Smart intersections have the potential to improve road safety with sensing, communication, and edge computing technologies. Perception sensors installed at a smart intersection can monitor the traffic environment in real time and send infrastructure-based warnings to nearby travelers through V2X communication. This paper investigated how infrastructure-based warnings can influence driving behaviors and improve roundabout safety through a driving-simulator study - a challenging driving scenario for human drivers. A co-simulation platform integrating Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) and Webots was developed to serve as the driving simulator. A real-world roundabout in Ann Arbor, Michigan was built in the co-simulation platform as the study area, and the merging scenarios were investigated. 36 participants were recruited and asked to navigate the roundabout under three danger levels (e.g., low, medium, high) and three collision warning designs (e.g., no warning, warning issued 1 second in advance, warning issued 2 seconds in advance). Results indicated that advanced warnings can significantly enhance safety by minimizing potential risks compared to scenarios without warnings. Earlier warnings enabled smoother driver responses and reduced abrupt decelerations. In addition, a personalized intention prediction model was developed to predict drivers' stop-or-go decisions when the warning is displayed. Among all tested machine learning models, the XGBoost model achieved the highest prediction accuracy with a precision rate of 95.56% and a recall rate of 97.73%.

Psychology was established as a separate discipline when it split from philosophy. With the founding of Wundt’s lab and subsequent developments by Külpe, Titchener, and others, psychology was championed initially as a distinct science, in which controlled experiments played a major role. A parallel approach, beginning with Wundt, that eschews causal explanations established through controlled experiments and focuses on qualitative descriptions based on the subjective experiences of individuals, also developed. We describe alternative positions throughout the history of psychology as to whether these approaches accomplish the goals of treating psychology as a natural science. From a historical account, the mechanistic worldview provides a foundation for psychological science, as compared to a contextualistic worldview. We conclude that a mechanistic worldview, as seen in the history of psychology, has appropriate goals for the approach of continuing psychology’s development as a natural science, with the distinction between worldviews remaining a prominent philosophical task.

During the transition period when connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) and human-driven vehicles (HDVs) coexist on the roadway, miscommunication and improper interactions may lead to accidents due to lack of awareness of each other's intentions. The most promising approach to this problem is to view roadway transportation as a cyber-physical-social system consisting of CAV, HDV, and infrastructure subsystems. Although adaptations of infrastructure are as critical as the technological advances of vehicles, the role of infrastructure in CAV and HDV interactions has not been fully acknowledged. We consider the roadway transportation system from the system-of-systems perspective, taking a human-centred approach that integrates the behaviours of human drivers and CAVs with the design and enhancement of transportation infrastructure. We provide an overview of prior studies regarding information-processing and communication of the subsystems. Interactions between HDVs and infrastructure are summarised by human driving behaviours and HDV crash analysis. Interactions between HDVs and CAVs focus on how they perceive and predict actions of each other. Interactions between CAVs and infrastructure are characterised by possible adaptations of infrastructure to support CAV navigation. Lastly, we propose a human-centred framework to provide guidance for research on and design of next-generation transportation infrastructure with CAVs and HDVs. Relevance to human factors/ergonomics theoryImplementation of CAVs on the roadways with HDVs requires a system-of-systems approach that includes the CAVs, HDVs, and transportation infrastructure. Humans must be at the center of this approach because their actions are central to the success of the entire system.

Crash scene reconstruction is essential for reverse-engineering the factors of a crash scene to determine the cause of a crash. It requires automated information extraction (IE) from the textual crash report narratives and their formalization in a computer-processable representation. Natural language processing (NLP) is a powerful computational tool to process texts. This paper presents a dependency parsing (DP)-based NLP system for automated IE of crash events information from crash report narratives. DP-based rules and patterns were leveraged for defining relations between subjects and objects to support the IE algorithm. The proposed IE system was tested on 50 reports collected from the Southeast Michigan Council of Governments (SEMCOG) traffic crash database, which achieved an overall 94.9% precision, 90.2% recall, and 92.5% F1-score. A parallel experiment was conducted with ChatGPT to extract information from crash narratives, where an 88.0% precision and 88.0% recall were obtained.

Expertise in any domain is attained through extensive practice. The best practice methods depend on several factors, among which are the three primary phases of training: acquisition, retention, and transfer. In this chapter, we consider nine principles that promote skill learning, all of which have considerable empirical support. Four of the principles involve complicating learning, whereas five involve simplifying it. Complications that have been shown to be beneficial include desirable difficulties, cognitive antidote, variability of practice, and strategic use of knowledge. Beneficial simplifications include focus of attention, mental practice, rules, functional task, and stimulus-response compatibility. Which principle or set of principles to use in a particular training situation necessarily depends on which particular task is being learned and which parameters of the task can be manipulated. Nevertheless, the principles provide useful guidelines for consideration when designing a training regimen to optimize skill learning.

Anthropomorphic appearance is a key factor to affect users' attitudes and emotions. This research aimed to measure emotional experience caused by robots' anthropomorphic appearance with three levels - high, moderate, and low - using multimodal measurement. Fifty participants' physiological and eye-tracker data were recorded synchronously while they observed robot images that were displayed in random order. Afterward, the participants reported subjective emotional experiences and attitudes towards those robots. The results showed that the images of the moderately anthropomorphic service robots induced higher pleasure and arousal ratings, and yielded significantly larger pupil diameter and faster saccade velocity, than did the low or high robots. Moreover, participants' facial electromyography, skin conductance, and heart-rate responses were higher when observing moderately anthropomorphic service robots. An implication of the research is that service robots' appearance should be designed to be moderately anthropomorphic; too many human-like features or machine-like features may disturb users' positive emotions and attitudes.Practitioner Summary: This research aimed to measure emotional experience caused by three types of anthropomorphic service robots using a multimodal measurement experiment. The results showed that moderately anthropomorphic service robots evoked more positive emotion than high and low anthropomorphic robots. Too many human-like features or machine-like features may disturb users' positive emotions.

E. B. Titchener was a major figure in psychology in the early 20th century, especially in the United States. A British national, graduate of Oxford University with a PhD from Leipzig under Wilhelm Wundt, he championed a system of psychology that emphasized the introspection of conscious experience as accessed and revealed under rigorously controlled experimental procedures. From his laboratory at Cornell University, he was the major professor for the doctoral degrees of many of the early women psychologists. He served as associate editor and editor of the AJP that for many years represented a major source of articles from American laboratories.Rand Evans was the foremost Titchener scholar, having been told many stories by Karl Dallenbach, a student of Titchener's who played a significant role in the history of the AJP. Rand published many articles and book chapters based on his research on Titchener as he worked toward a biography of the man and his role in psychology's history. When he died in 2021, he left behind many chapters of that book but not the complete work that he had hoped to finish. We concluded that the completed chapters would stand as tributes to E. B. Titchener and Rand Evans and as contributions to the scholarship of the history of psychology. This issue of AJP includes two chapters on Titchener's early life and its role in his intellectual development. Others will be published in subsequent issues of the AJP.

Edward B. Titchener was a dominant figure in North American psychology from the 1890s to his death in 1927. This article is the first in a series on Titchener's life, based on chapters written by Rand Evans for an intended book. It describes the formative years of Titchener's life up to his entry to Oxford University, providing insights as to the personality and characteristics of Titchener the psychologist.

Excavator simulators provide the primary advantage to construction industry workers of allowing safe and cost-effective training to occur, as compared to using physical equipment. Whether training benefits from equipping the simulator with a platform that simulates motion is a subject of interest, but it has been addressed previously mainly within flight and driving simulator research. Because there are unique aspects of the motion feedback in excavator simulators, we studied its inclusion in the present experiment. Novice participants performed Block 1 of a session operating an excavator simulator without the motion platform being activated. Then, half the participants performed Blocks 2 and 3 with motion activated and half without, after which both groups were tested without the motion platform in Block 4. Substantial improvements in productivity and time to complete the task across the four blocks were evident for both groups, with no significant difference between the groups in Blocks 1 and 4 (where both groups had no motion) or Blocks 2 and 3 (in which one group had motion and the other did not). Thus, this study found no evidence that the motion platform had a benefit or cost to improvement of performance in the excavator simulator.

This book is the second edition of one published in 2008 by Wickens and McCarley. The goal, then and now, is for the book to reunite basic research on attention to applied research conducted in engineering psychology. In addition to updating the coverage of the main topic areas, the second edition includes two new chapters, one devoted to automation in general and the other to five specific disciplines: aviation, driving, education, health care, and cybersecurity. These two chapters reflect contemporary issues and replace ones on cognitive neuroscience and individual differences, for which some of the material has been incorporated into other chapters. The text is 181 pages long and is easy to read. The authors say on p. 4 that the domain of engineering psychology "represents the spirit of this book." Consistent with this spirit, the book emphasizes how to design interfaces for attention. This is reflected in the content, for which the organization is oriented around design issues and how to capture, direct, and maintain the attention of human operators.The coverage of material in the book is concise and straightforward. As a consequence, not much background for many complex topics is provided, which requires readers to possess additional fundamental knowledge if they are to comprehend the material at a very deep level. For example, in Chapter 1 the authors provide a simplified model of attention that focuses on bottlenecks at early selection by a filter and later in processing by resources that can be allocated to multiple tasks. Although they expand on these topics in subsequent chapters, to understand the importance of these mechanisms the reader would need to have some background knowledge on attention and human information processing. Chapter 2 goes directly into issues of single-channel processing and automaticity, without much explanation of the underlying mechanisms. The authors introduce the terms compatibility, working memory, and motor programming without defining them. Moreover, throughout the book the authors refer to working memory and the memory system, but these constructs are not discussed in detail, especially as they relate to attention.Chapter 1 has a heading, "Scaling Up Basic to Applied Research." However, the chapters switch between directions, with the organization of the early chapters being primarily around design issues rather than basic aspects of attention. The final paragraph of Chapter 1 states, "We try to maintain a balance between theory and application, although occasionally, we may veer more one way than the other" (p. 7). The middle chapters (5, 7, 8, and 9) have a balance of basic theory and application, whereas the earlier and later chapters veer toward design issues. For designers, the level of coverage in this book provides a good starting point for design guidance, but for understanding attentional mechanisms, the book just scratches the surface. Thus, for use as a textbook in psychology courses, it would need to be supplemented by original articles or readings that consider the topics in more detail. In the following paragraphs we discuss the individual chapters of the book.Chapter 1 provides an introduction on varieties of attention and their relation to applied design topics. We've already touched on several key elements because the chapter sets up the book. An additional section highlights "The Role of Models," providing a general description of different types of models. The section goes into detail only on the SEEV (Salience, Effort, Expectancy, and Value) model of Wickens (2015) as an example of an applied computational model. We think that other models could have been described to illustrate the value that each type of model brings to knowledge of attention.Chapter 2 introduces single-channel theory with the psychological refractory period (PRP) effect, which is covered thoroughly. The PRP effect is probably the most widely studied multitasking paradigm in psychology. The text emphasizes, "The PRP thus appears to arise at one or more central stages of processing, in between sensory encoding and overt response execution" (p. 11), which Wickens et al. note is conventionally considered to be response selection. Yet response selection receives minimal coverage in the book, and there is little further discussion of the PRP effect in the context of concurrent task performance, which is the central topic of Chapter 8.Consistent with the engineering psychology perspective, the attentional mechanisms presented in the book are those relevant to the design of interfaces. Chapter 3 is titled "Attentional Control," but the authors define attention control from the system designer's priorities: "The system designer is faced with a challenge of attention control, catching the operator's attention and orienting it toward a timely piece of Information" (p. 21). Consequently, they downplay the distinction between covert and overt attention, stating that the two work together in concert in naturalistic behavior. In human information processing, attentional control is typically used to refer to endogenous processes by which people direct their attention to various locations and events. Control in this sense of attention is covered as switching strategies in Chapter 9 in the discussion of multitasking, but that discussion is again from the design perspective. Chapter 3 also covers multimodal interactions. Consistent with the orientation of the chapter on the capture of attention, the authors emphasize auditory preemption for alerts and alarms. However, they downplay the large literature on visual dominance that is also relevant to display design.Chapter 4 continues to illustrate the power of SEEV as a model for predicting visual scanning and information sampling on displays. SEEV captures the roles of habit, visual salience, event rate, and information and value in determining the effort needed to identify target stimuli in operational environments. The topic of areas of interest is thoroughly covered, with the relevance for design clearly made. The chapter also introduces expert–novice differences in visual scanning, which is a topic highlighted for specific applications in Chapter 11.Our favorite chapter of the book is Chapter 5, "Visual Search." This chapter provides a concise and up-to-date overview of the visual search literature. It is distinguished from the others by inclusion of a bulleted list of guidelines derived from attention theory. We find this chapter to provide excellent coverage of the key points of the visual search literature and their implications for designers. The balance of theory and application in this chapter makes it a good resource for both designers and students interested in visual search.Chapter 6 provides a comprehensive overview of display design. In terms of attentional mechanisms, though, coverage of space-based and object-based attention is rather limited. The two are used mainly to set up the proximity compatibility principle as it applies to display design, which covers the bulk of the chapter. Given that Wickens has developed and championed the proximity compatibility principle (Wickens & Carswell, 1995), it is not surprising that this coverage is detailed and comprehensive. For practice, designers will find much of value in this chapter to increase their knowledge of display design.Chapter 7, "Resources and Effort," provides an in-depth coverage of the relation of effort to strategies in selection of resources and their relation to performance. The last part of the chapter is devoted to mental workload measurement, with only the psychophysiological methods covered in much detail. The orientation of this chapter is closer to that of Chapter 5 than earlier chapters in that the basic issues concerning the relation between effort and performance are covered before the applied topic of mental workload for design and assessment.In-depth coverage of Wickens's (2005) multiple resource model and time sharing is provided in Chapter 8, for which the main title is "Concurrent Task Performance." As noted earlier, the PRP effect was described in Chapter 2, so we were surprised that the authors did not return to this well-known limitation of concurrent task performance in this chapter. There is brief mention of the bottleneck, but the emphasis is in terms of the motor resources rather than "central" bottleneck, a term that was used several times in Chapter 2 to describe the source of the PRP effect. As depicted in Figure 8.2, the model of stage-defined resources has the resources for working memory as being the same as those for perception. Response selection, in contrast, is shown as not sharing resources with working memory and perception but as sharing them with the motor processes of response execution. However, it is more customary to depict response selection as a central cognitive process that draws on the same attentional resources as those involved in perception, working memory, and decision making (e.g., Schmidt et al., 2018; Wickens & Carswell, 2021), distinct from response execution. The separation of response selection from the resources involved in perception and working memory results in the role of response selection in concurrent task performance being downplayed.Chapter 9 covers three topics listed in the chapter subtitle: attention switching, interruptions, and task management. The chapter is organized around the basic research on task switch costs, beginning with the first demonstration by Jersild (1927). Task switching is then examined in the applied context of designing for interruptions of an ongoing task by distractor tasks and management of multiple tasks that must be performed sequentially. The chapter also examines some individual differences in task switching performance by groups that differ in terms of fluid intelligence, working memory capacity, and executive control. The chapter introduces the term "task set"—representation in working memory of the task that is to be performed—but with little elaboration. It is mentioned only in the context of a need to maintain multiple task sets and to reconfigure task sets when a task switches from one that was just performed. The lack of emphasis on task set is consistent with downplaying the role of response selection processes since the task representation presumably involves the possible actions to be made and the alternative responses.Chapter 10 introduces the topic of automation and issues of reliance on and trust of automation. A taxonomy for degree of automation is presented: (1) event detection and attentional guidance, (2) diagnosis and situation assessment, (3) decision support, and (4) action. Because the chapter is short, it might have been better to include the sections on driving and cybersecurity from Chapter 11, both of which highlight automation issues.Chapter 11 provides five areas of application in which the authors recap attentional principles and illustrate how the principles tie together within each domain. The first area is aviation, which was covered extensively throughout the book. This section provides a chapter-by-chapter analysis, mainly providing additional references for key points. Chapter 6 is the only one for which much new information is introduced, where specific principles come together with new examples relevant to piloting an aircraft. The driving section provides good coverage of attentional issues for distracted driving and automated driving. The health care section focuses mainly on sampling of information by medical practitioners using the SEEV model. The section covers group differences in expertise, which were also highlighted in the driving section. The next area is education, where the authors cover principles of learning and of designing instructional material for cognitive load. The final area is cybersecurity, a section that highlights a number of critical issues in this emerging domain. The focus is on the attentional demands placed on professional cyberoperators and how designers may be able to accommodate for those demands. Automation is again discussed, in this case with regard to how it can assist detection of cyberattacks. This chapter, which relates attentional phenomena and principles discussed earlier in the book to contemporary domains, provides a fitting ending to the book.We end our review with some overall comments, making comparisons to our book Attention: Selection and Control in Human Information Processing (Proctor & Vu, 2023). As noted, we place more emphasis on response selection than do Wickens et al. As noted, they characterize response selection as sharing resources with response execution and not with working memory (see their Figure 8.2). We locate response selection in the central cognitive stage, separate from an action stage that includes motor programming and execution (see our Figure 2.1). This distinction reflects our view that response selection is largely a central, cognitive process that relies on stimulus and response codes activated in working memory.Another big difference between the books is the approach taken in organizing the content. We take an information processing approach, whereas Wickens et al. take an engineering psychology approach. As a consequence, Wickens et al.'s book highlights attentional principles and phenomena relevant to interface design, whereas our book stresses fundamental aspects of attention. Moreover, because they take an engineering psychology approach, their applications are design focused, whereas many of our applications are representative of other areas of psychology. We think that designers will benefit greatly from Wickens et al.'s book because it provides a good primer for attentional issues that are of most concern to them. Our book is less prescriptive, conveying empirical and theoretical processes from which knowledge about attention is derived. For that reason, our book is longer than Wickens et al.'s book and will require more effort for readers to work through. Thus, the two books are complementary, with the Wickens et al. book providing intuitive applications of attention research and ours providing a fundamental background to allow readers to take a deeper dive into attentional mechanisms.

As an essential component of the human attention system, the effect of phasic alertness refers to the change of performance with the presence of a preceding warning signal. Weinbach and Henik ( Cognition , 133 (2), 414-419, 2014 ) argued that phasic alertness is an adaptive mechanism that diverts attention to salient events. This mechanism enhances selective attention when the critical event is more salient than others. When selective attention to less salient details is required, phasic alertness can lead to more interference from task-irrelevant information. The experiment on which this saliency-based account of phasic alertness is based has not been replicated. In two experiments, the present study attempted to replicate the alertness-related findings of Weinbach and Henik. Although we used a similar design, the results did not reveal evidence for an interaction between phasic alertness and response congruency in the global/local processing task. Our results do not support the saliency-based account of phasic alertness. We argue that more systematic investigation is needed for this phasic alertness account.

When participants respond to a task-relevant stimulus attribute by pressing a left or right key with the respective index finger, reaction time is shorter if task-irrelevant left-right stimulus location corresponds to that of the response key than if it does not. For right-handers, this Simon effect is larger for right-located than left-located stimuli; for left-handers this Simon-effect asymmetry is reversed. A similar asymmetry has been found for right-footers pressing pedals with their feet. For analyses that separate stimulus- and response-location factors, these asymmetries appear as a main effect of response location, with responses being faster with the dominant effector. If the Simon-effect asymmetry is strictly a function of effector dominance, it should reverse for left-footers responding with their feet. In Experiment 1, left-dominant persons showed faster responses with the left than right hand but with the right than left foot, a finding consistent with prior research on tapping actions. Right-dominant persons also showed the right-foot asymmetry but, unexpectedly, not the typical asymmetry with hand responses. To evaluate whether hand-presses yield results distinct from finger-presses, in Experiment 2 participants performed the Simon task with finger-presses and hand-presses. The opposing asymmetries for right- and left-dominant persons were evident for both response modes. Our results are consistent with the view that the Simon effect asymmetry is primarily due to differences in effector efficiency, usually but not always favoring the dominant effector.

Han and Proctor (2022a, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 75[4], 754-764) reported that in a visual two-choice task, compared with a no-warning condition, a neutral warning tone caused shorter reaction times (RTs) but at the expense of an increase in error percentages (a speed-accuracy trade-off) at a constant 50-ms foreperiod but shorter RTs without an increase in error percentages at a 200-ms foreperiod. Also, the spatial compatibility of stimulus-response mappings was found to interact with the foreperiod effect on RT. We conducted three experiments to investigate whether these findings can be replicated without the constancy of foreperiod within a trial block. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants performed the same two-choice task as in Han and Proctor's study but with the foreperiod randomly varied among 50, 100, and 200 ms and RT feedback provided after each response. Results showed that as the foreperiod increased, RT decreased while EP increased, demonstrating a consistent speed-accuracy trade-off. Also, the mapping effect was found to be largest at the 100-ms foreperiod. In Experiment 3, RT feedback was not provided, and the warning tone speeded responses without evidence of an increase in error percentage. We conclude that the enhanced information processing at a 200-ms foreperiod depends on constancy of foreperiod within a trial block, whereas the mapping-foreperiod interaction found in Han and Proctor is relatively unaffected by increased temporal uncertainty.