Lineages with low dispersal ability are geographically restricted. We used freshwater Gammarus to test this hypothesis. Sequences of two mitochondrial (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and 16S) and two nuclear (28S and cytosolic heat-shock protein) genes were obtained for seven species distributed in 28 localities along the Luliang and Taihang mountains in China. Phylogenetic analyses showed that Gammarus species were grouped into two clades, one from the Luliang range and the other from the Taihang range. Each clade was further divided into three or four species, showing a congruent pattern with geographical vicariance. Divergence time estimation indicated that the split between the two clades coincided with the uplift of the Taihang Mountains at the boundary of Oligocene/Miocene. Most speciation events may have been driven by massive uplifting of the Luliang and Taihang mountains from the late Miocene to early Pliocene. Additionally, four new species are described: Gammarus incoercitus sp. nov., Gammarus benignus sp. nov., Gammarus monticellus sp. nov., and Gammarus pisinnus sp. nov. The new species are compared with related species in this area and a key to these species is provided. (c) 2014 The Linnean Society of London

Through explain that preparation work for collection,collection method,collection time and habitat selection to introduce specimen collection of freshwater crustaceans.Fresh material was preserved in 95% ethanol in the field,and add with collect label,then deposited at-20°C refrigerator for long preservation.In order to keep the DNA of samples so replacement of alcohol every half a year.

Ten new species of the genus Gammarus are described from Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Southwest China, including Gammarus amabilis sp. nov., G. citatus sp. nov., G. echinatus sp. nov., G. egregius sp. nov., G. eliquatus sp. nov., G. hirtellus sp. nov., G. margcomosus sp. nov., G. rivalis sp. nov., G. silendus sp. nov. and G. tranquillus sp. nov. Four of them are stygobite and with no eyes. Detailed illustrations and comparisons with related species are presented. A key to all species from Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau are given.

记述采自中国四川省洞穴钩虾属1新种,奇异钩虾Gammarus praecipuus sp.nov.(图1～56).新种与钩虾属其它物种的区别在于:眼睛缺失；第1小颚外叶具有31个齿,明显多于其它钩虾属物种的11个齿；第1尾肢内、外肢无侧刺或毛；第3尾肢内肢为外肢长的一半.正模♂；副模:2♂♂,2♀♀,四川省江油市新春乡藏王寨无名洞,2010年5月12日,林玉成采.模式标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所.词源:新种种名源自该种具有特殊的洞穴特征,如第1小颚外叶具多个齿以及第1尾肢内、外肢无侧刺或毛；形容词.