants tissues; morphological and physiological methods of identification of phytopathogenic micromycetes of Alternaria, Pseudoperonospora and Fusarium genus; methods of field studies; methods of determination of diseases development and the effectiveness of protective action of biopreparations Azotobacterin (based on Azotobacter chroococcum ІМВ В-7171), Biophosphorin (based on Bacillus megaterium ІМВ В-7168) and fungicides Acrobat MC, Quadris 250 SC, Infinito 61 SC, Ridomil Gold MC 68 WG; statistical methods. Results. The bioformulation Azotobacterin and its composition with Biophosphorin in the mixtures with such fungicides as Acrobat MC, Quadris 250 SC, Infinito 61 SC, Ridomil Gold MC 68 WG with reduced consumption rates have provided a protective effect against pathogens at the level of fungicides with full consumption rates and the increase in yield of vegetable crops by 11–39% compared to control. Conclusions. Application of nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-mobilizing bacteria together with fungicides with the reduced consumption rates contributed to decrease of the tomatoes, cucumbers, white cabbage diseases control and increase in their yield, which makes possible to reduce the pesticide load on agrocenosis by an average of 17-33% and has significant environmental and economic importance.

Biodiversity of soil microorganisms in the agroecosystems plays the major role for stabilization and conservation of soil fertility, increasing plants productivity. Aim. To study the diversity of microbiome phylums of the dark-grey podzolic soil in the soybean rhizosphere, the seeds treated by fungicides with following inoculation with the complex microbial bioformulation Ecovital. Methods. Molecular-biological methods, pyrosequencing of PCR-amplicons of 16S rRNA gene V-4 region. Results. In soybean rhizosphere microbiome, there were identified 20 phylums, 28 classes and 44 orders of Bacteria, and one phylum, one class and two orders of Archaea. The representation of Proteobacteria phylum has increased from 26.2% in the control sample to 35.8–37.6% in the samples with the application of fungicides and inoculation, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Acidobacteria phylums has increased from 1.5%, 2.1% and 11% in the control sample to 3.5–5.4%, 2.6–4.7% and 12.8–13.3% in all researched samples, respectively. The increase of biodiversity indices (Shannon’s and Menhinik’s indices) and the decrease of dominance indices (Simpson’s and Berger-Parker’s indices) indicate the increase of biodiversity for the samples with application of complex inoculant Ecovital and fungicides with Ecovital. Conclusions. Complex inoculation and its combined use with fungicides have promoted the increase of prokaryotes biodiversity in soybean rhizosphere.

У світовому землеробстві соя займає одне з перших місць серед сільськогосподарських культур за масштабами виробництва. На сьогодні значно збагатився сортовий спектр і підвищився валовий збір зерна сої, проте реалізація генетичного потенціалу сучасних сортів залишається доволі низькою. Мета. Вивчити вплив iнокулянтiв на розвиток рослин, формування симбіотичних систем, захворюваність та продуктивність сучасних сортів сої, що належать до різних груп стиглості. Методи. Мікробіологічні, газово-хроматографічний, польових досліджень, статистичної обробки. Результати. Встановлено позитивний вплив обробки насіння моно- та комплексним інокулянтами на розвиток рослин, формування симбіотичних систем, зменшення ураженості хворобами та продуктивність сої сортів Медея, Моравія та Медісон, що належать до різних груп стиглості. Показано стимулювальну дію цих інокулянтів на схожість, ріст, формування та нiтрогеназну активність нодуляційного апарату, а також урожай сої досліджуваних сортів. Висновки. Інокуляція препаратами азотфіксувальних і фосфатмобілізувальних бактерій сприяла зниженню захворюваності рослин мікозами та бактеріозами, а також підвищенню урожаю зерна на 18,4–120,0% порівняно з контролем. Найбільший приріст урожаю отримано на ранньостиглому сорті Медея за комплексної інокуляції.

Aim. Investigation of space-functional structure of soybean rhizosphere microbiocenosis under introduction of nodule and phosphate-mobilizing bacteria in the inoculate composition with using of structural analysis of scenery panoramic biofilms. Methods. the new method for investigation of bacteria communities morphological diversity of the not destroy soybean-legume systems was employed. This method is based on using of polymer overgrowth blade with next scan and transmission electron microscope analysis. Results. Structure analysis of microbe scenery panoramic biofilm in sparing regime showed that soybean seeds inoculation by monoculture Bradyrhizobium japonicum UCМ В-6018 or both with Bacillus megaterium UCM В-5724 promoted increasing of rhizospheric bacteria quantity on the square of view and their morphometric parameters. Conclusions. Inoculation of soybean seeds promoted increasing of quantities and morphological characteristics of bacteria populations in the soybean rhizosphere. The greatest effect was obtained in the variant with binary inoculation.

This chapter deals with preparation processes of SiO2–Al2O3–TiO2 composite materials doped by nanostructured fibrous powders γ- and α-Al 2O3. Physical and chemical interaction of active nanostructured fillers γ-and α-Al2O3 with a ceramic matrix of SiO2–Al2O3–TiO2 was investigated. Introduction of nanostructured fibrous powders γ- and α-alumina initiated solid-phase reactions—formation of mullite and tialite when heating in the field of temperatures in the range of 1350–1500 °C. The formed acicular crystals of mullite served as the centers of energy dissipation and strengthened a composite. The compounds of alumina titanate reduced the value of linear expansion thermal coefficient of composite material and increased its thermal stability. It has been shown that alumina nanostructured fillers changed structure and improved the properties of silica–alumina–titania composite materials.

A B S T R A C T This study was carried out to determine the effects of bacterial inoculation on soybean plants in field experiments as far as soil biological and physicochemical parameters. Data revealed that binary application of Bradyrhizobium and Bacillus was superior to other treatments and significantly increased seed yield and protein content. PCR-based DGGE analysis of 16S rRNA genes and study of cloned partial nifH gene libraries were used to investigate soybean rhizospheric communities. The bacterial populations in rhizosphere were significantly affected by inoculation. The Alphaproteobacteria and Firmicutes were the predominant diazotrophs in rhizosphere and proposed to provide the fixed nitrogen essential for soybean growth. Some undefined bacterial lineages were also found, indicating that soybean rhizosphere may be an important source for the isolation of novel nitrogen-fixing bacteria. We concluded that complex bio-fertilizers are the most prominent source for soybean crop production and soil fertility

Биологическая азотфиксация составляет важную часть в балансе азота агроэкосистем и обеспечивает значительную часть азотного питания растений даже в условиях интенсивного применения удобрений. Основным приемом агробиотехнологии при выращивании сои (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) является применение микробных препаратов на основе Bradyrhizobium japonicum, и успех инокуляции в значительной степени зависит от взаимоотношений интродуцента с аборигенными ризосферными микроорганизмами. Для оценки состава диазотрофных сообществ проведены исследования разнообразия гена nifH, молекулярного маркера азотфиксации, в образцах ризосферной почвы сои, выращиваемой без инокуляции и с внесением бактериальных препаратов, а также в накопительных культурах диазотрофов. Все выявленные диазотрофы продемонстрировали низкий уровень сходства с известными микроорганизмами (74–95% по нуклеотидам) и были идентифицированы как представители отделов Firmicutes и Proteobacteria. Установлено доминирование в составе азотфиксирующих сообществ ризосферной почвы микроорганизмов, относящихся к Clostridium, Paenibacillus, Spirochaeta.

Biological nitrogen fixation plays an important role in the nitrogen balance of agricultural ecosystems and provides an essential part of nitrogen nutrition for plants, even in conditions of intensive fertilization. The main agrobiotechnological method for soybean cultivation ( Glycine max (L.) Merril) is an application of microbial preparations based on Bradyrhizobium japonicum . Successful inoculation strongly depends on the interactions between the introduced microorganism and the aboriginal rhizosphere microorganisms. To evaluate the composition of diazotrophic communities, a study of the diversity of the molecular marker for nitrogen fixation, the nifH gene, in the samples of soybean rhizosphere soil was carried out. Experiments were performed in the variants when soybean was cultivated without inoculation and after adding bacterial preparations, as well as in enrichment cultures of diazotrophs. The revealed diazotrophic microorganisms demonstrated low level of similarity to the known microorganisms (74–95% identity by nucleotides), and were identified as species of the phyla Firmicutes and Proteobacteria . In the composition of nitrogen-fixing communities in the rhizosphere soil, the microorganisms of the genera Clostridium, Paenibacillus , and Spirochaeta were shown to prevail.

On the basis of natural exopolysaccharide xanthan and exopolyacrylamide the sticky-gene composition has been developed. Addition of that composition to the culture medium provided a 26.3 times higher viability of Bradyrhizobium japonicum UCM B-6035 cells during its storage. Introduction of plant growth regulators biosil or ivin into this composition increased the survival of rhizobia. Application of gel inoculant B. japonicum favored more intensive growth of rhizosphere microorganisms, nutrient's accumulation in the soil and increased productivity of soybean-Rhizobium symbiosis.

The process of forming three-component nanocrystalline fibers and powders of zirconia, yttria and alumina is studied depending on the component ratio and heat treatment temperature. It has been found that in the investigated system at 500-600 degrees C a nanocrystalline triple solid solution is formed, which exists up to 1200 degrees C. Beyond the above temperature, the triple solid solution decomposes into individual components. Specific regularities of changes in the crystalline structure and size of nanograins of oxides of triple solid solutions in the ZrO2(Y2O3)-Al2O3 system are established depending on the composition and thermal action. The structure--crystallite size--physical-chemical property relationship is also considered. The proposed synthesis method enables preparing nanocrystalline fibers and powders with a high degree of dispersion and reactive activity, whose use in composite materials and ceramics improves their service properties.

The correlation between temperature treatment conditions and the ratio of components in nanostructured fibrous powders with a composition of ZrO 2 -Y 2 O 3 -Al 2 O 3 and their porous crystal structure and physicochemical properties is studied. The dependences of the ratio between zirconia tetragonal and monoclynic phases on the treatment temperature and the alumina content are found to have a nonmonotonic character. The growth of zirconia crystallite size is suppressed by introduced nanocrystalline alumina in a temperature range of 600–1200°C, which is caused by the processes of ternary solid solution formation. The bulk and picnometric density values of materials are proportional to the temperature of heat treatment. The temperature dependence of the specific surface and the size of oxide grain particles has an inversely proportional character. With increasing alumina content in the powders, the specific surface increases, while the picnometric and bulk densities decrease.

The protective action of biological preparations against the basic diseases of a cucumber, a tomato, white cabbage in the season of vegetation was investigated. In this article is shown that spraying of plants by biological preparations provides decrease of diseases development and an increase of cultures yield. The treatments, which have been carried out before appearance and at appearance of first symptoms of disease, were the most effective. The effectiveness of biological preparations was decreased with augmentation of disease development

The correlation between temperature treatment conditions and the ratio of components in nanostructured fibrous powders with a composition of ZrO2-Y2O3-Al2O3 and their porous crystal structure and physicochemical properties is studied. The dependences of the ratio between zirconia tetragonal and monoclynic phases on the treatment temperature and the alumina content are found to have a nonmonotonic character. The growth of zirconia crystallite size is suppressed by introduced nanocrystalline alumina in a temperature range of 600-1200A degrees C, which is caused by the processes of ternary solid solution formation. The bulk and picnometric density values of materials are proportional to the temperature of heat treatment. The temperature dependence of the specific surface and the size of oxide grain particles has an inversely proportional character. With increasing alumina content in the powders, the specific surface increases, while the picnometric and bulk densities decrease.