Rapid motorization poses challenges to transport decarbonization and air quality in China. The built environment shapes travel behavior, and transit-oriented development (TOD) has emerged as a key strategy for low-carbon mobility. This study develops a predictive model that links built environment indicators to travel modal shares and associated emissions. The model identifies the effects of 14 indicators on six travel modes: private cars, buses, metros, electric bikes, shared bikes, and walking, and simulates a level of integration (LOI) to represent the built environment attractiveness for different travel modes. Based on the LOI, travel modal shares are predicted and translated into carbon and air pollutant emissions using a bottom-up approach. The model is applied to three metro-centered precincts with distinct urban forms in Nanjing. The results reveal substantial differences in travel emissions across urban forms: in the car-dependent suburban precinct, the private car modal share reaches 38.7%, while in the transit-rich historic core it is 15.0%, leading to per capita annual carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of 857 kg and 429 kg, respectively. Most air pollutant emissions follow trends similar to CO2, except for sulfur dioxide (SO2), which exhibits higher per capita emissions in the historic core due to larger shares of electricity-based modes. A TOD retrofitting scenario for the suburban precinct indicates that targeted interventions can reduce travel CO2 emissions by 6.1%, and air pollutant emissions by 2.8%-6.4%. Overall, the proposed model provides a tool to assess travel-related emissions across contrasting urban forms and identify TOD pathways for low-carbon travel and improved air quality.

The convenience of Public Transport Hub Areas (PTHAs) is pivotal for promoting public transport use and sustainable urban development. Existing research primarily concentrates on factors such as the facilities and equipment of public transport, with inadequate attention paid to the actual user experience. This study proposes a user-experience-oriented assessment framework for PTHAs, integrating the three core dimensions of public transport use convenience, transfer convenience and living convenience. Additionally, it introduces differentiated assessment rules based on spatial location. Employing high-precision GIS spatial simulation, it accurately measures walking routes in the Central Urban Area of Nanjing (NJ) and the Capital Municipality of Denmark (CD). It proposed the median walking distance as the key indicator, categorized into metro access (MDm), bus access (MDb), and metro-bus transfer (MDt). The integration of equipment for parking facilities (EPF) and land use diversity (LUD) has resulted in the development of an assessment system comprising five key indicators. The study identifies indicator thresholds, reveals how urban form (particularly block size) affects walking experience, diagnoses case strengths and weaknesses, and offers differentiated optimization suggestions for different locations. This research provides a practical tool for targeted urban renewal and human-centric transit planning.

Typo-morphology can be seen as the research perspective and methodology of urban morphology. The terms typo-morphology are typological and morphological because they describe urban forms according to the detailed classification of building types, emphasizing the relationship between building types and overall form in the evolution of urban morphology. In order to better integrate urban morphological research with practice to identify traditional landscape region, it is worthwhile to apply the perspective and method of typo-morphology to deeply recognize the traditional landscape characteristics of the old town based on local types. This study examines the characteristics of GIS platform on the basis of the tradition of Conzen and Caniggia through the case of our urban renewal projects in Changting Town, a historic town in the south of China. First of all, investigation and learning of local building types with traditional characteristics are the tools to understand the basic unit of urban form preliminarily. Secondly, presenting traditional landscape characteristics from two aspects including characteristics of building composition and spatial perception, and doing some simple data overlay analysis helps us to clarify more scientific traditional landscape areas. Finally, we have determined the reasonable traditional landscape region by combining the discussion of other historical information in details. The paper concludes that the term typo-morphology are meaningful in delineating traditional landscape region, which makes an important contribution to the renewal and protection of old town in China.

This round table aims at the conceptual exploration of theories, tools and case studies for a comparative reading of Chinese Traditional Town Forms, focussing on how to interpret Chinese morphology and to view the relationship between Chinese traditional town forms and its building types. The main question of research epistemology and methodology is the contact point between analysis and design.

Urban form is shaped by numerous factors interacting across various social strata, notably influenced by the dynamics of economic development and urban policy. Urban planning policies related to land use play a vital role in the change and management of urban form. In this context, this study examines the influence of land use regulations on urban form in China, using Nanjing as a case study. We investigate relevant urban planning policies at national, provincial, and local city planning administration levels. Depending on their impact on urban form, these policies can be classified as having a direct impact, an indirect influence or no effect, predominantly encompassing mandatory land use conditions, building layout and guiding principles for urban landscape organization. Focusing on land use regulations at the street- block and plot scale, we established a morphological model adhering to these regulations and a correlation evaluation chart. This correlation was validated using 142 plots and 5 street blocks in Nanjing’s historical city centre. Our findings reveal the implications of these policies on the specific physical structure of the urban form through theoretical and empirical analysis. This research significantly contributes to the method of morphological modelling and the revision of relevant urban policy and design specifications.

Efficient urban wind performance can improve air quality and thermal environment. Urban ventilation performance is associated with flow patterns that are affected by urban spatial forms. Understanding the effects of spatial form on airflow can help designers optimize urban forms to improve spatial wind performances. Among the design parameters, the aspect ratio (H/W) is closely related to the flow pattern. Many strip spaces in residential areas in China resemble ideal canyon configurations. Theoretically, H/W has the potential to predict the flow patterns in these spaces. Therefore, this study attempts to explore the potential of H/W to predict flow patterns in actual urban spaces, using a typical residential area in Nanjing, China. The relationship between H/W and flow patterns was compared in actual and idealized canyons. The flow patterns of actual canyons were obtained using computational fluid dynamics with the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes model. In study area, 27.6 % of test canyons had similar flow patterns to idealized canyons. These were in the middle or back rows of equal-height canyon arrays. When canyons were adjacent to an open road, open square, or high-rise building, their airflow moved quickly. When one side of a canyon was blocked by other buildings, airflow collisions were noted.

The paper describes the author’s experience of studying and working in the studio of Professor Kramer at the ETH-Z.Under Professor Kramer’s supervision, the author gained a deeper understanding of Dutch Structuralism, which was prevalent in the field of architecture in the 1960s, and a clearer understanding of Professor Kramer’s architectural thinking. The author applied structuralist theory to the design and practice of projects in aid of Africa, and subsequently completed a doctoral thesis on the perceived villages transformation in southern Jiangsu Province of China. Finally, the structuralist thinking eventually led the author to the field of morphological research.

As a morphological type of rural settlement, the strip village, first defined by European scholars, is a typical research object that results from the interaction between human cultural activities and natural topographies. By mapping and the quantitative analysis of the village and water systems of three typical strip village samples in multiscale and multilayer, combined with an examination of historical documents, the specific roles of water construction, agricultural systems, land policies, and local living culture on the formation of the strip villages in Jiangsu, China were, analyzed. Based on the results, two main conclusions were drawn. First, the strip villages are distributed on relatively new lands along the rivers, lakes, and coasts, where the geometry of the dense water network is the result of the artificial construction of irrigation canals, with natural rivers providing only a large skeleton. This distinguishing feature of the formation mechanism of strip villages separates them from other village types. Second, a strong morphological correlation is between the strip villages and the artificial water system. Morphological differences in the strip villages are related to the structure and orientation of the water network, the density of the population, and the habits of the regional settlement. These results reveal the unique pattern of human–land relations during the period of large‐scale agricultural production in New China and provide a morphological basis for further rural regeneration and development.

Abstract The height-to-width ratio (H/W) of canyons has been proven to be a significant indicator related to ventilation performance (airflow status and ventilation efficiency), which can help designers assess urban ventilation performance and guide the design quickly. However, previous research focused on the canyons in ideal geometric settings rather than in the urban context. This study explores whether the relationships between H/W, airflow status, and ventilation efficiency of ideal form studies apply to canyons in the urban context. Firstly, the relationship between the three in ideal geometric settings is sorted out by literature reviews. Then, the validity of the findings of ideal form studies in in the urban context is verified, using a typical residential area, Nanjing, China, as a case. This study found that H/W can affect the ventilation performance to a certain extent in in the urban context. However, most canyons’ airflows are affected by complex environmental factors, turning into different flow types (Deviation Type, Crossing Type, and Multivortex Type), which reduces the correlation between H/W, airflow status, and ventilation efficiency of canyons in the urban context.

Albeit somewhat slowly, since the early 2000s urban morphological concepts and methods have germinated interest among urban morphologists in both China and Chinese-speaking researchers internationally. Early exploratory projects have focused on the re-examination, integration and cross-cultural transferability of urban morphology in the context of China. Building on the successful organisation of the 16th International Seminar on Urban Form (ISUF) in Guangzhou in 2009, ISUF's first meeting in Asia, a group of scholars conferred at the School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Nanjing University on 31 October 2013 to inaugurate the Chinese Network of Urban Morphology (CNUM). Over the course of the past decade or so, the CNUM has become a key contributor and driving force for the development of urban morphology in China. As a reflection on the recent wave of morphological research on Chinese cities, the purpose of this article is to provide greater clarity on what has been achieved through the cross-cultural application of morphological theory. More importantly, it explores potential avenues for future research in relation to documented gaps and remaining challenges, taking forward some of the more promising but undeveloped morphological thinking.

This study proposes a graph theory based method for generating three-dimensional architectural layouts on the target of creating space that provides rich perceptual experience.The proposed approach incorporates the decisions of architects in the generation process to improve efficiency and avoid invalid results.Space is interpreted as a combination of volumes adjacent to,intersecting with or containing each other and is represented by a graph with nodes and edges.The study first generates an orthogonal orientation digraph(OODG),which denotes the relative positions of spaces and provides options for users to decide whether to continue generating the layout.Based on a given OODG,a combination of connected volumes is generated.The generation results show that the proposed method can generate space providing a rich experience when relations between volumes are properly set.

The urban street is an important part of the urban form and serves as the primary medium for public activities within cities. The morphological characteristics of urban street space not only influence people’s spatial experience but also have an impact on the quality of the physical environment, such as the wind environment. Numerous scholars have studied the wind environment of streets with different morphological characteristics using abstract and simplified street models, uncovering certain relationships between specific morphological features and airflow patterns. However, due to the significant disparity between simplified models and reality, researchers have attempted to develop models applicable to the complex characteristics of urban street space, with the aim of exploring the relationship between street spatial features and airflow characteristics. This study explores a method to quantify the complex spatial characteristics of urban streets, using a series of parameters to describe the streets, such as average width, proportion of secondary interfaces, and proportion of opening length. Streets with different spatial characteristics in the centre of Nanjing are selected and quantified. A comparison is conducted between the parameters representing street spatial morphology and the simulation results of the wind environment in the area, aiming to assess the effectiveness of these parameter values. The results demonstrate that complex urban spaces can still be effectively represented through parameterization and confirm the validity of our quantitative representation of complex street spatial characteristics. The results could serve as a reference for urban design and urban construction.

传统花窗作为一种文化符号,被广泛应用于建筑设计领域.设计师通过多种样式与窗棂密度的组合,可使花窗产生不同形式美,同时也影响室内光环境.本文基于Rhino & GH参数化软件,搭建采光模拟平台,对4种常见样式8种窗棂密度的32个样本进行实验,相关结论有助于花窗的设计与应用.具体如下:①相同窗棂密度下,竖棂窗采光性能最好,方格窗与碎花窗次之,横棂窗最差;②窗棂密度与采光性能呈负相关,横棂窗衰减最大,其他3者相近;③根据相关导则对室内采光系数的建议(≥1％),横棂窗、竖棂窗、方格窗、碎花窗的最高密度分别为17％、22％、21％、21％.

Car travel consumes finite fossil fuel resources and is a major cause of increased carbon emissions and accelerating climate change. However, the size and shape of modern cities have resulted in people being unable to commute to the towns without car-based transport. In the context of decarbonization strategies, applying public transport priority strategies has become a consensus in many cities in China and Europe. However, with completed urban road networks and the mass of family cars, the question of how to incentivize people to prioritize public transport as a mode of travel has become an issue for city management and designers to consider. To improve the accessibility (the so-called last mile) of the public transport network, many cities have deployed mobility hubs to provide more choices for people to travel. In addition, research has shown that the convenience, comfort, and functional diversity of walking processes can help people to abandon driving in favor of walking or cycling. This paper will look at the morphology of various types of mobility hubs, their design and location, analyze public transport facilities and possibilities to walk and cycle. This study will establish a suitable indicator system through evaluation and provide a basis for subsequent morphological design optimization. This study aims to inspire urban design interventions to increase mobility options, improve the quality of walking or cycling and thus achieve the goal of public transport as the preferred mode of travel.

As urban forms are shaped by various factors including socio-economic and climatic ones, their quality in turn affects people's living and social activities. The accessibility to direct sunlight is one important quality of urban forms, for both buildings and urban places. Since sunlight quality is determined by morphological characteristics such as orientation, building height and spacing, sunlight standards controlling these factors were legislated in various countries, and resultantly reflected in morphological characteristics of urban fabrics. In China, while residential constructions are controlled by strict sunlight codes ensuring minimum sunlight hours, no code for sunlight quality is in other areas of construction, leaving the actual sunlight quality of urban forms in question. Therefore, a comprehensive evaluation of sunlight quality in urban places is needed, for both understanding the current and improving in the future. Taking the case of Nanjing, this study adopts five mesoscale samples of urban forms, including public and residential. Sunlight access data are extracted from the outdoor spaces in the sampled areas, and evaluated through data comparison and analysis. Using sunlight hours, the evaluation results show the differences of the actual sunlight quality in places of public activity, which is without sunlight control. Results of this assessment will help optimise the overall quality of our urban spaces, and will of course inform changes in urban form.

Urban ventilation conditions, which are significantly influenced by urban space forms, are essential for healthy and livable urban environments. In urban design practice, morphological indicators related to urban ventilation could be improved for the effective assessment of ventilation quality and timely adjustment of the design. This study attempted to explore local spatial morphological indicators related to ventilation performance. Considering the sky view factor (SVF) as a quantitative parameter of urban local spaces, this study investigated the correlation between the SVF and outdoor ventilation performance. The SVF was calculated using single and multipoint methods, and a wind velocity ratio < V*> was adopted as the spatial ventilation performance indicator. In addition, local spaces were defined using three different partition methods (GSP1, GSP2, and CSP), as the urban space is continuous and complex. A typical urban centre space in Nanjing, China, was adopted as the research subject. The wind flows were calculated using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method for two wind directions. The results showed a positive correlation between the SVF and ventilation indices. Different partitioning methods had a considerable impact on the correlation, as the value of R-2 between SVF and could reach around 0.3 in GSP1 and CSP but only 0.05 in GSP2.

《层次形态与潜在结构:解读与改写提升历史乡村景观》是意大利米兰理工大学建筑学学者劳拉·安娜·佩泽蒂教授的—部新著.该书通过对"历史空间"和"空间的历史"这两个不同的概念的论述,阐明了作者对历史的真实性以及再现历史的载体与方式的看法.其次,该书详细演绎了阅读与解析历史遗存的内容和方法,并通过设计案例展现了正确阅读历史对古镇保护规划与设计的支撑作用.

The deterioration of the urban environment has captured the attention of governmental departments and research institutions, which aim to improve the urban environment from the perspective of optimizing urban morphology. Although ideal building arrays and residential building morphologies have been previously studied, research on the relationship between public building morphology and urban ventilation is currently scarce. Therefore, we used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to analyze the relationship between six public building morphologies extracted from real cities and urban ventilation. This study bridges the gap between public building morphology and urban ventilation and guides the future architectural design and urban planning. The purging flow rate and age of air were used to quantify the ventilation capacity of the squares, paths, and streets in public building blocks. The results show that a square space formed by public building setbacks can form a broad space with a path and street, which is conducive to incoming wind, resulting in better ventilation capacity. Overall, public building morphologies with 8 m street-side setbacks and 16 m path-side setbacks exhibited higher superiority rates for both single and multiple public building morphologies (66.7% and 83.3%, respectively). This study concluded that a public building morphology with 8 m street-side setbacks is the best because of a high ventilation capacity (total superiority rate = 66.7%) and building packing density.

创意产业可以成为触媒,通过创意空间为乡村赋能.创意设计赋予原料以附加值,形成乡村特色产品,为乡村带来收入;普通人的参与获得创意体验,同时产生服务需求,为乡村带来活力.相应的,创意生产空间、创意体验空间和服务空间在乡村中得以产生,推动了乡村的振兴.在泗阳爱园镇果园村D片区的设计中,这一模式得以应用,创造了具有地方特色的新型乡村创意空间.

This paper numerically investigates the ventilation of residential streets bounded by buildings of different forms. The aim is to provide suggestions for the design of environmentally sustainable urban streets in residential areas. Four representative building form variations along residential streets in Nanjing, located in the Yangtze River Delta region in China, i.e. ‘rotation’, ‘stagger’, ‘bend’ and ‘annex building’, are considered and several idealized models are finally built for the ventilation analysis. The focus is on the most common East-West (EW) and North-South (NS) oriented streets subjected to parallel, perpendicular and inclined wind directions. Results show that, for the investigated wind directions, NS oriented streets experience a better ventilation than EW oriented streets for all wind directions. For EW oriented streets, it is suggested to avoid buildings parallel to the street to prevent poor street ventilation conditions, while bended buildings are found to improve the ventilation. For NS oriented streets, keeping the buildings perpendicular to the street as much as possible is the most effective way to improve the street ventilation. Moreover, the presence of annex buildings, employed for commercial purposes, although reduces the airpath between buildings, for a given wind direction has little effect on street ventilation.