Objectives To explore the variations in the mortality trends, especially death due to lung cancer, from 1990 to 2013 in Xuanwei City. Materials and methods Mortality data were collected in Xuanwei during the 2nd and 3rd National Retrospective Sampling Survey on Mortality and Routine Death Registration System (DRS) during 2011–2013. According to the result of the survey on under-reported deaths, mortality data from DRS during 2011–2013 were adjusted. Disease specific mortality rate, age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and 45Q15 were calculated in Xuanwei and compared with those in rural areas of China. Results During three periods, 1990–1992, 2004–2005 and 2011–2013, lung cancer contributed to 56.86%, 58.45% and 63.03% of deaths from all cancers respectively with a much higher proportion than rural areas nationally. The ASMR of lung cancer for males surged from 41.43/105 to 88.17/105 during 1990–2005 and it surged from 37.70/105 to 74.45/105 for females. Although they declined slightly during 2011–2013 (82.53/105 and 62.62/105 for males and females respectively), the ASMR of lung cancer among males in Xuanwei was three times of that in rural areas in China, and it was six times higher among females. The 45Q15 of lung cancer for males in Xuanwei was 3–5 times of that in rural areas of China and for females it was 7–9 times. The high-mortality areas of lung cancer were still located in Laibin, Longchang, Wanshui and Shuanglong Communities. High-mortality areas of lung cancer expanded to their surrounding areas and those in southeast. Conclusions Although indoor air pollution caused by smoky coal has been fairly well controlled, patterns of death due to lung cancer have not obviously changed. The mortality rate of lung cancer among females was similar to that among males. Therefore, further studies should be conducted to comprehensively explore the risk factors of lung cancer in Xuanwei.

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the completeness of the death registration system, so as to understand the death patterns in Xuanwei.METHODS:The investigation on under-reported deaths was conducted in 30 villages selected with a multi-stage random sampling strategy. Participants were asked about changes of their family members (family members born or dead) during past 3 years with door to door visit. Then, death cases obtained in our investigation were matched with those from routine death registration system and under-reported rate of deaths during 2011-2013 was calculated employing capture-recapture method.RESULTS:Total under-reported rate of deaths was 31.88%. For people aged between 0-14, 15-39, 40-69 and 60 above, under-reported rates of death were 33.35%, 34.93%, 29.10%, and 32.88%, respectively. And they were 31.72% and 32.02% for males and females, respectively. There was no significant difference shown in under-reported rates among deaths in different age groups (χ² = 7.24, P = 0.065) and genders (χ² = 0.06, P = 0.803). The under-reported rates in high-mortality, medium-mortality and low-mortality regions were 17.48%, 38.01%, and 36.22%, respectively with a significant difference (χ² = 213.25, P < 0.001). Death in local regions with mortality rate higher than 600.00/10(5), between 400.00/10⁵ and 600.00/10⁵ and lower than 400.00/10⁵ were adjusted with under-reported rates in three regions above respectively. The total adjusted morality rate in Xuanwei during 2011-2013 was 776.47/10⁵. For males and females, they were 918.73/10⁵ and 617.46/10⁵, respectively.CONCLUSION:Overall under-reported rate of death was high in death registration system in Xuanwei. It was necessary to adjust mortality data reported with under-reported rate of death to estimate death patterns in this area.

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of hand foot and mouth disease(HFMD) in Xuanwei,Yunan province,during 2009-2012.Methods Descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted on the incidence data of hand foot and mouth disease in Xuanwei during this period.Results A total of 1503 HFMD cases were reported,the annual incidence was 25.45/lakh.HFMD became the 1st leading infectious disease in 2011 and 2012,while it was the 9th leading infectious disease in 2009.The incidence increased with year from 2009 to 2011.In 2011,the incidence was 42.26/lakh,which was significantly higher than that in 2010(17.23/lakh).More townships and communities were affected over time,and 4 communities in urban area had high case numbers.More cases occurred in males than in females(χ2=76.47,P0.001) and the cases were mainly reported among children.The incidence peak was observed during May-June.Conclusion HFMD has become an important public health concern in Xuanwei.

Objective To investigate the preventive effect of the oven improvement and prevalence of the dental fluorosis among children aged from 8 to 12 in coal-burning related endemic fluorosis areas of Xuanwei county,in 2005,and to provide scientific basis for endemic fluorosis control.Methods The dental fluorosis in children was examined with Dean's Index in 51 light endemic fluorosis areas which were identified in Xuanwei in 1987.Results 9 449 children aged from 8 to 12 were examined.The prevalence of dental fluorosis varied significantly among different areas with a highest rate of 52.74%,and was over 30.00% in 7 villages.The number of lightly prevalent areas had been reduced from 51 in 1987to 7 currently.According to Dean's Index,only one village was ensured to have moderate prevalence,10 villages were ensured to be light prevalence,12 have slight prevalence,and the other 28 villages were negative.There was no significant difference in dental fluorosis prevalence among different age groups(x2=4.35,P=0.361) and between male and females(x2=0.69,P=0.407).No skeletal fluorosis cases were reported.Conclusions The epidemic situation of fluorosis had been controlled significantly after implementing of stove improvement.The main strategies and methods for preventing the endemic fluorosis include stove improvement and health education in fluorosis endemic area in Xuanwei.