В докладе представлены результаты сопоставления модельных оценок величины порывов ветра, вычисляемых, в том числе, на основе кинетической энергии турбулентности, с измеренными значениями порывов. Для анализа использованы экспериментальные данные, полученные в приземном слое атмосферы в различных пунктах наблюдения. Цель проведенных исследований заключалась в оценке возможности прогнозирования порывов ветра при условии, что известны (или предсказываются) значения средней скорости ветра и кинетической энергии турбулентности. This report presents the results of comparing modeled estimates of wind gust magnitude, calculated based on the kinetic energy of turbulence, with measured gust values. For the analysis, experimental data obtained in the atmospheric surface layer at various observation points were used. The aim of the research was to evaluate the possibility of predicting wind gusts given known (or forecasted) values of average wind speed and kinetic energy of turbulence.

С использованием экспериментальных данных о профилях температуры воздуха в пограничном слое атмосферы за период 2021–2023 гг. над территорией Базового Экспериментального Комплекса ИОА СО РАН (пригород Томска) проведены оценки частот и периодов Брента–Вяйсяля, определяющих диапазоны возможных частот и периодов внутренних гравитационных волн при устойчивой температурной стратификации. Using experimental data on air temperature profiles in the atmospheric boundary layer for the period 2021–2023 over the territory of the Basic Experimental Complex of the Institute of Atmospheric Optics, SB RAS (suburbs of Tomsk), estimates of Brunt–Väisälä frequencies and periods were made, determining the ranges of possible frequencies and periods of internal gravity waves under stable temperature stratification.

Основная цель работы заключалась в выделении мезомасштабной составляющей ветра и анализе ее зависимости от скорости и направления среднего ветра, что позволяет более детально изучить процессы циркуляции воздуха над карьером. Исследование такой зависимости важно для корректного моделирования (прогнозирования) термических и динамических процессов, происходящих в подобных условиях. Полученные результаты могут быть полезны при решении задач по экологической безопасности в условиях действующих карьеров, а также для оптимального выбора ветроэнергетических установок, если планируется их размещение вблизи карьеров. The main objective of the study was to isolate the mesoscale wind component and analyze its dependence on the speed and direction of the mean wind, allowing for a more detailed examination of air circulation processes over the quarry. Investigating this dependence is important for accurate modeling (forecasting) of thermal and dynamic processes occurring under such conditions. The results obtained may be useful in solving environmental safety tasks in the context of active quarries, as well as for the optimal selection of wind power installations if their placement near quarries is planned.

В статье рассматривается потенциальная возможность оценки вертикальных сдвигов скорости ветра в устойчиво стратифицированном пограничном слое атмосферы по скорости ветра в приземном слое и по профилям температуры воздуха.Для анализа использованы результаты, полученные за период с 2020 по 2022 г. с помощью микроволнового температурного профилемера, акустического метеорологического локатора (содара) и ультразвукового анемометра-термометра.Основное внимание при анализе экспериментальных данных уделено случаям температурных инверсий большой интенсивности (с большим перепадом температуры между границами инверсии).Рассмотрены сдвиги ветра в диапазоне высот от 10 до 100 м (с гарантированным измерением ветра содаром в условиях инверсий большой интенсивности).Отмечена тенденция уменьшения скорости приземного ветра и увеличение вертикального сдвига скорости с увеличением интенсивности инверсий.В частности, при скорости ветра в приземном слое атмосферы, близкой к штилю, скорость ветра в более высоких слоях достигала относительно больших значений,

For short-term forecasting of weather periods characterized by strong winds with gusts, it is proposed to use results of calculations based on the TSUNM3 (Tomsk State University Nonhydrostatic Mesoscale Meteorological Model) local weather numerical prediction model in combination with semiempirical formulas for estimating the scales of wind gust speeds. The comparison of the calculations and observations of meteorological parameters obtained for the conditions under consideration at the meteorological stations of the Atmosfera Common Use Center of the Institute of Atmospheric Optics, the AMMS-RF (airfield meteorological measuring system) of the Tomsk airport, and meteorological stations of the Tomsk CHEM showed the prospects of using the model for numerical forecasting of this dangerous weather phenomenon. The results of the work are to be used for the development of an information and predictive system for early warning of dangerous wind gusts.

The time and space derivatives of the air temperature and its products with the wind vector components are analyzed for the cases where the temperature and wind fields are split into the deterministic, meso-gamma scale, and turbulent parts. Ultrasonic thermoanemometer measurements in the surface air layer are used for the analysis. The variability ranges of the derivatives are estimated including meso-gamma scale variations in the temperature and wind fields. The variability ranges of these derivatives are compared with those of the “classical” derivatives (when only deterministic and turbulent parts are considered). The derivatives of the meso-gamma components are shown to be comparable with the components which include only the turbulent parts.

Air temperature variances under conditions of temperature inversions at the weak vertical heat exchange are estimated. It is shown that the increased temperature variance under these conditions can be associated with horizontal turbulent heat fluxes. The experimental data needed for the calculation were obtained with ultrasonic anemometers-thermometers and a meteorological temperature profiler.

The turbulence characteristics that determine changes in the air temperature variance in the atmospheric surface layer are considered. The main experimental material for the analysis was obtained with a sonic weather station set in the atmospheric surface layer (10 m) at a territory with natural landscape. Some episodes observed in the summer and winter seasons are analyzed. It is found that the flows of temperature variance decrease markedly in winter as compared to summer. A pronounced diurnal profile of the studied characteristic was observed in summer and absent in winter.

Correlation of temperature and vertical wind variances with the turbulent heat flux in the atmospheric surface layer is considered. Analytical equations relating minimal possible variances of temperature and vertical wind to the heat flux (in the both positive and negative ranges of its values) are obtained from experimental data. The effect of the measurement height on the parameters of these equations is briefly considered.

The time and space derivatives of the wind vector components and their products are analyzed for the cases where the components are split into deterministic, meso-gamma-scale, and turbulent parts. Ultrasonic thermoanemometer measurements in the surface air layer with are used for the analysis. The values and the variability ranges of the derivatives are estimated including meso-gamma-scale variations in the wind field. The variability ranges of these derivatives and the "classical" derivatives (only deterministic and turbulent components are considered) are compared. It is shown that meso-gamma-scale variations in the wind vector components can be no less important than the turbulent parts, which are included in the classical simulation (prediction) of the wind field with high space and time resolutions.

The mixed moments of wind vector components of the turbulent and mesogamma scales calculated from experimental data obtained in the surface air layer at an altitude of 10 m are compared. The statistics of mixed moments for several months in different seasons of 2021 is presented. The dependence of mixed moments on the wind velocity and temperature stratification in the surface air layer is briefly analyzed. The values of mixed moments formed by the wind field components on the mesogamma scale are comparable with those formed by the mixed moments of turbulent components of the wind vector.

Представлены результаты анализа характеристик инверсий температуры воздуха в пограничном слое атмосферы (повторяемость, тип, интенсивность, мощность) до высоты 1 км на основе экспериментальных данных за 2020-2022 гг., полученных с помощью метеорологических температурных профилемеров МТР-5. Профили температуры воздуха измерялись одновременно в пункте с естественным ландшафтом (пригород г. Томска) и над урбанизированной территорией (окраина г. Томска, Академгородок). Установлено, что инверсии температуры фиксировались примерно в половине времени наблюдений. Приводится статистика разных форм и типов инверсии в зависимости от сезона года. Рассмотрена взаимосвязь интенсивности инверсий с метеорологическими параметрами в приземном слое атмосферы. Отмечено существенное влияние направления ветра на интенсивность инверсий. Characteristics of air temperature inversions in the atmospheric boundary layer (frequency of occurrence, intensity, and depth) up to a 1-km height are analyzed based on experimental MTP-5 (meteorological temperature profiler) data obtained in 2020-2022. Air temperature profiles were measured simultaneously at a site with natural landscape (Tomsk suburbs) and over an urban territory (Akademgorodok, outskirts of Tomsk). Temperature inversions were observed in approximately half of the observation period. The statistics of various forms and types of inversions for different seasons is presented. The correlation between the inversion intensity and weather parameters in the surface air layer is considered. A significant effect of the wind direction on the inversion intensity is noted.

Vertical turbulent heat fluxes in the atmospheric surface layer under daytime convection conditions were measured and calculated using model equations. The experimental data needed for the calculations were obtained with ultrasonic anemometers-thermometers and a meteorological temperature profiler. A good agreement between model calculations and experimental data is demonstrated.

Experimental data on air temperature inversions in the planetary boundary layer are analyzed with the emphasis on events characterized by wide temperature differences between inversion boundaries. Temperature profiles measured in 2020-2021 with MTP-5 meteorological temperature profilometers at two observation sites located in southwestern Siberia (Tomsk) are used. The correlation between the inversion intensity and the wind direction in the atmospheric surface layer is touched.

A mathematical model and a numerical method for calculating meteorological parameters and quantities characterizing the quality of atmospheric air in the city, obtained using mesoscale models of numerical weather forecasting and impurity transport, are presented. The results of numerical calculations were compared with the data of observations performed with the instruments of the Central Collective Use Center "Atmosfera" of the Institute of Atmospheric Optics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The conducted studies have shown that the most unfavorable meteorological conditions leading to the accumulation of impurities near the earth's surface are observed in the morning and evening hours - this is a weak wind of variable direction and stable or neutral stratification of the surface air layer.

For monitoring and short-term forecasting of the meteorological situation and atmospheric air quality near settlements, transport hubs and industrial facilities, the Meteo+ automated computing system is proposed, based on a mathematical model of the atmospheric boundary layer and an effective numerical method focused on the use of supercomputers. The mathematical model includes an impurity transport model with a reduced chemical mechanism and a non-hydrostatic mesoscale meteorological model with a modern moisture microphysics parameterization scheme. Examples of the successful application of the developed automated computing system in the numerical prediction of surface air quality deterioration in light winds and temperature inversions, as well as in the prediction of such dangerous weather phenomena as wind gusts are given.

Results of comparing model estimates of the mixing layer height in the boundary layer of the atmosphere under conditions of ground inversions of air temperatures with experimental estimates of the height of the intense turbulent heat exchange layer are presented. Experimental data necessary for these estimates are obtained using a temperature-wind complex including a meteorological acoustic locator (sodar), a meteorological temperature profiler, and ultrasonic anemometer-thermometers. It is shown that the mixing layer height calculated by the model formulas under conditions of ground inversions of temperature is as a rule significantly less than the height of the turbulent heat exchange layer.

В докладе приведено сравнение смешанных моментов компонентов вектора ветра турбулентного и «локального» (мезо – гамма) масштабов на основе экспериментальных данных, полученных в приземном слое атмосферы на высоте 10 м в августе 2021 г.

Temperature differences between two observation sites at different heights in the atmospheric boundary layer are considered. Temperature profiles measured in 2020–2021 over an urban territory (Academgorodok, suburbs of Tomsk) and natural landscape (Basic Experimental Observatory of IAO SB RAS) are used. The effect of a heat island, its characteristics and vertical dimension under various conditions are discussed.

The mixed moments of the wind vector components are compared when these components are decomposed into deterministic, meso-gamma-scale, and turbulent parts. The results of wind measurements at heights of 5 and 10 m in August 2021 at a site with natural landscape (large grassy meadow) are used. It is shown that meso-gamma-scale variations of the wind field should necessarily be taken into account in problems of modeling (predicting) the state of the atmospheric surface layer.