A comparative pharmacognostic study of two lowland wood-grass peats of different origin from the Tomsk oblast deposits and of the physicochemical parameters of the structure of humic acids (HAs) isolated therefrom was carried out in order to substantiate the interchangeability of peat raw materials classified into the same peat type and to select a promising source of biologically active HAs for development of new drug candidates with non-specific biological activity. It was found that two lowland wood-grass peats of different origin from the Tomsk oblast deposits (Klyukvennoe and Tagan peatlands) have similar botanical compositions and pharmacognostic parameters. Humic acids were isolated from the peats by alkaline extraction and, according to a combination of physicochemical methods (UV and IR spectroscopy, elemental CHNS analysis, 13 C-NMR spectroscopy, titrimetry), have common structural features due to the presence of the aromatic structure substituted with aliphatic radicals and of the polyconjugated system, identical aromaticity degrees, the predominance of hydrophilic over hydrophobic moieties, polydispersity, and pronounced reducing properties. This indicates the interchangeability of the peat raw materials, provided that the technology for HAs extracting from the peat is observed. The revealed distinctions between the HA samples, mainly in terms of the nitrogen content and the content of phenolic and quinoid moieties, the degree of condensation of aromatic structures, and the contents of lignin methoxy group and of carbohydrate moieties, made it possible to conclude that the HAs extracted from the Tagan deposit peat are more promising raw materials for the development of safe plant-based medicines effective in the prevention and treatment of a wide range of pathologies.

Методом нейтронно-активационного анализа охарактеризованы торфы и болотные воды месторождения Таган (Томский район, Томская область) на содержание биогенных макро- (Na, Ca, Fe) и микроэлементов (Zn, Co, Cr). Анализ образцов с нескольких пунктов наблюдений, различающихся по ботаническому составу и гидротермическим условиям залегания, показал, что элементный состав торфов характеризуется региональными особенностями и ботаническим составом. Концентрации элементов по глубинам трех пунктов наблюдений изменяются синхронно, что свидетельствует о типичности условий накопления этих элементов. Среднее содержание микроэлементов в изучаемой торфяно-болотной экосистеме сопоставимо со средними значениями данного региона. The concentration of biogenic macro- (Na, Ca, Fe) and microelements (Zn, Co, Cr) in peat and bog waters of the Tagan Deposit (Tomsk District, Tomsk Region) was determined by neutron activation analysis. Analysis of samples from several observation points which differ in botanic composition and hydrothermal mode of occurrence showed that the amount of various elements in peat is determined by regional characteristics and botanical composition. From comparative elements concentration analysis, it has been found that concentration of elements varies identically depending on the depth of the peat bog, which indicates typical conditions for the accumulation of these elements. The average concentration of trace elements in the studied peat-bog ecosystem is comparable to the average values of this region.

Microbial and enzymatic activities of peat soils in a mesotrophic bog of the Altai Republic were analyzed in 2013. Activities of catalase and polyphenol oxidase enzymes were found to depend on the botanical compositions of peat. Peroxidase was found to be more active in the lower part of the peat profile. Parameters of microbial biomass vary slightly with depth. The microflora is active throughout the profile. The peat soil was found to have a stable eco-physiological status.

The article presents the results of the main general technical, physical and chemical, microbiological and biochemical properties of the oligotrophic bog (Tomsk Region). It shows that peat oligotrophic bog belong to low-ash (2,310,9%), high acid (2,23,6 units of pH), with the degree of decomposition 2050%. The authors find that the concentration of ammonium nitrogen increases with depth, and nitrate decreases. The largest accumulation of mobile connections of phosphorus observed in the upper layer of peat deposits (11,20 mg/100 g dry peat). The maximum population of bacterial was concentrated in the upper layers of the deposit (20,622,4 billion cells/g). Spores, mycelium was detected in the fungal biomass only to a depth of 175 cm. The correlation analysis showed a direct relationship of fungal mycelium from the readily hydrolyzable substance (r = 0,84). Catalase activity varies from 0,99 to 7,32 ml O₂ / g 2 min in peat bog deposit. The activity of catalase was influenced by the botanical composition The activity of polyphenol oxidase varies in the peat deposit from 0,13 to 6,72 mg of 1,4-benzoquinone / g 30 min, changing unevenly in depth. The limits of peroxidase activity in peat bog were 0,6926,19 mg 1,4-benzoquinone/g 30 min.

Резюме.В статье представлен исторический очерк эволюции кафедры химии с момента ее основания и до настоящего времени.День, когда профессор С. И. Залесский дал первую лекцию для студентов медицинского факультета, считается датой основания кафедры химии.Позже кафедра была разделена на кафедру общей химии и кафедрy медицинской химии.Особое внимание в статье уделяется научной работе, проводимой на кафедрах химии в разные периоды времени.Интересно, что научная работа на кафедре химии со дня ее основания до сегодняшнего дня была посвящена как органическому синтезу, так и изучению свойств природных вод, лечебных грязей, торфа, для их дальнейшего использования в медицинских целях.С 70-х годов 20 века на базе кафедры химии работает и активно развивается студенческий научный кружок.Студенты старших курсов, а также студенты первых курсов могут участвовать в научной работе кафедры

We consider the problem of pyrogenic degradation of peat soils. Studies conducted in Tomsk Oblast on the eutrophic Tagan mire. The mire is located in the ancient hollow runoff between the Ob and Tom rivers, on the second terrace above the floodplain of the Tom River. Studies were carried out on the dried and depleted area of the mire. The initial depth of the peat deposit reached 9.3 m, residual 1-1.4 m. The plot was exposed to fire five years ago. For the study three cuts of different capacity were laid. Soil that we have studied is attributed to pyrogenic modified peat soils. Fire destroyed only its surface horizons. Soils like this retain their fertility after the fire. They can be used in agriculture after simple agronomic or agromeliorative measures. The study of physical, chemical and morphological properties of the pyrogenic peat soils was conducted. In selected samples ash content, moisture content, acidity, content of N-NH4, N-NO3, K2O, P2O5, F2O3 were determined. It was revealed that the pyrogenic horizons have changed in the full range of properties (morphological structure, physical and chemical properties). After the pyrogenic impact changes of physical and chemical properties were observed. Ash content, content of N-NH4, N-NO3, K2O, P2O5, F2O3 increased. The most significant changes occur in the upper soil horizons. Ash content of the pyrogenic soil increased from 7.25 to 83.25 %. The acidity of the soil after the fires increased from 6.0 to 7.93 pH units. Soil moisture decreased and mechanical shrinkage has occurred. As a result, the reservoir temperature increased, the aeration profile decreased. Reducing conditions changed to oxidizing conditions. The biological activity of the soil increased. The process of ammonification and nitrification in the peat deposit increased. Therefore, the content of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen in the soil sections increased. The high values of iron oxide content in the upper soil layers (up to 292 mg /100 g dry soil) were caused by its concentrating in the fire. Phosphorus oxide in the upper horizons also has higher values up to 779.33 mg /100 g of dry soil. The high content of phosphorus and iron in the peat deposit of cuts is explained by the vivianite nature of the rocks. K2O content in these soils changed from 1.16 to 46.39 mg /100 g dry soil. The increase of fertile elements is an argument in favor of the agricultural use of the Tagan mire soil. But the mire is located in the suburban area of the city of Tomsk. The mire is a regulator of the water regime of watercourses; it contributes to the maintenance of a stable level of groundwater. To improve the environmental situation of the surrounding area it is suggested to recultivate the pyrogenic portion of Tagan mire and then use the plot of the mire for afforestation.

In this paper, we identify and describe the active and inert horizons of oligotrophic bogs. These often appear to be a fire risk to oil and gas extraction industries, but these bogs are a complex biological system also. We describe three structural layers for the active horizon. These are the turf layer, the porous layer, the intermediate layer. We have investigated the morphological characteristics of these layers. For each layer, we gave the measurement of physical parameters – pH, general mineralisation, conductivity, coefficient of ash and moisture. In each selected layer we study microbiological parameters – microbial biomass, the carbon of microbial biomass, basal respiration and microbial metabolic quotient. Microbiological studies have established the boundary between the aerobic and anaerobic conditions in active layer of oligotrophic bogs. In each layer, we have established the biochemical characteristics of layers studying enzymes catalase and invertase. The obtained data make it possible to assess the functional processes in the active horizon of the wetland’s ecosystem.

The molecular composition of alkyl substituted monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from asphaltite of the Ivanovskoe deposit was analyzed by means of the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique. Unlike most crude oils and natural bitumens, asphaltite is characterized by an unusual composition of practically all isobaric-homologous series of this class of hydrocarbons. The specific features of the composition of these series is a strong prevalence of C-12-C-23 1-alkyl-2,3,6-trimethylbenzenes with an irregular isoprenoid chain. These compounds are derivatives of isorenieratene, a carotenoid that occurs in anoxic photosynthetic green sulfur bacteria of the Chlorobiaceae family (Chlorobium genus). The ortho - isomers evidently prevail among C-13-C-25 alkyltoluenes, thus indicating a low level of catagenetic transformation of the asphaltite. n-Alkylbenzenes are practically absent from the monoalkylbenzene series; these are represented by the complete set of C-17 - C-19 phenylalkanes. Such compounds were detected for the first time in natural bitumens.

The composition of the products of hydrothermal conversion of a natural concentrate of resin-asphaltene compounds (asphaltite) at temperatures of up to 575°C was studied within the scope of laboratory-scale simulation of transformations of high-molecular-mass components of reservoir oils using the thermal methods of enhanced oil recovery. It was found that thermal degradation takes place in the range 175–575°C, leading to the formation of gases, in particular H 2 S, and liquid and insoluble products (oil and carbenes-carboids, respectively). The amount of saturated and aromatic compounds in the liquid products of hydrothermal conversion is greater than in the starting sample. The ratio of benzene-extractable to alcohol-benzene-extractable resins substantially varies in favor of the latter compounds, which are enriched in oxygen-containing structural units. The relative amount of higher (>20°C) n -alkanes in the products of conversion at 175–325°C or 350–575°C is respectively higher or lower than in the virgin asphaltite. At conversion temperatures of ≥400°C, the products contain α-olefins.

Hydrothermal conversion product composition of resinous-asphaltenic materials of hydrothermal conversion products of natural asphaltite with temperature ranging from room temperature up to 575 °С is studied in the framework of laboratory modeling of high molecular component transition of crude oil when using thermal methods of enhanced oil recovery. It is stated that within the range of 175…575 °С resinous-asphaltenic materials undergo chemical transformations which lead to the formation of gases such as H2S, liquid and insoluble products (oil and carbene-carboids correspondingly). The temperature influences not only the relative yield of the above mentioned products but also their element, group and functional content. In liquids of hydrothermal conversion the content of oil is higher in comparison with the original sample, the ration of benzol and alcohol-benzol resins changes significantly in favour of the latter ones as they are rich in oxygen structural segments. The content of asphaltenes decreases. Relative content of high molecular (>C20) n-alkanes is higher in conversion products at 175…325 °С, and is lower at 350…575 °С than in the initial asphaltite. Olefins appear in the content of conversion products at 400 °С.

Using the method of chromatic-mass-spectrometry molecular composition of monocycle aromatic pyrobitumen hydrocarbons at Ivanovsk deposit was analysed. It was stated that in contrast to most of oils and natural bitumens, pyrobitumen is characterised by unusual compound composition of practically all isobaric-homologous series of this hydrocarbon period. To the number of peculiarities of their composition, firstly, evident predominance of 1-alkyl-2,3,6-trimethylbenzols of С13-С22 composition with isoprenoid chain of irregular composition refers. Such compounds are derivatives of isorenieratene carotinoid, which is included in anoxygeneous photosynthetic green sulphuric bacteria of Chlorobiaceae family (Chlorobium species). Secondly, among alkyl-toluole of С13-С25 composition there is an apparent predominance of orthoisomers, which points out the low level of katageneous conversion of the object. Thirdly, n-alkylbenzols are practically absent in monoalkylbenzol series. The latter are presented by представлены полным набором изомеров фенилалканов состава С17-С19. Such compounds in the composition of natural bitumens were identified for the first time.