A universal ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for the simultaneous detection of eight free- or cross-linked advanced glycation end products (AGEs), including Nε-carboxymethyllysine, Nε-carboxyethyllysine, Nδ-(5-hydro-5-methyl-4-imidazolon-2-yl)rnithine, glyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone, methylglyoxal lysine dimer, glyoxal lysine dimer, pyrraline and argpyrimidine. This method achieved the separation and quantification of the eight AGEs substances within 16 min. All analytes exhibited high correlation coefficients (R2>0.999) within their respective linear ranges. Limits of detection and quantification ranged from 0.8 to 2.5 µg/L and 2.5 to 5.5 µg/L, respectively. Method validation was performed using crispy fried pork as a blank matrix. The recovery rates ranged from 85.5% to 122.0%, with acceptable intra-day and inter-day precision.

Rapid assessment of chemotherapeutic response is essential for precision oncology but remains hindered by tumor heterogeneity and complex biological matrices. Here, we develop MetaRing, a programmable coffee-ring-derived plasmonic biosensor fabricated through dual regulation of nanoparticle concentration and evaporation temperature. This strategy enables deterministic nanoassembly, generating hierarchical structures with dense and stable nanogaps and conferring exceptional matrix robustness in water, PBS, protein-rich buffers, and complex cell lysates. MetaRing enables rapid, label-free surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) profiling of paclitaxel (PTX) response using minimal biological material. Distinct PTX-sensitivity fingerprints are consistently identified across drug-resistant breast cancer cell lines, xenograft tumors, and patient-derived biopsy tissues. Metabolomic analysis reveals that these spectral signatures originate from metabolic reprogramming involving arginine and methionine-cysteine pathways, providing mechanistic insight into chemoresistance. Integration with a lightweight one-dimensional convolutional neural network enables accurate classification of PTX sensitivity within 10 min without labeling or culture expansion, achieving >92% accuracy in clinical cohorts. Collectively, MetaRing establishes a robust and scalable plasmonic platform for rapid phenotypic drug response profiling with strong translational potential.

A quenched electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunosensor based on metal polydopamine framework (MPF) was proposed for zearalenone (ZEN) assay by using the reduced carboxylated graphene oxide (rGO-COOH) film with high conductivity and CeO2 nanorods (CeO2 NRs) as a co-reactant accelerator to synergistically amplify the ECL signal of SnS2 QDs. Since the ECL emission spectrum of SnS2 QDs partially overlapped with the ultraviolet absorption spectrum of MPF, energy resonance transfer occurred between SnS2 QDs (donor) and MPF (receptor), causing the quenching of ECL signal. At the same time, the surface of MPF contained abundant polydopamine (PDA), which had a strong scavenging effect on free radicals, further triggering the ECL signal quenching. The dual-mode quenching effect of MPF significantly improved the sensitivity of the ECL sensor. Under the optimal conditions, the developed sensor exhibited exceptional quantitative detection of ZEN across a wide linear detection range of 0.001 - 500 ng/mL, with a low detection limit of 1.03 x 10- 4 ng/mL. Furthermore, the immunosensor yielded satisfactory results in practical sample applications. This work provides a novel approach for detecting of ZEN and broadens the application of metal-organic framework-derived materials.

Monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapies have revolutionized cancer treatment, significantly improving patient outcomes. However, the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of mAbs exhibit considerable variability due to nonlinear kinetics and individual differences, highlighting the need for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). Therefore, this study aimed to develop and validate a reliable LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of bevacizumab, trastuzumab, rituximab, and pertuzumab in human serum and evaluate its clinical applicability. Characteristic peptides were identified using Skyline. Serum samples underwent Protein G purification and trypsin digestion. Separation used a C18 column with 0.1% FA and acetonitrile, and detection employed multiple reaction monitoring with cadonilimab as the internal standard. The method demonstrated excellent linearity (1-200 μg/mL), precision (CV < 8.9%), and accuracy (±9.8%). With a runtime of 12 min, the validated method requires only 10 μL of serum per sample and meets international validation standards, supporting the clinical monitoring of these therapies. A robust, cost-effective, and high-throughput LC-MS/MS method was successfully developed for the simultaneous quantification of four therapeutic mAbs. The method significantly reduces sample volume and analysis time while maintaining high accuracy and reproducibility, making it well-suited for routine TDM and broader clinical applications.

This study optimized stabilizer type and concentration, and screened natural antioxidant combinations to enhance the stability of a protein beverage fortified with vitamins A, D2, and D3. Three stabilizers—carrageenan, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC), and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC)—were evaluated at 0.15–0.45% (w/v) during accelerated storage at 45 °C for 21 days. Stability was assessed using Turbiscan analysis, pH, particle size, Zeta potential, and color. MCC at 0.35% demonstrated the best stabilization, with minimal changes in Turbiscan Stability Index, particle size, and Zeta potential. Five natural antioxidants—dl-α-tocopherol, vitamin C, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), tea polyphenols (TP), and pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)—were screened for vitamin protection using HPLC. Although vitamin C exhibited the highest in vitro DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 3.44 μg/mL), TP and EGCG provided superior protection of vitamins in the emulsion system. A synergistic antioxidant blend of EGCG, TP, and dl-α-tocopherol in a 4:4:2 mass ratio was identified as optimal, significantly prolonging vitamin retention over 21 days and yielding the longest predicted shelf-life (>84 days at 25 °C). These findings provide a practical formulation strategy for enhancing the physical and nutritional stability of functional protein beverages.

This study developed a photothermal lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) for sensitive aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) detection. An acceptor-donor-acceptor type photothermal agent BTP-4F (FY6), developed through a fluorination strategy, was fabricated into FY6@DSPE-PEG nanoparticles (NPs) via nanoprecipitation. The NPs demonstrated strong near-infrared (NIR) absorption with an exceptional photothermal conversion efficiency reaching 78.8% at 808 nm. Subsequent covalent conjugation of FY6@DSPE-PEG NPs with AFB1 antibody (Ab) to prepare FY6@DSPE-PEG@Ab photothermal immunoprobes for LFIA. Benefiting from the excellent photothermal performance of FY6@DSPE-PEG NPs, the photothermal LFIA achieved a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.031 μg/L, representing a 10.6-fold improvement on the conventional Au NPs-based LFIA. Spike and recovery experiments with real samples confirmed high consistency between the photothermal LFIA and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) measurements. Overall, the developed photothermal LFIA integrated both qualitative screening and photothermal quantification, which can be extended to the analysis of other hazardous small molecule targets in food.

The substantial presence of tetracyclines (TCs) and their resistant degradation properties have rendered them prevalent residues in animal-sourced foods. This paper introduced a novel metal-organic framework (AuNCs@ZIF-8@CDs@ZIF-8) that encapsulated carbon dots (CDs) and gold nanoclusters (AuNCs). This framework synergistically combined fluorescence emission with the porous characteristics of multi-shell metal-organic frameworks, facilitating the development of sensors and adsorbents specifically designed for tetracycline antibiotics. The fluorescence intensity ratio (F0/F) showed a good linear relationship with the concentration of TCs in the range of 0-100 μmolL-1, with a detection limit of 0.0903 μmolL-1. Additionally, AuNCs@ZIF-8@CDs@ZIF-8@SA/CMC hydrogel sensors were constructed and visualized for TC detection using a smartphone. The hydrogel demonstrated a TC loading capacity as high as 551.137 mg/g. The research provided a new strategy for developing the integrated technology of quantitative detection, rapid visualization detection, and adsorption removal of pollutant residues in food.

A novel chiral electrochemical sensor was fabricated via the assembly of chiral nitrogen-doped carbon dots (NCDs) with cobalt-based nanomaterials (Co@CoO) for the rapid discrimination and quantification of tyrosine enantiomers (L/D-Tyr). The sensor has a wide linear range of 1-120 mu M and low detection limits of 0.64 mu M for LTyr and 0.3 mu M for D-Tyr. The synergistic interactions between N-CDs and Co@CoO amplify stereoselective recognition, yielding a chiral current ratio (Delta I = IL/ID) of 1.65, which outperforms those of previously reported sensors. The chiral recognition mechanism was elucidated using cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, circular dichroism spectroscopy, Zeta potential analysis, and molecular dynamics simulations. The sensor demonstrates exceptional selectivity, stability, reproducibility, and reusability performance, and was successfully applied to the detection of L/D-Tyr in skim milk and yogurt. Notably, this sensor is the first to identify abnormally elevated D-Tyr levels in expired food products, suggesting a potential correlation between amino acid racemization and food quality deterioration. This study establishes a robust platform for chiral recognition in complex food matrices.

Advanced lipoxidation end products (ALEs) are formed by modifying proteins with lipid oxidation products. ALEs formed in the body have been linked to diabetes and hepatic disease. However, it is not known whether ALEs formed in heat-processed foods can induce metabolic diseases. Our results indicate that dietary ALEs induce lipid accumulation in the liver of mice at an early stage and continuous feeding of ALEs induces inflammation, oxidative stress and hepatic insulin resistance. The core reason for these adverse reactions is the damage to the intestinal barrier caused by ALEs. Due to the damage to the intestinal barrier, there is an increase in lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in the liver that induces hepatic lipid accumulation by modulating hepatic lipid metabolism. Furthermore, ALEs plays a major role in the regulation of metabolic diseases by directly or indirectly inhibiting AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK)/Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) signaling through LPS.

Rapid determination of amino acid isomer is very important for the evaluation of the amino acid nutrition in different foods, so a fast and sensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor was innovatively fabricated for the determination of tyrosine isomers in foods based on N-Acetyl-L-cysteine/upconversion nanomaterials possessed a good particular selectivity to L-tyrosine. Under the optimal conditions, for L-tyrosine, the limit of detection (LOD) of the sensor for L-tyrosine was 2.87 x 10(-6) M, detection range of 5.5 x 10(-5)-5.5 x 10(-3) M, for D-tyrosine, LOD was 2.56 x 10(-5) M, detection range was from 5.5 x 10(-4) to 5.5 x 10(-3) M. The developed chiral sensor was used to determinate the tyrosine isomers in foods successfully, which provided a convenient method to quickly evaluate the nutritional value of amino acids in food.

Fast and accurate detection-method for phosphoprotein (β-casein) is very important in evaluation of functional properties for food proteins and prevention the occurrence of early diseases. Herein, a novel concept, surface-tethered electrochemiluminescence (ECL) analysis, was proposed for meeting the demand for dual recognition and ultra-fast (20 s) detection of β-casein directly. The validation system based on lignin-mediated Zr-based quantum dots probe (QDs-AL@Zr) not only performed well in ECL behavior, but also conducted to efficiently enrich-to-test β-casein online. In a proof-of-concept trial, the prepared Au-electrode (AuE/TiO2) is modified with a monolayer consisting of TiO2, to absorbe β-casein and QDs-AL@Zr by TiO2-β-casein-Zr matching. Subsequently, β-casein level could be determined by target-induced ECL-intensity. The proposed sensor displayed strong affinity for β-casein due to the coexistence of Zr-O-P and Ti-O-P clusters and presented a low detection limit reaching 5.7 × 10-8 mg/mL. Significantly, the proposed dual-selective ECL sensor was obtained satisfactory results at different food samples.

Heat processing of food has been well validated as the trigger to generate heat-processing side product of advanced lipoxidation end products (ALEs), which potentially engenders the threat on systemic health or progression of diseases, especially the accumulated effect after long-term intake. Thus, the study was proposed to evaluate the effect of dietary ALEs on health after long-term ingestion, specifically through simulating the intake of dietary ALE in mice within 9 months to investigate the intervention effect and underlying mechanism. The unexpected observation of renal insufficiency or impairment after long-term intake of dietary ALEs indicated the negative impact on renal health, which has been verified by the pathological analysis. Further studies revealed that a high-ALEs diet disrupted the intestinal barrier, with enhanced impact after disturbing the gut microbiota to potentially lower the abundance of beneficial microbiome through producing nephrotoxic metabolites. Correlation analysis showed that the proliferation of harmful bacteria and the reduction of beneficial bacteria were strongly correlated with intestinal barrier damage and the development of renal insufficiency. Furthermore, the underlying mechanism was unveiled as that ALEs could inhibit AMPK/SIRT1 signaling to fundamentally induce renal inflammation and oxidative stress. Thus, it was revealed that long-term intake of dietary ALE could result in renal impairment, and the results emphasized the control or intervention on dietary ALE to decrease to accumulated impairment on systemic health.

A novel electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor based on eco-friendly C3N QDs was constructed for the ultrasensitive detection of VK1. The synthesized Ni-Co nanocages (Ni-Co NCs) with large specific surface area and high catalytic activity were used to effectively load C3N QDs, forming the nanocomposites (Ni-Co NCs@C3N QDs) with good luminescent properties. After grafting Ni-Co NCs@C3N QDs onto poly-L-cysteine film, the ECL system achieved multiple signal amplification, which was due to the fact that poly-L-cysteine as a co-reactant accelerator sped up the generation of more SO4 - center dot from S2O82- . Under the optimal conditions, the ECL sensor exhibited a wide detection range for VK1 from 1.0 x 10-9 to 5.0 x 10-5 mol/L and a low detection limit of 1.65 x 10-10 mol/L. Furthermore, the spiked recoveries in milk, apples, and celery were in the range of 83.50 %- 105.32 %, proving the feasibility of the prepared ECL sensor in actual sample detection.

At present, with the development of society, different enterprises inevitably produce industrial wastewater and waste residue containing lead and copper. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a rapid and simple method to detect lead and copper in pollutants. In this paper, a metal-organic framework (MOF) doped with Eu(III) (Eu3+/UiO-66-NH2) was successfully prepared by one-pot hydrothermal technique. The probe is capable of detecting Pb2+ and Cu2+ with high sensitivity. Pb2+ and Cu2+ have detection ranges of 5-340 mu M and 0.01-200 mu M, respectively. The detection limit for Pb2+ was as low as 1.01 mu M, and the detection limit for Cu2+ was 6.46 mu M. This approach has a good detection performance when compared to the method described in the literature. It shows that the prepared sensor has great potential in the detection of actual lead and copper, and provides a practical and effective method for rapid and accurate detection of heavy metal ions.

We present the first electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensor integrating N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NALC)-functionalized upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) with reduced graphene oxide (COOH-rGO) for the covalently immobilization of tyrosinase (TYR), and ultrasensitive detection of catechol, a highly toxic and recalcitrant aquatic pollutant. The NALC layer establishes a dense array of enzyme-anchoring sites on the COOH-rGO electrode while preserving TYR activity and extending its operational lifetime. The ECL signal originates from TYRmediated redox cycling between catechol and o-quinone, generating electrons that amplify UCNPs luminescence. Under optimized conditions, the limit of detection of this biosensor for catechol was 2.7 x 10- 9 M (S/N = 3), detection range of 0.1 x 10- 6-100 x 10-6 M. The platform demonstrates high sensitivity, stability, and selectivity, and has been validated in water samples, offering a robust strategy for enzymatic ECL-based environmental monitoring.

This study explores the effects of lipid oxidation products (LOPs), specifically CHP, t,t-DDE, and MDA, on the digestibility and structural integrity of myofibrillar proteins (MP) during processing. LOPs were first assessed by heating at 180 °C for 15 min, showing a significant reduction in digestibility in MDA-treated samples (65.40 %), followed by t,t-DDE (45.10 %) and CHP (13.07 %). MALDI-TOF MS analysis revealed decreased peptide abundance and lower average molecular weight in t,t-DDE- and MDA-treated samples. Notably, substantial decreases in α-helix content and increases in random coil structures were detected, particularly in MDA-treated samples. Assessments of surface hydrophobicity and thiol content underscored the detrimental impact of secondary LOPs on MP structure. Higher MDA concentrations led to a substantial reduction in intrinsic fluorescence intensity, along with an increase in Schiff base content. A PLS regression model demonstrated strong predictive capabilities for MP digestibility, highlighting the importance of optimizing meat processing parameters to minimize nutritional degradation.

Multimodal lateral flow immunoassay has displayed the great potential to improve the flexibility and practicality of point-of-care testing. Herein, this study developed a dual-mode photothermal (PT) and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) immunochromatographic sensor for sensitive detection of aflatoxin B-1 (AFB(1)). The bifunctional waxberry-like core-satellite nanoparticles loaded with 5,5 '-Dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) were prepared and coupled with antibody to form PT@SERS nanoprobes for qualitative and quantitative detection of AFB(1). The photothermal conversion efficiency and SERS enhancement factor of the nanoprobes were 42.11 % and 1.59 x 10(7), respectively. Under the optimal conditions, the limit of detection of PT assay was 0.033 ng/mL with a linear range of 0.05-10 ng/mL (R-2 = 0.997); the limit of detection of SERS assay was 0.0073 ng/mL with a linear range of 0.005-10 ng/mL (R-2 = 0.998). The results of the specificity analysis indicated no cross-reactions with the other toxins. The recoveries of the spiked corn and peanut were from 85.39 % to 112.15 % (PT assay) and 80.04 % to 106.57 % (SERS assay), respectively. The assay demonstrated that the developed dual-mode sensor provided a promising option for achieving the rapid detection of AFB(1).

A novel electrochemiluminescence (ECL) method was developed for determination of protein kinase A (PKA) ultra-sensitively based on amidated nano-titanium (NH2-TiO2) embellished carbon dots (Mg@N-CDs) fluorescent probe, which integrated the target recognition and ECL signal enhancement. The Cys-labeled kemptides were employed to build a serine-rich synthetic substrate-heptapeptide (Cys-kemptide) on the Au-electrode surface. Then, the PKA-induced biosensor was triggered as a signal switch to introduce the large amounts of TiO2 decorated Mg@N-CD nanohybrid (Ti@NMg-CDs) into AuE/Cys-phosphopeptides for signal output. In particular, the presence of PKA could induce the formation of Cys-phosphopeptides by the catalytic reaction between specific substrate (kemptide) and PKA, which acts as an initiator to link the Ti@NMg-CDs according to the bridge interactions Ti–O-P. In this way, multiple Cys-phosphopeptides were adsorbed onto a single Ti@NMg-CDs, and the Ti@NMg-CDs not only provided high specific selectivity but also large surface area, as well as unprecedented high ECL efficiency. Using this PKA-induced enhanced sensor, the limit of detection of the PKA was 4.89 × 10−4 U/mL (S/N = 3). The proposed ECL biosensor was also universally applicable for the screening of PKA inhibitors and determining of other kinases activity. Our sensing system has excellent performance of specificity and the screening of kinase inhibitors, as well as it will inspire future effort in clinical diagnostics and new drug discovery.