The specific features of ecological and geological systems of alluvial soil massifs and their abiotic and biotic components were analyzed. The features of the interrelation of the components with each other, which determine the resource potential of these EGSs, were revealed. The data on the experience of rehabilitation of territories of alluvial soil massifs for various types of economic activity were systematized.

The nomological basis of any science, which consists of its laws and regularities, forms its scientific foundation. Nomology (from the Greek nomos: law and logos: word, doctrine) is a section of the methodology that studies methods for formulating patterns and laws and creating scientific theories of a given science on these principles. In the field of environmental geology, the nomological foundations have not been fully developed due to the young age of this science and the uncertainty of many methodological issues of its structure, problems, etc. This paper aims to analyze the current state of nomological foundations of environmental geology and suggest new additions to them.

The issues of developing a general classification of geological processes that are the subject of research in modern engineering geodynamics, one of the areas of engineering geology, are considered. A new general classification of geological processes for the purposes of engineering geology is proposed, taking into account the disadvantages of previous similar classifications and covering the whole variety of both natural geological processes and their technogenic analogues, that is, engineering-geological processes.

The achievements of the present regulatory and technical base for assessing quantitative indicators of ecosystem status are analyzed on the basis of the statistics of types of works for studying the abiotic spheres of the Earth (lithosphere, pedosphere, atmosphere, and surface hydrosphere) as a component of engineering-ecological surveying. Achievements concerning the regulation of indicators of the status of abiotic spheres of ecosystem are described. Methods for further improvement of the regulatory and technical base are outlined, using the doctrine of ecological functions of the lithosphere as a fundamental integral characteristic of the abiotic spheres of ecosystems and the systematization of individual indicators by introducing four categories of integral indicators (resource, geochemical, geophysical, and geodynamic). Attention is drawn to the need to elaborate the integral indicators of all abiotic spheres of ecosystems on the basis of development of ecological geology. Various approaches for assessing such integral indicators are considered. A variant of their determination on the basis of the summary indicators method is proposed.

Abstract—The issues of developing a general classification of continental natural and technogenic ecological–geological systems that are the subject of research in modern ecological geology, are considered. A classification that considers the composition and characteristics of the components of ecological–geological systems is proposed.

Six scientifically-substantive paradoxes of the current state of geoecology are identified. New theoretical grounds of geoecology as an interdisciplinary science developed on the basis of the concept of ecological functions performed by abiotic spheres of the Earth are formulated. They define the content, object, subject, and the logical and scientific structures of geoecology, geoecological conditions and their state, as well as the place of geoecology in the system of Earth and biosphere sciences.

The ideas about the content of the concept of “geoecological space”, types, scientifi c content and applied tasks, types of systems studied by geoecology, theoretical foundations of which are developed on the basis of the concept of environmental functions of abiotic spheres of the Earth are characterized. Types and groups of indicators used to assess geoecological conditions.

Abstract—The theoretical basis of geoecology was developed based on the concept of the environmental functions of the abiotic spheres of the Earth. In this article, the ideas about the content of the term “geoecological space,” as well as the types, scientific content, applied problems, and the types of systems studied in geoecology, are characterized. The types and groups of indicators used to assess geoecological conditions are distinguished.

The issues of constructing a general classification of continental natural and technogenic ecologicalgeological systems, which are the subject of research in modern ecological geology, are considered. A classification is proposed that takes into account the composition and characteristics of the components of ecological-geological systems.

It is shown that the spatial factor, or the coordinate position of the object, is the most important factor in the formation of engineeringgeological conditions and their morphological features; in the history of engineering geology in the USSR and Russia, it was studied in the local, regional and global aspects. At the first stage (until 1945) it was evaluated only as a local factor in relation to the objects of research. The main difference of the second stage (1946–1987) was in the study of all regions of the USSR, the analysis of the regional aspect of the spatial factor. As a result, the content of the list of factors of engineering-geological conditions, ideas about the factors of their formation and the relationship of modern heat and moisture supply of the territory and modern engineering-geological conditions were refined. The zonality of the engineering-geological conditions of a number of large regions of the USSR was identified. This transformed many theoretical positions and structure of engineering geology. The third stage of development of this science is associated with the need to solve theoretical and methodological problems in relation to the study of engineering-geological conditions of the Earth as a whole — the global aspect of the spatial factor. The works published in this direction are named. The implementation of this idea will lead to the development of engineering geology in science, exploring the global diversity of engineering-geological objects. In reflecting the results of the study of the spatial factor in the theoretical foundations of engineering geology, the most important are: the community recognition of engineering geologists of engineering-geological conditions as an open system, the modern morphological features of which are determined not only by the history of geological development, but also by its modern tectonic regime, the nature of heat and moisture supply and their ratio; changing the position in the views on the assessment of the role and the ratio of regional and zonal geological factors of engineering-geological conditions in the formulation of the basic laws of engineering geology and its scientific directions; the establishment of zoning engineering-geological conditions as a global phenomenon; the introduction of the concept of "engineering-geological structures", the development of a hierarchy and schemes of global location of their various hierarchical levels. All these positions are characterized.

Abstract: four provisions were considered as initial theoretical positions: 1) the influence of dangerous natural and anthropogenic processes on biota is determined by the geodynamic ecological functions of the abiotic spheres of the Earth - the lithosphere, atmosphere and surface hydrosphere; 2) all the dangerous natural processes occurring on Earth are geological; in accordance with the classification of natural sciences and types of engineering surveys, they are divided into two groups — geological and hydrometeorological; 3) the object of study of ecological-dynamic research are these dangerous processes and geodynamic zones and anomalies; 4) the question of purposeful classification of natural processes in relation to the problems of engineering-ecological works. The significant difficulties and uncertainties in the assessment of hazard categories of natural processes are shown. Because of this, not every manifestation of a dangerous process, even catastrophic in its intensity, is accompanied by human casualties, the complete destruction of ecosystems. These uncertainties include: 1) the uncertainty of the time and intensity of the manifestation of the considered dangerous geological process for the living; 2) the probability of cascading manifestations of hazardous processes; 3) the need to take into account the propensity of such processes to paragenesis, which most often forms the geodynamic background of a territory and determines the contribution of the processes to its ecological situation; 4) the probability of manifestation of the danger of natural processes also depends on the population density and the degree of development of the territory; 5) the need to take into account the scientific and technical level of development of the society, reflecting the degree of development of the system of forecasting, warnings and prevention of possible disasters. It is shown that taking into account these uncertainties of assessing the impact of hazardous natural processes on the ecosystem and human is a complex task and requires an individual approach not only to the process, but also to the territory.

Military activities lead to the transformation of all ecological functions of the abiotic spheres of the Earth in both times of peace and war. A typification of the consequences of changes in the ecological situation caused by the development of the ecological functions of the abiotic spheres of the Earth when conducting tests of weapons, rockets, and space equipment and during military operations is presented.

The existing ideas about the structure of engineering geology are considered, its modern assessment is given taking into account the new emerging direction — space engineering geology. It is shown that the theoretical basis of engineering geology, accumulated to date, allows one to proceed to the creation of a general theory of this science, as a system (logical aggregate) of its own conceptual basis, laws and laws, basic and auxiliary theories, representing a unified teaching of engineering geology, with descriptive, explanatory, heuristic and predictive (predictive) functions. Logical and graphic models of the content of the general theory of engineering geology and its scientific fields are proposed, which can serve as the basis for their subsequent development.

Abstract: starting with the works of V.I. Vernadsky, the history of the development of ideas about the interaction of the abiotic spheres of the Earth (upper lithosphere, pedosphere, lower atmosphere and surface hydrosphere) and the living (society, microorganisms, vegetation and land wildlife, hydrobionts (bacterioplankton, phytoplankton, zooplankton, macrobenthos)) is presented. The modern ideas about the content of the concept "ecological functions of abiotic spheres of the Earth", including the resource, geochemical, geophysical and geodynamic, involved in the resource and energy support of life and development of biota, are formulated. Three time stages of formation of the ecological functions of abiotic spheres of the Earth are allocated and characterized. It is shown that at the third technogenic-natural stage of development of these functions, when engineering-ecological surveys are carried out, at local sites, the consequences of technogenesis are leading in the assessment of the current state of ecosystems. The interaction of the lithosphere, pedosphere, surface hydrosphere, Earth's atmosphere with each other and the technosphere is described. The issues of necessity of taking into account perception of ecological functions of the Earth in the code of rules (SP) for engineeringecological surveys and the input of new terminology are considered. It is noted that each ecological function of the abiotic spheres of the Earth is characterized by a large number of indicators of private and complex properties, the study of which has long been mandatory during engineeringecological surveys. The statistics on the composition of the work on the study of the spheres of the Earth in the technical guidance documents of different years on engineering-ecological surveys is adduced. It is stated that in the current SP 47.13330.2016 “Engineering surveys for construction. Main provisions” in terms of engineering-ecological surveys, the vast number of characteristics of ecological functions of the abiotic spheres of the Earth, including the study and evaluation of modern geological processes affecting biota are taken into account. The recommendations on improvement of technical guidance documents for engineering-ecological surveys are formulated.

The fundamental methodological and philosophical aspects of the genetic approach to the study of soil formation, the genesis of the composition, structure, state and properties, as well as the role of the spatial position of soils in the array and the role of anthropogenic impacts on soil massifs, including the formation of improved and degraded soils, are considered. In the genetic approach to the study of soils, which became the methodological basis of soil science, is that the composition, structure, condition and properties of soils are considered as the result of their genesis and subsequent postgenetic transformations at the stage of diagenesis, catagenesis, metamorphism and hypergenesis. The distinction of concepts of “soil genesis”, “genesis of soil composition”, “genesis of soil structure”, “genesis of soil condition” and “genesis of soil properties” is shown. When characterizing these concepts, it is necessary to take into account the syngenetic, epi-syngenetic, syn-epigenetic and epigenetic features of soils. In accordance with this, the composition, structure, condition, and properties of soils may be of four classes according to their origin: syngenetic, epi-syngenetic, syn-epigenetic, or epigenetic. The genetic approach plays a particularly important role in the study of anthropogenically-formed and man-made altered soils, as well as in the construction of new genetic classifications of natural and man-made soils. The genetic approach to the study of soils follows from the Priklonsky-SergeevLomtadze law: the composition, structure, condition and properties of soils are determined by their genesis, the nature of postgenetic processes and the modern spatial (coordinate) position. This fundamental approach should underlie the development of new general classifications of soils, which is especially important now, when work is underway to prepare the new GOST 25100 “Soils. General classification”.

The existing ideas about the structure of engineering geology are considered, its modern assessment is given taking account of an emerging discipline, that is, space engineering geology. It is shown that the theoretical basis of engineering geology collected to date allows us to proceed to the creation of a general theory of this science as a system (logical combination) of its own basis of concepts, patterns, and laws, basic and auxiliary theories representing a unified teaching of engineering geology, which possesses descriptive, explanatory, heuristic and predictive functions. Logical and graphical models of the content of the general theory of engineering geology and its disciplines are proposed, which can serve as the basis for their subsequent development.

Engineering activities lead to the anthropogenic transformation of engineering–geological conditions in different areas of Russia. A differential estimate has been made for changes in individual components of engineering–geological structures: relief, upper section soils, underground waters, depth of seasonal soil freezing and thawing, and current geological processes. The general integrated evaluation of the anthropogenic transformation of engineering–geological megastructures in Russia has been made on the basis of differential estimates of the components.