Виды инновационных продуктов для реализации государственной политики в области лесного хозяйства и оценка их использования © Т

Over the past 10 years, the country’s legal and regulatory framework has been developing instruments related to sustainable development and security in the context of climate change. To investigate the practice of planning measures for adaptation of the Russian forestry sector to climate change, an analysis has been made of the information on planned measures for the conservation of the ecological potential of forests, adaptation to climate change and increasing forest resilience provided in the forest planning documents of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The information in the Forest Plans shall be correlated with the results of the vulnerability and risk assessment carried out for the specific forestry conditions and forms an appropriate set of adaptation measures. The conducted study showed that 100% of the constituent entities whose forest plans contain adaptation indicators have planned to carry out adaptation measures to the risk associated with the increased frequency of wildfires. The analysis showed no correlation between the amount of work and the cost of implementing each of the planned adaptation actions and events. At the same time, the validity of risk adaptation priorities in some constituent entities probably requires further refinement and clarification.

The ways of innovations in the forest sector and the main problems affecting the efficiency of this process have been analyzes in the paper.The study focuses reasons that constrain innovative activity in forestry: the imperfection of the regulatory legal framework; the imperfection of the reporting forms and content; insufficient interest of the state in introducing innovations in forestry, imperfection of the algorithm for introducing R & D results into the practice of forestry, the weak of intersectoral management, which should include coordination activities for end-toend solution of economic efficiency of the forest industry.The mechanisms that ensure the formation and implementation of innovation policy in forestry are considered.Possible ways of implementing these mechanisms, taking into account the successful experience of the Rosleskhoz and its subordinate organizations are proposed.

чувствительность обширных российских лесов к климатическим изменениям может иметь значительные последствия для климатической системы в связи с водным, углеродным и энергетическим обменом между биосферой и атмосферой. Обширные лесные территории Российской Федерации участвуют в глобальном регулировании климата. Вектор развития российской политики в сферах землепользования и лесного хозяйства может повлиять на будущий климат планеты. Наблюдаемые и ожидаемые изменения климата увеличивают риск возникновения естественных лесных пожаров и количество дней с экстремальными погодными явлениями; способствуют распространению инвазивных насекомых-вредителей. Для выявления и предотвращения возможных негативных последствий изменения климата необходимо введение принципов превентивного управления лесными ресурсами Российской Федерации. Превентивное управление лесными ресурсами и устойчивое лесопользование будут способствовать сокращению выбросов парниковых газов и адаптации лесного хозяйства к неблагоприятному влиянию климатических изменений.

A prediction estimate of the economic consequences of climate change for forestry in the subjects of the Russian Federation at the end of the 21st century was made. The estimate is based on mass ensemble calculations of climate changes with high spatial resolution. Due to the expected growth in productivity, stock of coniferous and hardwood timber will increase, which may lead to an increase in the economic evaluation of forests. As a result of climate-related fire risk changes in the subjects of Russia, an increase in the total amount of forest fires extinguishing costs by the end of the century is expected. An economic evaluation of possible damage shows that, on average in Russia, the amount of forest fires extinguishing costs can increase with the realization of radiation exposure scenarios RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5, respectively, with an accumulated amount of 211.114 thousand rubles and 248.956 thousand rubles.

The projection of economic consequences of climate change for forestry in the subjects of the Russian Federation is obtained for the end of the 21st century. The assessment is based on the numerous high-resolution ensemble simulations of climate change. Due to the expected increase in forest productivity, the stock of coniferous and deciduous woods will grow thus increasing wood cost. An increase in total expenses for forest fire extinction is expected by the end of the century as a result of climate-related changes in fire danger in the Russian Federation subjects. The economic assessment of possible damage due to wildfires shows that the average total cost of forest fire management in Russia can increase under the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 radiative forcing scenarios by 211114 and 248956 thousand rubles. The most significant increase in the costs of forest fire management is projected in the Tyumen and Arkhangelsk oblasts and in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous okrug-Yugra.

Принципы организации и приоритетные направления научно

Abstract The ways of innovations in the forestry sector and the main problems arising in this regard are discussed in the present paper. The following reasons restraining innovative activities in forestry may take place, among the others, were pointed out: 1) inadequacy of the legal framework, together with forms, content and procedure, for submitting reports on the implementation of delegated authorities; 2) insufficient interest of the federal and regional governments in the Russian Federation in the field of forestry relations regarding innovations; 3) imperfection of the algorithm for the integration of research and advanced development results into the forestry practice; and 4) weak intersectoral management on providing coordination over activities to find an integrated solution to the problem of increasing the economic efficiency of the forest industry. Furthermore, mechanisms ensuring the formation and implementation of innovation policy in forestry were considered. It was noted that there is an urgent need for developing ways to broadly implement research and development results in leased forest areas provided for all types of using, for instant, cultivation of planting material, hunting, recreational activities, etc. Possible directions in the implementation of these mechanisms were proposed taking into account the successful experience of the Federal Forestry Agency and its subordinate organizations.

Due to expected climate changes, there is a forecast for arising of variety of interconnected and interdependent threats, leading to growth of risks in forest-based sector of economy. Study of risk, as an economic category, has substantial significance for scientific and practical activity in forest-based sector, as it allows identifying the most dangerous threats for economic security. This research includes the systematization of risk factors, caused by possible climate changes, with the allocation of the most dangerous ones which generate threats in forest-based sector of economy. Analysis of revealed risks is conducted on the basis of statistical methods of expert evaluation. It has been established that most of threats for economic security in the sphere of forest use are related to climate change and have stochastic nature, which is determined by a large share of uncertainty of existing factors (air temperature, air and soil humidity, extreme weather phenomena). All of this significantly complicates the planning of work of forest relations members which in this case are the subjects of economic security. The article emphasizes that the main problems of future forest-based sector will be caused by the change of forests productivity. Climate change, which could lead to forests’ drying out, change of forest ecosystems, increase of the level of fires and broad-scale natural disasters will inevitably cause the difficulties in material and technical provision of forest-based sector and increase of expenses for all forestry operations. Consequently, there is a forecast for growth of risk factors in entrepreneurial activity, which will lead to risks of decrease of employment of population in forest husbandry, aggravation of labor conditions, reduction of profits of the sector, and decrease of employees’ income. Economic and ecological consequences of climate change will have a vivid regional character.

We have investigated UV luminescence with a subnanosecond time resolution of Li 6 GdB 3 O 9 :Ce crystal fibers upon their ultrasoft X-ray selective excitation at 10 and 293 K in the range of 4 d → 4 f core transitions. We have revealed an intense fast-decaying subnanosecond luminescence component, which is caused by a high local density of electronic excitation and Auger core hole relaxation processes, and modulation of the luminescence excitation spectrum by an absorption band of the 4 d –4 f photoionization giant resonance in the energy range 135–160 eV.

Ce3+-doped borate crystal fibers of Li6Gd(BO3)(3) (LGBO) and Li6Y(BO3)(3) (LYBO) compositions are grown by the micro-pulling down (mu-PD) method for potential application in developing new neutron detectors. The ternary equilibrium diagram of Li2O-Gd2O3-B2O3 is drawn and the preparations of homogeneous mixed LGBO and LYBO powders and growth conditions for single crystal fibers are discussed. Absorption, excitation and X-ray luminescence spectra are investigated. Absolute light yield derived from energy spectra and kinetic decay curves measured under alpha- and gamma-scintillations of Ce3+-doped LGBO and LYBO single crystal fibers is provided. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The luminescence spectra of bulk and fiber sodium fluoride crystals activated with uranium ions have been analyzed. Luminescence of uranium centers at temperatures of 8.5 and 300 K is considered and the features of the luminescence spectra of these centers in crystals of different dimension are analyzed. The luminescence spectra are simulated with allowance for the spectral-line profiles. Possible models of uranium centers are considered.

The neutron induced defects in activated LiF and NaF single crystals have been investigated by studying the absorption and luminescence spectra. For LiF and NaF neutron irradiated crystals the creation of F, F-2 and F-3(+) aggregate color centers have been analysed in comparison with F, F-2 and F-3(+)-center production in NaF crystals irradiated by ion and electron beams. (c) 2007 WILEYNCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

The spectroscopic properties of NaF:U bulk and fiber single crystals in the region 1.95–25eV have been studied under the synchrotron radiation excitation at 8.5K. Excitation and emission spectra have been recorded. In the emission spectra of NaF:U bulk and fiber crystals at least three new U6+ sets of luminescence lines have been analyzed and discussed in addition to known (Feofilov–Kaplyanskii) ‘magnetic’ and ‘electric’ U6+ sets of lines. Some peculiarities in luminescence spectra of NaF:U fiber crystals have been found and discussed.

The thermostimulated exoelectron emission (TSEE) of NaF:(U,Me) compounds after electron beam irradiation in the 300-800 K temperature range has been investigated. For NaF:(U,Me) bulk, fiber and nanocrystals several regular peaks of TSEE have been found. Additional effects with the sign of thermostimulated explosive electron emission have been found too. The nature of TSEE process is discussed.

1 The work was supported by Detector Technology Center LTD (Ekaterinburg, Russia), FIBERCRYST firm (France), "University of Russia" grant (UR.02.01.433), NATO grant NoPST.EAP.CLG 980674, ISTC grant NoKR-994 and RussianAmerican program "Fundamental research and high education" (fond CRDF REC-005: grant ЕК-005-Х1 Ural scienceeducated center "Advantage materials" Abstract – Some new original results on advanced scintillation materials and detection systems for registration gamma-rays, neutrons, neutrinos, beta-particles, electron and ion radiation are presented.

Spectroscopic studies of NaF:U,Cu bulk and fiber crystals have been performed in the near UV-vacuum UV (2–25eV) region by the use of synchrotron radiation. Emission, excitation and reflectivity spectra have been recorded. The important role of Cu+ ions in the uranium luminescence and energy transfer mechanisms was pointed out. Differences in luminescence properties of bulk crystals and crystalline fibers have been observed and analyzed.

The radiation-impurity modification of NaF: Eu crystals results in the formation of optically active planar heterostructures with a complex set of luminescence centers, including, in particular, clusters of the Eu 2+ –Eu 3+ type. The luminescence spectra of Eu 2+ –Eu 3+ centers exhibit bands at wavelengths of 409 and 442 nm, which are associated with Eu 2+ ions in nonequivalent crystallographic positions, and a band at a wavelength of 610 nm, which is attributed to Eu 3+ ions. The luminescence spectra of irradiated NaF: Eu samples contain a broad band with a maximum at 506 nm due to the presence of F 2 + F + 3 color centers in the crystal.