[目的]研究不同生物有机肥水平处理对食用木薯的农艺性状、品质及产量的影响.[方法]以GR891、GR11、SC9食用木薯品种作为供试品种,使用湖南金叶众望生产的生物有机肥追肥,设置4个处理,测定块根膨大期的SPAD值,块根形成期与膨大期的光合速率、干物率及蛋白质、淀粉、可溶性糖含量等.[结果]有机肥可以促进植株增高,同时增加茎粗与薯数;增施生物有机肥可以显著增加食用木薯块根膨大期的SPAD值、块根形成期与膨大期的光合速率.此外,增施生物有机肥还影响食用木薯的干物率、蛋白质、淀粉、可溶性糖等指标,从而提升木薯品质,但是对粗纤维的影响比较小.[结论]合理使用生物有机肥追肥可以有效提升食用木薯的品质,并提高其产量.

A early-maturing， high-yield， high-starch， wide-adaptability cassava cultivar was bred in Guangxi province for fresh consumption or further processing. A newly bred F1 progeny of crossing between the high-yield， XX048 as female parent and the high-starch NZ199 as male parent was generated by artificial pollination and induction through prediction of graft and multiline breeding. After seedling selection， single row and a series of primary， intermediate， and advanced tests as well as regional and production trials， Guire No. 13 （GR13） was selected. As showed in the several years trial， GR13 delivered an average tuber yield of 47.06 t·hm -2 ，starch content was 32.0%， which was 22.93% and 21.48%， 3.74% and 5.30% higher than NZ199 and SC205; Dry matters content of 45.2%， which was 4.7% and 7.5% higher than NZ199 and SC205， and HCN content was 25.7 mg·kg -1 ， lower than NZ199 and SC205; a rich content of nutrients （based on FW）， such as 0.73% on crude fiber， 42.87 mg·hg -1 on vitamin C，0.75 g·hg -1 on protein， 3% on total sugar， 1.1% on soluble sugar. The early-maturing（over 27% on starch content after planted 180 days）， high and stable yield GR13 with wide-adaptability was resistent to drought， cold and mites， and its leaves did not fall off easily. It could be adequately cultivated in current cassava-producing areas in Guangxi， Jiangxi， and Yunnan provinces for either fresh consumption， further processing， or as a raw material for manufacturing starch products.

[目的]选育高产、高淀粉、广适性的鲜食加工兼用型双高木薯杂交新品种.[方法]以高产低粉的新选048为母本,高产高粉、低氢氰酸的桂热891为父本,采用人工开花调控技术进行诱导并杂交获得F1代,经单株评选试验、各级系比试验和生产性试验,鉴定、筛选出优良品种桂热11号.[结果]在生产性试验中,桂热11号平均鲜薯产量39.68 t·hm?2,分别比对照华南205(SC205)和华南9(SC9)增产28.38％、52.03％,其鲜薯淀粉含量32.4％,比对照SC205高3.7百分点,与SC9相持平;桂热11号干物质率40.70％,比SC205高4.7个百分点;氢氰酸含量低,平均为22.2 mg·kg?1.桂热11号鲜薯含蛋白质0.75 g·hg?1、总糖1.50 g·hg?1、粗纤维1.00％、维生素C 37.20 mg·hg?1、胡萝卜素123μg·hg?1,于2020年11月3日通过"热带作物品种"审定(热品审2020002).[结论]桂热11号高产高淀粉,氢氰酸含量低,适应性广,是丰产稳产性好的鲜食加工兼用型优良品种,具有耐旱耐寒和较抗螨、不易落叶等特点,适合在广西、海南和江西等木薯主产区推广种植.

木薯是广西的特色和优势产业,为探讨影响木薯杂交授粉的主要因素并进行优化.观测了木薯在自然环境下的虫媒授粉情况,并在人工催花的基础上开展木薯杂交授粉试验,就授粉时间、方式及品种对授粉成功率的影响进行探讨.结果表明,虫媒授粉基本在花开0.5 h内完成有效授粉;人工授粉在花开后0.5 h内完成授粉效果最佳,花开前后1h是较适宜进行人工授粉的时段,其他时段效果较差;用美工笔作为辅助工具模拟虫媒授粉,可以增加花粉和柱头接触的机会和时间,授粉成功率增加,结实率高达66.00％,比传统人工授粉方式的结实率(11.33％)高54.67％;目标性状亲本作为母本或父本,获得成熟杂交种子的概率会有很大差别,作为母本的孕性影响更关键.将木薯开花调控技术和模拟虫媒人工授粉方式结合,是开展木薯杂交育种的有力工具.

为了研究不同种茎种植方式对食用木薯桂热 10 号块根分布的影响,开展了田间种植方式试验,包括平种、直种、斜种、直种品字形等配合地膜/地布的不完全组合,共 7 个处理,调查了木薯生长状况及产量.块根分布调查以上坡垄种茎基部到种茎顶部的矢量为 0 度,逆时针旋转每45°分别设定为象限 1 到 8,下坡垄水平镜面翻转,统计每个象限内的薯条数,以了解薯块的分布状况.结果表明:在 9 月份,地布覆盖下直种或斜种相比平种促进了木薯株高;相同种植方式下覆盖地布对茎粗的提升有明显效果.在 12 月份,地膜或地布覆盖下,直种株高大于平种;相同种植方式下,地膜覆盖比地布覆盖更加有益于木薯生长后期地上部分的增粗.薯条数最多的处理为直种+地布,最少的处理为直种+地膜.块根分布情况为:平种+地布薯条数为象限 1>象限 7 和 8;平种+地膜为象限 4、5、2 大于象限 6 和象限 8;直种+地膜为象限 5、1、8 最大,象限 3、4、6 最小;直种为象限 5 大于象限 2.不同处理对鲜薯产量及淀粉产量均无显著影响.地布覆盖条件下的木薯块根比地膜覆盖或不覆盖的更倾向于均匀分布;在鲜薯产量和淀粉含量差异不显著的情况下,以薯条数较少为优势处理,平种+地布与直种+地膜的薯条数最少,是该研究的优势处理.

随着农村畜牧业的快速发展,青贮饲料制作技术越来越得到农民的青睐.优质青贮饲料在提升畜牧生产质量的同时,还能对环境进行保护.本文在论述青贮饲料原理和优点的基础上,探讨了优质青贮饲料的制作过程,并分析了其在畜牧生产中的应用,为农民制作优质青贮饲料提供参考借鉴.

广西是木薯种植大省,木薯是当地较为广泛的农产品,分析广西气象灾害对木薯种植的影响是非常有必要的.通过对广西历年温度、无霜期、日照时数、降水量、风等因素的分析,介绍了木薯生长的气象条件;并针对不利于木薯生长的灾害性气象条件,提出了相应的预防或防灾减灾措施,为在广西种植木薯提供科学依据.

根据木薯种植中对气候条件的要求及广西气象观测资料,重点分析广西木薯种植的温度、水分和光照条件,并探讨了气象灾害对木薯种植的影响,提出几点高产栽培技术,仅供相关部门进行参考借鉴.

本研究以木薯花芽与叶芽为材料,通过Illumina HiSeqTM 4000测序平台对其进行转录组测序,结果获得高质量序列45 010 506个、碱基数13.46 Gb,GC含量在43.5％以上、比对效率在78％以上.筛选得到3 782个差异表达基因(DEGs),其中上调2 409个、下调1 373个.DEGs涉及的主要功能有一般功能预测,翻译,复制、重组与修复,信号传导机制,次生产物合成、运输与代谢,翻译后修饰、蛋白质周转和分子伴侣,氨基酸运输与代谢,碳水化合物运输与代谢.DEGs显著富集的KEGG通路主要有植物激素信号传导、苯丙烷类生物合成、淀粉和蔗糖代谢、苯丙氨酸代谢、氨基酸的生物合成和碳代谢.获得植物开花相关基因47个,其中39个上调表达、8个下调表达.研究结果在一定程度上解析了木薯花芽分化的分子机制,并为后续的深入研究提供了基础数据.

研究了7个食用木薯种质的农艺性状、产量、淀粉含量、氢氰酸含量、胡萝卜紊含量和蛋白质含量.结果 表明7个食用木薯种质各有所长,均有作为新品种选育或作为育种亲本创制新种质的应用前景,其中2014-68和14S-35产量和淀粉含量极高,产量分别达60.9±13.0 t/hm2、53.7±8.7 t/hm2,淀粉含量较高,而氢氰酸低,可以做工业与食用兼用品种;14S-36和2014-41胡萝卜素含量极高,分别达1330 μg/100 9和1600 μg/100 9,分别比对照高410％、513％,故薯肉自带诱人的鲜艳黄色,且产量较高,可作特异木薯食用品种;老挝6、14S-35和贵港食用的蛋白质含量较高,分别比对照高74％、44％和28％.

广西地区凭借其优越的自然条件,成为木薯的主要栽培区域,但是广西兴业县的木薯栽培种植业却面临着产量低,木薯适应性差等突出问题.基于此,采用对照试验的方式对比分析了10个木薯品种(系)在广西兴业县的适应能力,通过对比不同木薯品种的产量、淀粉产量、农艺性状以及抗性4个方面来评价其适应性.结果表明,木薯5-6-1在广西兴业县的适应性最强.

从国外引进的5个食用木薯品系在南宁进行品比试验,结果表明:各参试品系适应性好,农艺性状除了Bading都表现较好,综合评价表现最好的是老挝6,每亩产量达3031.3kg,比对照增产24.54％,淀粉含量比对照增加1.43％.

The development of a large number of specific molecular markers can promote the exploitation and utilization of the excellent genes in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) germplasm resources. Specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) technology was employed to sequence the genomes of 39 cassava varieties/lines in this study. Results show that paired-end alignment efficiency and cleavage efficiency were 90.83％ and 91.18％, respectively.304.30 Mb reads were obtained by sequencing, the reads of the samples varied from 2 123 094 to 15 102 046,and that of the control was the smallest, only 395 790. The sequencing quality value (Q30) changed from 95.62％ to 96.60％, all above 95％. The GC content of the samples changed from 41.27％ to 44.96％, the average value was 42.89％, and that of the control was 42.93％. Finally, 725 220 SLAF labels were developed, among them 446 789 were polymorphic. The average sequencing depth of the samples was 20.98 ×,and 2 504 553 SNP markers were found. Obviously, SLAF-seq technology is suitable for developing more efficient SNP sites in cassava than ever.

为实施中央“走出去”战略,扩大我国农业技术影响力,帮助缅甸提高木薯产量,提升木薯产业水平,将我国目前推广种植的5个木薯优良品种:桂热4号、桂热5号、华南5号、华南205和华南8号引种到缅甸,通过试验筛选出适合当地的高产高淀粉含量木薯品种,为进一步推广打下坚实基础.结果表明,引入的5个中国优良木薯品种适应性强,在缅甸生长良好,保持了高产优质的优良性状.整体表现优于当地对照品种黄心木薯,鲜薯淀粉含量为21.58 ％～27.47％,鲜薯产量为27.65～38.73 t/hm2,单位面积淀粉产量为6.02～10.31 t/hm2,鲜薯产量及淀粉产量分别比对照增加21.33 ％～69.94％和-0.7 ％～70.1％,品种优势明显,具有很好的推广前景.对扩大我国加工企业的原料来源,缓解我国木薯原料紧张的局面具有重要意义.

以越南引进和北海产木薯杂交种子为材料,分别采用常温常规贮藏(B)、简易窖藏(C)、干燥贮藏法(D),贮藏5个月后,作发芽试验,并以贮藏前发芽率试验(A)为对照.A、B、C、D4个处理的发芽率分别是94％、9％、22％、87％,数据采用卡方检验,A与D处理间发芽率差异不显著,A、D与B、C处理间发芽率差异达显著水平;表明干燥贮藏法可长期贮藏木薯种子,常温常规贮藏不适合长时间贮藏木薯种子.采用50％乙醇水溶液湿重浮力法辨别种子好坏,浮于液面的种子发芽率1.17％,沉入液体的种子发芽率为87.9％,达国家优质种子标准,可发芽种子平均识别率为95.4％;表明50％乙醇水溶液湿重浮力法,可作为木薯种子好坏的鉴定方法.

通过对柬埔寨木薯种植、病虫害、销售、生产条件和加工利用等情况进行考察分析,阐述柬埔寨木薯生产状况.并对该地区木薯种植生产及产业化发展提出建议.

2013年在对柬埔寨木薯产区的调查中,首次发现菟丝子寄生于木薯,严重影响木薯生长,并呈蔓延趋势,造成木薯产量损失.针对以上情况,提出关于菟丝子防治的方法及技术要点.

The adaptability of 11 new varieties(lines) was studied in Beihai city,Guangxi province.The new line GR024-9 with high fresh root yield,high starch content,and short plant and not branching which can cater to the close planting cultivation habit of the Beihai farmers would be extremely suitable for planting in the area.GR024-2,Rayong 9 and GR024-7 were few branching or not branching.Although the fresh root yield of the three new varieties(lines) were similar to the local conventional variety-SC205,but the starch content and starch yield were higher,so they would be also suitable for extending in Beihai.

6 Chinese high-yield cassava varieties and the corresponding cultivation technique were introduced to Davao Oriental,Philippines,and the comparative experiment was done with the local main cultivar GY.The experiment results(Duncan=0.05)showed that there were significant yield differences between the 6 Chinese cassava varieties and the local variety GY,all the yield of the 6 varieties were better than that of GY,and had an average increase of 51.4 %;The starch content of the 5 Chinese varieties increased by 1.2 % ～2.4 % than that of the control.Meanwhile,the effects of the different fertilization levels on all tested varieties were tested,and the results(Duncan=0.05)indicated that the yield differences among the varieties were not obvious,but between the different fertilization levels were significant;in the same variety,fertilization levels of 2 and 3 were better than that of 1,and fertilization level 2(N:P2O5 :K2O=2 :1 :3)should be recommended for the production.The best fertilization level was Nitrogen fertilizer 45.7kg/hm2,Compound fertilizer150 kg/hm2 and Potash fertilizer 70 kg/hm2.The study results could provide a theoretical basis for accelerating the integration research and application of the corresponding cultivation techniques of "improved variety + good method "of cassava,and lay a foundation for demonstration and extension of new variety and technology in Philippines.

[Objective]To select cassava varieties which were fit for extending in Beihai.[Method]With 9 major superior new cassava varieties of China as the materials and the local variety SC205 as control,their fresh root yield,starch content,starch yield,branching and other agronomic and economic traits were measured,the 9 new varieties of cassava were comprehensively evaluated.[Result]The fresh root yield of Xinxuan 048 was significantly higher than that of SC205,while the fresh root yield of Nanzhi 199 and GR891 were significantly lower than that of SC205,and that of other 6 varieties were not significant higher or lower than that of SC205,but the fresh root yield of GR911 and GR3 were pretty high.Starch content of 9 varieties were equal to or higher than that of the control,the highest was found in GR891 and GR 5,following by GR3,SC8,Nanzhi 199 and GR911.The starch yield of GR4 was significantly lower than that of SC205,while the starch yield of other 8 varieties was not significantly different from that of SC205,starch yield of GR3,GR5,SC8,Xinxuan 048 and GR911 was much higher than SC205.Xinxuan 048,Nanzhi 199,GR911,GR3 and GR5 had little or no branching,which saved lots of labor cost for planting and harvesting and were suitable for close planting and intercropping.SC5 and SC8 were branching varieties.The roots of Xinxuan 048 and GR911 were big and short in quite pretty good root shape,which were suitable for mechanized planting.[Conclusion]Xinxuan 048,GR911,GR3 and GR5 with good comprehensive properties were suitable for extending in the Beihai.