Objective. To determine the pathologic role of highly dispersed e-cigarette aerosol on lung cells, respiratory epithelium, and the immune system. Results. A systematic analysis of scientific literature in the databases: PubMed, ResearchGate, Medscape, and Cochrane Library was performed. The search was conducted using the following keywords: e-cigarette, vape, juul, lung, airway, respiratory, respiratory, cough, methacholine, nasal, alveoli, immune, bronchial, tracheal, bronchoalveolar, nicotine, propylene glycol, vegetable glycerol, macrophages, epithelium, spirometry and SPF1. Based on the literature review, the following conclusion was reached: studies show measurable adverse biological effects on the bronchopulmonary apparatus in humans, animals, and in vitro. The pathologic effects of e-cigarettes have similarities to the effects of tobacco smoke on the pulmonary parenchyma. Conclusion. Analysis of the literature makes it possible to come to the conclusion that current knowledge of these pathologic effects is insufficient to determine whether exposure to e-cigarettes is less pathologic for the respiratory system than exposure to combustible tobacco products.

Introduction. The coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19) is a leading global health and economic concern. The danger to the mother and fetus during pregnancy from infection with SARS-CoV2 is still being studied. New evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 infection causes oxidative stress during pregnancy and immune system activation, leading to cytokine storm and subsequent tissue damage. Objective. To establish the pathogenetic role of oxidative stress in the occurrence and severity of COVID-19 and, more importantly, pregnancy outcomes in female patients. Results. A systematic review of the scientific literature in the following databases was performed: PubMed, ResearchGate, Medscape, Cochrane Library. Key searches included the words: pregnancy, oxidative stress, placenta, cytokine storm. Based on a review of the literature, the following conclusion was reached: morphofunctional placental changes resulting from oxidative stress in SARS-CoV-2-infected mothers may result from disorders of the mother-placenta-fetal system caused by systemic viral exposure, resulting in a pathogenetic vicious circle involving systemic inflammation that exacerbates oxidative stress in both the placenta and systemically in the woman. Conclusion. This review highlights the general characteristics of oxidative stress in pregnant women with COVID-19. A better understanding of the mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its impact on placental function is critical because the association of pregnancy complications and COVID-19 can lead to potential risk of intrauterine fetal development.

The functional state of the heart, liver and kidneys of Dekalb White cross chickens kept for 13 weeks under different light conditions was assessed. The study was carried out in the Department of Аnimal Husbandry and Poultry Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Far East Zone Research Veterinary Institute and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology FSBEI HE Amur SMA MOH Russia, Blagoveshchensk, Amur region, Russia. In the conditions of the Belogorskaya poultry farm of the Amur region, chickens were kept in cell batteries from the age of 3 weeks at standard (6-10 lux) and brighter (40-50 lux) illumination. During the experiment, laboratory diagnostics of the blood of birds aged 4, 9, 12 and 16 weeks was carried out. 60 young laying hens aged 16 weeks were taken for anatomical examination, macro- and micromorphological examination of the heart, liver and kidneys was performed. It was revealed that at a low level of illumination (6-10 lux), the amount of hemoglobin in the blood of chickens decreased by 5,5-12,5% and erythrocytes by 4,2-15,5%, from 9 weeks of age, the amount of glucose decreased by 29,7% compared to the norm with an increase in the level of gamma globulins by 17,4-48,2%, bilirubin by 2,9 times, aspartate aminotransferase by 2,5 times, alanine aminotransferase by 2,2 times, creatinine by 63,7% higher than normal, at 16 weeks of age, an increase in absolute weight right ventricle of the heart by 4,5%, interventricular septum by 22,2%, epicardial fat by 11,0% and abdominal fat by 17,4%. In chickens with illumination of 40-50 lux, the established deviations were less significant, microscopy showed an increase in the area of the lumen of the arterial vessels by 27,1% in the myocardium and 5,7% in the hepatic lobules, a decrease in the area of the juxtamedullary glomeruli by 5,9%, the area of the lumen of the proximal and distal tubules of nephrons by 8,6-33,7%, indicating an improvement in the functional state of the heart, liver and kidneys.

The development of neurodegenerative diseases is associated with proper neuronal circuit formation, axonal guidance. The DCC receptor (deleted in colorectal cancer / colorectal cancer suppressor) and SHH (sonic hedgehog protein) are among the key regulators of axonal guidance.Aim. Interaction prediction of specific enhancer regions of DCC and SHH genes with respectively annotated transcription factors.Materials and methods. An in silico study was performed. The iEnhancer-2L and ES-ARCNN algorithms were selected to estimate enhancer sequence strength. The interaction between transcription factor and enhancer sequence was assessed using the molecular docking method. The enhancer sequence of DCC and SHH protein genes were taken from the NCBI open-source database in FASTA format. Ensembl database was used for enhancer mapping, GeneCards was used for screening and selection of potentially appropriate enhancers and transcription factors associated with these enhancers. The structures of transcription factors as well as their DNA-binding domains were taken from the UniProtKB/Swiss-prot database. An HDOCK scoring function was used as a metric for assessing the possibility of interaction of the target gene transcription factor with associated enhancer sequence.Results. The results showed that the interactions of transcription factor NANOG with the DCC gene enhancer sequence and the interaction of transcription factor CEBPA with the SHH gene enhancer sequence predicted by molecular docking method are potentially possible. The iEnhancer-2L and ES-ARCNN algorithms predicted the enhancer sequence of the SHH gene as strong one. The enhancer sequence of the DCC gene was estimated as strong in the iEnhancer-2L algorithm and as weak in ES-ARCNN. Binding of the DCC gene enhancer sequence to the transcription factor NANOG at 1–206 bp and 686–885 bp sites is the most probable, binding of the SHH gene enhancer sequence to the transcription factor CEBPA at 1–500 bp (HDOCK limitation of 500 bp) is possible.Conclusion. In silico techniques applied in this study demonstrated satisfactory results of predicting the interaction of the transcription factor with the enhancer sequence. Limitations of the current techniques is the lack of consideration of specific transcription factor binding sites. This drawback can be eliminated by implementing an ab initio molecular dynamics simulations into the present pipeline.

COVID-19, the disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), affects children differently than adults, with milder symptoms. However, several cases of neurological manifestations with neuroinflammatory syndromes, such as multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C), have been reported following infection. As with other viral infections such as rubella, influenza, and cytomegalovirus, SARS-CoV-2 causes a massive release of pro-inflammatory cytokines that affect microglial function, which can be critical for brain development. Along with viral induction of neuroinflammation, other non-infectious conditions may interact to cause additional inflammation, such as imbalances in fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid diets and alcohol consumption during pregnancy. In addition, transient thyrotoxicosis caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been reported, with secondary autoimmune hypothyroidism that may go unnoticed during pregnancy. Together, these factors may represent an additional risk of infection by influencing neurodevelopmental mechanisms such as synaptic pruning and the formation of neuronal ensembles. In this review, we discuss these conditions to consider and the possible occurrence of neurodevelopmental disorders in children infected with COVID-19.

The article discusses scientific data on impaired transport of ions and fluids in the lungs with COVID-19. The authors of the study believe that inhibition of TRPV4 has important therapeutic benefits in COVID-19 patients in particular, powerful prospects for the protection of the alveolar-capillary barrier and even for the regeneration of a damaged barrier. A phase I of the clinical trial using a selective TRPV4 inhibitor demonstrated a favorable safety profile in healthy control volunteers and in patients with cardiogenic pulmonary edema. The protection of the alveolar-capillary barrier with a selective TRPV4 inhibitor would also be useful in eliminating possible pulmonary fibrosis as a late consequence of COVID-19.

review examines the effects of bombesin and bombesin receptors in the regulation of various physiological processes. Numerous functions of BB2 receptors are described, in particular: stimulation of smooth muscle contraction in the gastrointestinal tract, urogenital tract, powerful effects on immune cells, stimulation of hormone secretion and release, powerful effects as a growth factor on normal and neoplastic tissues, as well as effects on the Central nervous system, including circadian rhythm regulation, thermoregulation, anxiety, satiety and various behavioral features. It was shown that the effect of administration of BB2 - receptor antagonists in newborn rats led to a marked deterioration in memory and social interaction. Studies using targeted disruption of GRPR, NMBR, and BRS-3 have shown that all three subtypes of bombesin receptors play a role in saturation processes and energy homeostasis. Mice with impaired GRPR showed an increase in the amount of food consumed, which is consistent with a deficiency in the satiety signal; mice with nmbr knockout initially had no effect on food intake or satiety, but a later study found that they were resistant to weight loss. The BRS-3 knockout mice developed obesity, hypertension, impaired glucose metabolism, and insulin resistance.

Introduction. This review summarizes the available information on the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the pathogenesis of the novel coronavirus infection COVID-19 induced by SARS-CoV-2. The exact pathogenesis of COVID-19 and the role of each component of innate and adaptive immunity are still unknown. Aim. Discussion of the possible role of TLRs in the immune response in COVID-19 infection. Results. Analysis of the literature in the PubMed database showed that the mechanism of penetration of SARS-CoV-2 and lysis of type II alveolocytes is the binding of the spike S-glycoprotein or capsid protein M of the virus to the receptor-binding domain of ACE2 on the surface of epithelial cells. Migration and infiltration of inflammatory cells leads to overactivation of TLR4 on the surface of alveolocytes and bronchial epithelium, shifting the process to MyD88-dependent acute inflammatory signaling and hypersecretion of proinflammatory cytokines that cause a “cytokine storm” and the development of severe complications of COVID-19 infection, in particular, acute respiratory infections, respiratory distress syndrome, pathology of internal organs, and, in some cases, the death of the patient. Conclusion. It is possible to suggest that TLRs have an impact on the immune response in COVID19 infection. Both antagonists and agonists of TLRs, depending on their type, can be examined to determine the therapeutic and negative effects of COVID-19 infection. Further research is needed to investigate TLRs and pathways for activating cytokine expression, as they indicate a direct relationship with mortality and virus susceptibility. Bioinformatic research can also help to better understand the interaction of TLRs with proteins and RNA of the SARS-CoV-2.

The article reviews data based on the current literature on olfactory dysfunction (OD) in patients with COVID-19. Numerous studies have shown that the incidence of olfactory dysfunction in patients with COVID-19 ranges from 33.9 to 68%, with much higher in women. Patients with COVID-19 may experience sudden olfactory dysfunction without any other symptoms. Otolaryngologists should pay attention to the symptom of anosmia on an outpatient basis in order to diagnose COVID-19 as soon as possible. Many questions that are in one way or another related to the loss of smell during coronavirus infection remain unresolved to date.

This article is dedicated the discussion of possible psychophysiological and physiological responses of the child's body being in the immersive environment. The authors substantiate the feasibility of incorporating the technologies of virtual and augmented reality into a single immersive approach, which allows viewing these technologies from the perspective their potential impact upon sensory systems of the body (modalities) and the resulting physiological response. The environment itself should be interpreted as immersive, i.e. multimodal. Attention is given to the psychophysiological substantiation of the presence effect created by the immersive environment, as a mechanism for integration of sensory systems. The article analyzes the negative psychophysiological responses of the body as a possible manifestation of the symptoms of cybersickness. The article introduces the two main theories of this phenomenon and their potential contribution to the discussion of cybersickness, including its manifestation in in the educational process, and restrictions. The author describes a number of factors, which may be the cause for cybersickness among children. Particular attention is paid to the role of technical equipment (first and foremost, the image output devices) and software characteristics, which can affect the possible psychophysiological responses of the body.

Health is one of the highest values of humanity. Preservation of the health of the nation, every citizen is among the priority areas of any state. The largest contribution to health care is made by medical professionals. Students of medical universities during their studies are mainly guided by the diagnosis and treatment of the pathological process. The issues of disease prevention and health preservation remain in much smaller coverage. Involvement of professionals in the field of valeology will lead to a natural exit from the first posishions of supporters of alternative and marginal paramedical retrograde currents

Целью научного обзора было изучение взаимосвязи ожирения с риском развития сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний.Жировая ткань выделяет адипокины, которые функционируют как медиаторы воспаления

МИКРоГЛИЯ КаК КЛЮчеВоЙ КоМПоНеНТ РеГуЛЯЦИИСИНаПТИчеСКоЙ аКТИВНоСТИ Синякин И.а.,

СОСТОЯНИЕ СЛИЗИСТОЙ ОБОЛОЧКИ НОСА И ГЛОТКИ У БЕРЕМЕННЫХ С ХРОНИЧЕСКИМ ПРОСТЫМ БРОНХИТОМ В СТАДИИ РЕМИССИИ И.Н.Гориков1, В.П.Колосов1, Л.Г.Нахамчен1, А.Н.Одиреев1, И.А.Андриевская1, А.Ф.Попов4, А.А.Сергиевич3, Т.А.Баталова2, Е.А.Бородин2, Е.С.Лобанова2 1Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение «Дальневосточный научный центр физиологии и патологии дыхания», 675000, г. Благовещенск, ул. Калинина, 22 2Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Амурская государственная медицинская академия» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, 675000, г. Благовещенск, ул. Горького, 95 3Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Дальневосточный федеральный университет», 690990, г. Владивосток, ул. Суханова, 8 4Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Тихоокеанский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, 690002, г. Владивосток, пр-т Острякова, 2

This study provides the information on the synthesis of a novel inclusion complex (clathrate) of β-cyclodextrin with pentaerythritoltetrabenzoate and its antioxidant activity in vitro. On the models of ascorbate-dependent and NADPH lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes substrate the antioxidant and antiradical activities of this clathrate were shown. Considering both the obtained data and the structural specificity of the clathrate, it prognostically appears the argument for the application of this complex compound in vivo with minimizing potential side effects, particularly in view of kidney apparatus.