Проведены исследования по изучению характера деформирования деструктивного слоя при испытании образцов скальных горных пород на одноосное сжатие. Решение поставленной задачи достигалось за счет измерения продольных смещений образца датчиком деформаций, установленном в его средней части и скорректированных с учетом жесткости смещений траверсы электромеханического пресса. По результатам эксперимента строилась кривая деформирования и вычислялась толщина деструктивного слоя образца горной породы.

Large (more than 10 m in height) folds complicate the longwall mining of potash salts and are accompanied with the formation of foci of gas-dynamic phenomena. In this study, to identify the folding nature, changes in the physical properties of its rocks, and the distribution of gases, we analyzed the structural plan of the mined formation, performed structural geological observations, determined the amount and composition of associated gases, and identified the deformation parameters of salts. It was found that a separate flexure-like fold with a height of more than 30 m developed at the intersection of two fold systems of the salt stratum. During the formation of this dislocation, the sylvinite layer underwent folding catagenesis, which led to the boudinage and the appearance of a directive texture, the intensity of which decreases with the distance from the fold. In terms of the geomechanics, the following two zones were formed: near, slightly weakened rocks with subzones of stiffer (about 0 m) and more plastic (about 58 m) rocks, as well as distant, heavily weakened rocks with subzones of more viscous and less elastic (about 131 m) rocks and less viscous and more elastic (about 241 m) rocks. Their formation, along with the flattening of grains, can be associated with the squeezing and spatial redistribution of gas-liquid inclusions. In the process of gas-phase diffusion, zonality in the distribution of gases was observed (methane and its homologues -> nitrogen -> carbon dioxide). It turned out to be consistent with their migra-tion ability. The high value of the C2H6/i-C4H10 index suggests that a part of the hydrocarbon gases could have been generated in situ from the organic matter of salts during the fold catagenesis. It was established that the zone of influence of a 30-m fold is 380-500 m, which makes it possible to predict the formation of free gases foci in this interval and the adoption of appropriate protection measures.

Разработан новый коэффициент формы горных пород экспоненциального вида, учитывающий высоту, ширину и длину прямоугольных образцов горных пород. Проведено сопоставление расчетных данных с результатами экспериментальных исследований на сжатие прямоугольных образцов сильвинита, имеющих соотношение высоты к ширине - 1:1 и 2:1, а длины к ширине - 1:1, 2:1, 4:1 и 6:1. Приведены результаты исследования изменения теоретического коэффициента формы в зависимости от соотношения размеров прямоугольных образцов сильвинита, каменной соли, карналлита и ангидрит-доломитовых пород.

Разработан новый критерий прочности горных пород для условий истинного трехосного напряженного состояния, параметры которого находятся по результатам комплексного определения пределов прочности на одноосное растяжение, одноосное сжатие и двухосное равнокомпонентное сжатие. Приведены результаты комплексного определения прочностных показателей, а также параметров разработанного критерия для различных типов горных пород. Построены зависимости изменения предела прочности сильвинита от величины промежуточного и минимального главных напряжений.

Разработка месторождений полезных ископаемых невозможна без адекватного представления о свойствах как полезного ископаемого, так и вмещающих пород.Устойчивость подземных объектов и сооружений определяется способностью пород сопротивляться повышенным нагрузкам, возникающим вследствие перераспределения горного давления в процессе добычи полезного ископаемого.Зачастую именно растягивающие напряжения являются причиной обрушения кровли горных выработок.Одним из основных источников информации для проектирования горнодобывающих предприятий являются лабораторные исследования поведения породных образцов в различных режимах нагружения.Целью данной работы является формирование ключевых методических подходов к определению прочностных, деформационных и энергетических характеристик соляных пород при прямом растяжении в лабораторных условиях.Объектом исследования являются соляные породы Верхнекамского калийно-магниевого месторождения

Gravity-induced horizontal stress in rocks is assessed in the framework of physical simulation using a flexible thin-walled cylinder. Compression of loose geo-materials changes diameter of the cylinder, which allows estimating horizontal stress. The observed dependences with various compacted geo-materials are then theoretically approximated based on characteristics of porosity, rock deformation modulus and Poisson's ratio. The obtained relations are applicable to estimation of gravity-induced horizontal stress in an intact rock mass.

This work is devoted to investigation of spatio-temporal localization of deformation at the direct uniaxial tensile of sylvinite with using of digital image correlation method and acoustic emission technique. For the implementation of direct tension there was used a special reversing device allowing to convert compressive force into tensile. Samples are concreted into the device before the experiment. Sequentially photographed images of side surfaces of specimens were used to reconstruct the distribution of components of displacement vector field and strain tensor on the side of sylvinite samples under uniaxial quasi-static tension. As result of obtained data analysis it is found that the deformation process occurs as two consistently following forms of spatiotemporal localization: a system of equidistantly located stationary foci of localized deformation and a single stationary dissipative localized structure. Areas of specimen outside the localization zones are in the undeformed state, also as result of uniaxial quasistatic tension of specimen it is established that the zones of localized deformation can be tensile as well as compressive. The transition from one localization form to another occurs in the maximum stress vicinity and is accompanied by a sharp decrease in the concentration parameter. Concentration parameter characterizes the degree of interaction between defects of different scale levels through their elastic fields and can be estimated from the acoustic emission data. Analysis of dependence of the spatial period of localized deformation bands on the size of computational cell showed that localized deformation bands are self-similar structures and process of deformation is localized at the grain boundaries minerals composing the sample.

The results of field research of rock salt deformation under sustained uniaxial compression show that the viscoelastic Maxwell medium adequately characterizes time-dependent behavior of deformation parameters. The paper presents the accelerated test procedure and defines the long-term strengths for various types of rock salts from the Upper Kama Potash Deposit.

The results of parameter measurements for saliferous rock deformation during volumetrical stress are given.

Empirical observations showed that the earthquake events can be linked with dynamics of triggered slips at the top layer of the Earth crust on a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. These phenomena are characterized by the interaction of different mechanisms related to crack nucleation and propagation along numerous faults with pronounced friction properties of fault interfaces. The threshold character of earthquake events occurs due the complexity of phenomena that have the features of self-organized criti calit y in the defect ensembles of different scales and can be analyzed under laboratory tests for damage-failure transitions in rocks. Statistical mechanics of mesodefects and statisticall y based phenomenology allowed the consideration of dynamics of slipblock systems in the presence of noise for the interpretation of scaling laws in seismicity – the Gutenberg-Richter, Omori, Bath laws and the links of scaling laws in seismicity with new type of criti cal phenomena – structural-scaling transition. The explanation of the self-criti calit y nature of seismic events (pre-shocks, main-shocks and aftershocks) is related to the self-similarity of scenario of damage-failure transition due to the subjection to dynamics of mesodefect collective modes. It was shown that the evolution of characteristic types of collective modes (triggering waves and dissipative blow-up structures) reflect different scenario of the spinodal decomposition for qualitative different metastabilit y of thermodynamic potential under transition of criti cal value of structural-scaling parameter. Since the problem concerning the representative volume for the study of scaling laws related to the earthquakes is one of the key questions the laboratory compression tests for the rocks combined with the analysis of acoustic emission data were performed. The laboratory compression tests for gypsum and carnallit e blocks combined with the acoustic emission data recording was realized and the correspondence of acoustic emission sequences to the Gutenberg and Omori laws was found.