配方设计是水溶复合肥料研发的一项重要技术工作,直接影响水溶复合肥料生产的稳定和产品性能.将Excel中的规划求解引入冷混水溶复合肥配方设计中,通过原料种类选择、养分含量分析、计算模型确定、变量约束条件设置和目标设置等步骤,可快速准确地计算符合条件的原料配比数值,简化计算过程,提高工作效率,在冷混水溶复合肥配方设计领域具有推广应用价值.

果蔗间种花生可提高土地利用效率,提高果蔗种植整体经济效益,实现经济效益、社会效益、生态效益同步协调发展,促进广西果蔗产业可持续发展.为此,对果蔗间种花生的田地选择、整地、品种选择、播种与种植、田间管理、收获与留种、残膜回收的程序及其操作要求进行探讨,并提出规范和说明.

为探讨绿豆/黑豆还田和减施化肥条件下,间作绿肥压青还田对宿根甘蔗生长的影响及绿肥还田和有机肥施用对化肥的替代作用.试验设计了常规施肥(CK)、化肥减施25％+12％营养元素当量绿豆绿肥还田+13％营养元素当量有机肥(H-LY)、化肥减施25％+全量绿豆还田(H-LQ)、化肥减施25％+25％营养元素当量有机肥(H-Y)、化肥减施25％+25％营养元素当量黑豆绿肥还田(H-HD)和化肥减施25％+全量黑豆还田(H-HQ)6个处理.结果表明,与CK处理相比,宿根蔗间作绿豆和黑豆压青还田对甘蔗株高、有效茎数和单茎重没有显著影响,所有处理的蔗茎产量与CK处理无显著差异,说明宿根蔗间作绿豆和黑豆绿肥压青还田、当量有机肥施用均可以替代25％的甘蔗化肥.

为探讨减施化肥条件下,间作绿肥压青还田对甘蔗生长的影响及化肥的替代作用.试验设计了6个处理,处理1(CK):甘蔗常规施肥;处理2(H-LY):化肥减施25％+12％营养元素当量绿豆绿肥还田+13％营养元素当量有机肥;处理3(H-LQ):化肥减施25％+全量绿豆绿肥还田;处理4(H-Y):化肥减施25％+25％营养元素当量有机肥;处理5(H-HD):化肥减施25％+25％营养元素当量黑豆绿肥还田;处理6(H-HQ):化肥减施25％+全量黑豆绿肥还田.研究结果表明,间作绿豆绿肥和黑豆绿肥在生育前期甘蔗的分蘖和甘蔗总苗数都较常规处理降低,间作黑豆还降低了甘蔗的叶片宽度.甘蔗化肥减施25％条件下,间作绿豆绿肥全量还田、12％营养元素当量间作绿豆绿肥还田+13％营养元素当量有机肥替代的蔗茎产量和经济效益均达到常规对照水平.但间作黑豆压青还田导致甘蔗减产,降低经济效益.兼顾甘蔗产量、经济效益、资源消耗及蔗地的地力提升各方面,甘蔗间作绿豆绿肥全量还田可以替代25％的甘蔗化肥,是值得推广的一种模式.

为了充分发挥甘蔗良种性能,进行了A大茎(平均茎径3.29 cm、种段重96.4 g)、B中茎(对照;平均茎径2.33 cm、种段重44.8 g)和C小茎(平均茎径1.83 cm、种段重19.4 g)甘蔗种茎对其生长特性及产量影响的试验研究.结果表明,A处理的萌芽率为44.4％,分别显著低于B、C处理的59.7％和58.8％;分蘖率,A处理为125.3％,分别高于B和C处理的96.2％和87.8％.其它生长特性,如6月份的平均叶长和叶宽、6—11月份的生长速度,处理间均没有显著差异;平均株高,A、B和C处理分别为273.7 cm、270.1 cm和275.7 cm,茎径分别为2.73 cm、2.74 cm和2.75 cm,公顷蔗株数分别为62411株、68522株和67596株,公顷蔗茎产量分别为90.7 t、94.4 t和95.0 t.以上性状在处理间的差异均没有达到的显著水平(P<0.05).表明,茎径不会因蔗种的粗大而变大,也不会因蔗种特小而变小;蔗产量也不会因蔗种茎径大小造成增产或减产.

[目的]对比分析广西金光农场蔗地与林地土壤团聚体组成及有机碳分布状况,探讨长期种植甘蔗对土壤质量的影响.[方法]采集蔗地及对应林地土壤,分别用干筛法和湿筛法测定其土壤团聚体组成,分析土壤基本理化性质、平均质量直径(MWD)、平均几何直径(GMD)及分形维数(D)等指标.[结果]蔗地与林地土壤＞5 mm粒级的团聚体含量差异显著,其它粒级的差异不显著;种植甘蔗有利于增加大粒径团聚体的有机碳含量;蔗地土壤的破坏率显著高于林地土壤,导致蔗地土壤1～0.5 mm、0.5～0.25 mm和＜0.25 mm粒级团聚体累积有机碳占比高于林地土壤.干筛法测定的蔗地土壤的MWD和GMD高于林地土壤,D值则低于林地土壤,但两者之间的差异均不显著;湿筛法的结果与之相反.[结论]长期种植甘蔗不会在较大程度上改变土壤团聚体组成特征,且团聚体机械稳定性显著增加、水稳性显著降低;甘蔗种植有增加大团聚体有机碳含量的趋势,并加速了土壤有机碳的运转.

为避免土壤因素的干扰,采用沙培方式模拟田间进行滴灌施肥.共设置4个不同配方(即配方A:N、P2 O5、K2 O含量比为14:9:14;配方B:N、P2 O5、K2 O含量比为14:9:14+中微量元素Si、Zn、B;配方C:N、P2 O5、K2 O含量比为14:9:14+中微量元素Si、Zn、B+氨基酸;配方D:N、P2 O5、K2 O含量比为14:9:14+中微量元素Si、Zn、B+腐殖酸)及不施肥对照处理.结果表明:甘蔗苗期形态指标和生理指标以配方A效果最佳,显著高于配方B,与配方C、D差异不显著.甘蔗苗期干物质累积量以配方A效果最佳,但其与配方C、D差异不显著,这可能是因为微量元素、氨基酸或腐殖酸的添加对干物质积累没有显著效果.养分累积量仍以配方A效果最佳,且其氮磷钾的积累量显著高于其他配方.根据上述试验结果初步认为在甘蔗苗期采用N、P2 O5、K2 O含量比为14:9:14配比时,可以满足甘蔗苗期生长对养分的需求.本试验为甘蔗滴灌用肥参数提供了更多数据参考,为广西滴灌施肥技术提供更科学的技术支撑.

[Objective] To provide a reference for the whole process mechanization of sugarcane production,the effects of different planting distances on the traits and yield of sugarcane varieties were studied.[Method] 10 varieties were applied in the field tests for 7 years in a row,with 7 inter-row distances of 100-160 cm and models of 50 + 130 cm,and cane yields and characteristics were tested and recorded.[Result]The millable stalks number and cane yield decreased with dilating inter-row distances in the ranges from 100 cm to 160 cm.Compared with the 110 cm row spacing mode,the millable stalks number decreased by 4470 plants/hm2,7.6 ％,and the cane yield was decreased by 9030 kg/hm2,11.3 ％.The correlation coefficient of millable stalks number and yield was r =0.5198 * *,and the 4th rationing yield of Guitang 31 still reached a higher level more than 105 t/hm2 planted in wide and narrow row under good cultivation condition with dripping irrigation.Little difference of cane yield was found in wide-row planting in some varieties of Guitang 31,Yuetang 55,with good self-adjusting ability for plant individuals and groups,ratooning and more stalks capability.[Conclusion]The 140 cm row spacing as well as wide and narrow rows of 130 +50 cm planting model with improved varieties could be applied for mechanization of sugarcane production in Guangxi area under the condition of compatible with modem field facilities and management techniques.

为全面更深入的了解桂糖31号种性,对桂糖31号进行密度试验,结果:桂糖31号平均密度大于ROC22,差值为0.033 g/㎝3,以桂糖31号分蘖茎密度最大,其次是桂糖31号的主茎.结论:桂糖31号密度高,比重大,实心.植株相对较矮,重心低,品种既高产又不易倒伏.

[Objective] This study was conducted to expound the fertility improvement effect in continuous-cropping sugarcane field and provide reference for establishment of rational sugarcane fertilization system and improvement of soil quality in continuous-cropping sugarcane field.[Method] The soil in the experimental region is latosolic red soil which was planted with sugarcane for 11 years continuously,and 8 treatments including sole application of chemical fertilizers,sole application of organic fertilizer,and combined application of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizers were designed according to different fertilization measures.The effects of different fertilization treatments on soil microbial biomass,soil enzyme activities and related fertility factors were determined.[Result] Different fertilization treatments all showed soil microbial biomass N,C and P and activities of soil acid phosphatase,catalase,sucrase and urease higher than the CK.Soil microbial biomass N increased by 5.56％-67.13％,soil microbial biomass C increased by 4.01％-20.40％,and soil microbial biomass P increased by 6.39％-67.02％.The activity of acid phosphatase was improved by 12.96％-35.19％,the activity of catalase was improved by 18.24％ -78.93％,the activity of sucrase was improved by 3.00％-42.00％,and the activity of urease was improved by 1.21％-23.43％.However,the soil nutrients of different fertilization treatments increased non-significantly (P＞0.05).Soil microbial biomass N,C and P and activities of acid phosphatase,catalase and urease were in significant (P＜0.05) or very significant correlation (P＜0.01) with contents of soil rapidly available P,rapidly available K and total N.[Conclusion] The evaluation of improvement of soil fertility in continuous-cropping sugarcane field using soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities as indexes is more comprehensive and sensitive.

探讨不施肥的条件下,大田甘蔗接种丛枝菌根（AM）真菌一年后对宿根蔗生长的促进效应。采用原新植蔗砍收后,保持原施有AM真菌及对照的试验小区进行试验,试验期间不再施用任何肥料,分析大田接种AM真菌一年后,对土壤理化性质、甘蔗根系内生真菌及宿根蔗生长的影响。研究结果表明:即使在不施肥的条件下,原所接种的AM真菌仍能提高土壤的p H值,活化土壤中的磷、镁和有机质,促进甘蔗对有效磷、镁和有机质的吸收利用。在甘蔗根系检测到AM真菌以及有隔内生真菌（DSE）,根系内生真菌的定殖率受到土壤理化性质的影响。AM真菌能促进一年宿根蔗的生长,增加甘蔗有效茎数,提高产量。

为了建立一种甘蔗根系内生真菌最佳的染色方法,便于更好观察甘蔗根际土壤丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌和深色有隔内生真菌(Dark septate endophytes,DSE)对甘蔗根系的侵染情况.将甘蔗根样置于20％的KOH溶液中90℃水浴透明90 ～ 120 min;接着加入碱性H2O2脱色60 min;5％的乙酸酸化5 min后,用5％的墨水醋染液(Quink牌纯黑墨水、北京牌蓝黑墨水)、酸性品红、苏丹红Ⅳ、台酚蓝、苯胺蓝为染液,在66℃水浴染色30 min,后用清水浸泡(12 h)脱色后即可镜检.经过碱性H2O2脱色60 min后Quink牌纯黑墨水染色的根系,AM真菌的菌丝和泡囊以及DSE微菌核能够清晰可见.此实验建立的墨水醋染法安全性高而且操作简便,成本低廉.相对于其他染色方法毒性低,对环境的污染小,而且染色效果稳定,更适于观察和镜检拍照.

A survey was conducted in the sugarcane ratoon crop in Guangxi Province to investigate the cause of chlorosis in ratoon canes. The soil and leaf samples from highly chlorotic ratoon clumps were collected and analyzed. The results of this study revealed that the chlorotic symptoms in the leaves of ratoon cane mainly occurred in strongly acidic soil (pH < 4.50) with low content of available Fe, Ca and Mg. Nutrient imbalance caused by low content of active Fe and high content of active Mn in the leaves was found as the major reason for chlorosis in ratoon crop of sugarcane. Spraying of aqueous solution containing nutrients such as Fe, Mg, B, Ca, K, Zn and N on the leaves of sprouting ratoon crop in affected fields could reduce the chlorosis symptoms which, at the later stages of crop growth, was found to be completely rectified. Foliar spray of Fe gave the best results followed by that of Mg and B.

To reveal the influence of different fertilization levels on sugarcane growth and rhizosphere soil microbial, we established an in-site observation base for investigating plant growth and rhizosphere soil microbial under 4 levels of fertilization in plant crop of sugarcane. The results showed that the millable stalks, plant height, stalk diameter and cane yield had no difference for different fertilization levels. The chemical fertilization levels affected the microbial populations in rhizosphere soil and fungi colonization in sugarcane roots. The highest (54.97%) colonization of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) in sugarcane root was found in 50% chemical fertilization treatment while the highest (19.53%) Dark Septate Endophyte (DSE) in sugarcane root was observed in the treatments without chemical fertilization. The soil became more acidic with lower pH when increasing chemical fertilizer input.

在酸性赤红壤条件下,通过对大田甘蔗施用不同的化肥量和接种AM菌剂的试验,分析不同施肥水平对甘蔗根系内生真菌的影响.结果表明:甘蔗根系内同时存在两种内生真菌,即丛枝菌根(AM)真菌和深色有隔内生真菌(DSE).通过对甘蔗根系进行染色观察后发现,凡是施复合肥的处理,在甘蔗根系中除了存在丛枝菌根(AM)真菌,还检测到较多的深色有隔内生真菌(DSE)的菌丝和微菌核.大田甘蔗施用AM菌剂影响土著AM真菌种群.

[Objective]The present study was conducted to discuss effects of silicon-calcium-phosphorus fertilizer with different proportions and organic fertilizer on sugarcane growth and soil nutrient, in order to provide scientific evidences for increasing yield and quality of sugarcane. [Method]Acidified field for continuous sugarcane growth was selected in the research. Six treatments were set, such as treatment A(CK, applying nitrogen and potassium fertilizers). On the basis of treatment A, different proportions of silicon-calcium-phosphorus fertilizer and organic fertilizer were applied: treatment B (SiO2 450 kg/ha, CaO 300 kg/ha, P2O5 225 kg/ha), treatment C(SiO2 450 kg/ha, CaO 300 kg/ha, P2O5 300 kg/ha), treatment D(SiO2 450 kg/ha, CaO 450 kg/ha, P2O5 225 kg/ha), treatment E(SiO2 450 kg/ha, CaO 450 kg/ha, P2O5 300 kg/ha), treatment F(treatment B+organic fertilizer 7500 kg/ha). Agronomic traits like emergence rate, yield, brix, nitrogen phos-phorus and potassium content in different parts of sugarcane, soil nutrient content in sample soil were measured. [Result]Compared with CK,different treatments posed significant influence on sugarcane tiller, height, millable stalks and yield (P<0.05, the same below). Treatment E and F increased yield by 23.06% and 22.53% respectively. Application of organic fertilizer on basis of silicon-calcium-phosphorus fertilizer posed considerable effects on nitrogen and potassium accumulation in steam, yet it had no obvious influence on phosphorus nutrient accumulation(P>0.05, the same below). At the same time, soil pH improved 0.11-0.38 compared with CK, but no significant effect on soil nutrients were shown. [Conclusion]Application of silicon-calcium-phosphorus and organic fertilizer on basis of nitrogen phosphorus and potassium fertilizer can increase number of base cations in soil, reduce contents of exchangeable acidity and exchangeable aluminum, effectively alle-viate soil acidification procedure. Application of SiO2 450 kg/ha,CaO 300 kg/ha, P2O5 225 kg/ha and organic fertilizer 7500 kg/ha promotes nitrogen and potassium nutrient accumulation in steam, increase sugarcane yield and alleviate soil acidification.

为了探讨大田甘蔗接种丛枝菌根(AM)真菌对促进甘蔗生长的效果,进行甘蔗新品系“柳城07-500”大田接种AM菌剂的试验,初步分析其对甘蔗生长的影响.研究结果表明:AM菌剂能促进甘蔗对土壤中镁和有机质的吸收;在施用AM菌剂及50％复合肥(750kg/hm2)下,能促进磷的吸收,提高磷肥的利用率.施AM菌剂能提高土壤的pH值,促进甘蔗植株生长,增加甘蔗有效茎数和提高产量.

To reveal the influence of inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on sugarcane, sugarcane variety Funong 41 grown in fields were inoculated with AM fungi, and the soil property and the plant growth were investigated. The results showed that AM fungi can stimulate sugarcane plants to absorb magnesium and organic matter, especially available phosphorus when inoculating AM fungi together with 50% compound fertilizer. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi inoculation increased soil pH value, stimulated the plant growth, and increased millable cane stalks, cane production and sugar contents.

[目的]阐明连作蔗田土壤的培肥效应,为建立合理的甘蔗施肥制度及提高连作蔗田土壤质量提供参考.[方法]以连作甘蔗1 1年的赤红壤为研究对象,按不同施肥措施设单施化肥、单施有机肥、有机肥和化肥配施等8个处理,测定不同施肥处理对土壤微生物量、土壤酶活性及土壤相关肥力因子的影响.[结果]不同施肥处理的土壤微生物量氮、碳、磷及土壤酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶活性均比对照处理增加,其中微生物量氮增加5.56％～67.13％、微生物量碳增加4.01％～20.40％、微生物量磷增加6.39％～67.02％;酸性磷酸酶活性提高12.96％～35.19％、过氧化氢酶活性提高18.24%78.93％、蔗糖酶活性提高3.00％～42.00％、脲酶活性提高1.21％～23.43％;而不同施肥处理的土壤养分增加不显著(P＞0.05).土壤微生物量氮、碳、磷和酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶活性与速效磷、速效钾、全氮之间的相关性均达显著(P＜0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)水平.[结论]以土壤微生物量和酶活性作为连作蔗田土壤培肥的评价指标更加全面和灵敏.

为了探讨在酸性赤红壤条件下,大田甘蔗接种丛枝菌根(AM)真菌菌剂对甘蔗根际土壤丛枝茵根真菌种群以及对甘蔗生长的影响,进行酸性赤红壤大田甘蔗接种AM菌剂的试验,初步分析其对根际土壤理化性质、AM真菌种群结构及其对甘蔗生长的效应.结果表明:施AM菌剂能促进甘蔗根系对养分的吸收,特别是对钾的吸收;提高土壤的pH值.原土壤存在4种不同类型的土著AM真菌:A.sp.1、A.sp.2、G.sp.4和G.sp.5,施用AM菌剂和化肥分别影响G.sp.5和A.sp.2种群.此外,凡施复合肥的处理,在根系中检测到较多的DSE有隔菌丝和微菌核.大田甘蔗施用AM菌剂,能增加甘蔗有效茎数,提高产量.