The Finback–Warren method is used to determine the quantitative characteristics of the short-range order of thermally modified shungite carbon. The results of spectroscopic studies in the visible spectral region of “shungite carbon–optically active silicon or carbon nanoparticles” compositions are presented. It is shown that shungite samples with nanoparticles encapsulated in pores have photoluminescence activity in the visible region of the spectrum. Stable passivation of the surface of nanoparticles in the shungite matrix pores is observed.

The purpose of the study was the research into the causes of gas imbalance, which is one of the reasons of stratification of temperature in high capacity steam boilers. During the research, temperature conditions of the boiler superheater BKZ-420-140NGM4 were analysed. The mathematical simulation of the assembly for connection of two exit flues and the suction line of the exhaust blower is conducted. Following on from the results of mathematical simulation it is established that the gas imbalance in this steam boiler arises from operation under stack effect affected by aerodynamic imperfection of the assembly for connection of gas flues. This, in its turn, leads to difference in the flows of exhaust gases in gas flues and displacement of the exhaust gases front to the gas flue with higher flow rate. In order to decrease the rate of gas imbalance a structural modification of the assembly for connection of gas flues. Mathematical simulation improved assembly for connection of gas flues. The results of the mathematical simulation has justified the effectiveness of the proposed activities. The difference in the flows of the exhaust gases has been reduced from 30 to 4%.

The results of X-ray studies of samples of purified and thermally modified shungite carbon are presented. The quantitative characteristics of short-range order are determined, and 3D models of regions of short-range ordering are presented. It is found that the structure of these regions can be described by turbostratic models, which are sets of five distorted graphene sheets, disoriented relative to each other, with sizes of 26 × 27 Å. The cluster thickness is 15 Å. The average distance between the sheets is 3.5 Å. As a result of the heat treatment of shungite carbon samples, graphene sheets are exfoliated. The thickness of the clusters forming the structure of regions of short-range ordering decreases to 7 Å.

The structural state of metal epoxysilicate and metallosilicate nanocomposites obtained by the sol-gel technology from systems based on alkali silicate solutions is studied. Hybrid nanocomposites prepared based on liquid glass (LG), in the initial state and after modification by copper salts (CuCl 2 and CuSO 4 ) and/or by the second component such as ED-20 epoxy resin, are considered. Based on the data of the XRD analysis and scanning electron microscopy, it is shown that the modified xerogels are structurally inhomogeneous, whereas the change in the microwave exposure time used in the synthesis stage to homogenize the mixture and intensify the physicochemical interaction processes affects the size and character of the packing of inhomogeneities. For the studied samples, the coordination numbers, coordination sphere radii, and their variances are calculated and analyzed.

The results of X-ray studies of the structure of components of composite materials based on milled microcrystalline cellulose are presented. The 3D model of the atomic arrangement in the short-range order of amorphous carbon can be described by a mechanical mixture of two types of clusters in the ratio of 1 : 2. One type of clusters is formed by two planar graphene single layers shifted relative to each other and containing vacancies, and the other type is presented by six graphene grids. The cellulose matrix with silicon nanoparticles has a low photoluminescence-signal degradation rate. The introduction of fullerenes into nanomaterial as a third nanofraction, as well as the action of ozone, leads to anomalous luminescence kinetics under UV (ultraviolet) photoexcitation, which can be associated with competing processes of hydrogen and oxygen adsorption on the surface of silicon nanoparticles. A change in the ionic conductivity of the porous cellulose matrix upon exposure to ozone can be used to develop effective ozone detectors. Such a filler as amorphous-crystalline carbon causes not only ionic but also electronic conductivity in the sample; however, the processes of space-charge redistribution remain dependent only on the ion-current component. An increase in the total current passing through the pressed sample eliminates the need for a further increase in the signal in the design of ozone sensors.

This paper presents the results of X-ray investigations of ion-plasma nitriding and plasma samples were 12Kh18N10T and titanium. The influence of the conditions of the nitriding process on the phase composition and structural state of the investigated

Using the method of full-profile analysis of X-ray patterns obtained from polycrystals, the structure of carbon nanomaterials manufactured in the presence of a variety of catalysts is investigated. The unit cell period and phase concentration are specified. The formation of nanotubes with an interlayer spacing of 3.44 Å is established in the specimens under study.

X-ray diffraction studies of nanoporous carbon synthesized from silicon carbide have been performed. The coordination shell radii and the coordination number in nanoporous carbon have been calculated using the Finback method. It has been shown that, when the coordination shell radii coincide, the distribution of carbon atoms over the coordination shells differs from that of hexagonal graphite. Based on an analysis of the interference functions and the results of the calculation, a model of atomic arrangement in the region of short-range ordering has been constructed. It has been demonstrated that the model cluster consists of seven graphene networks with different curvature radii.