The paper considers the matters of numerical modeling estimation accuracy of temperature and salinity three-dimensional fields in the monitoring and forecasting center of the Black Sea. Automatic system of analysis and forecast of the Black Sea state is run in the center in an operational mode. The data of in situ measurements from ARGO profiling floats regularly provided by the European Marine Forecasting Service – Copernicus – were used to solve the problem. Spatial and temporal mismatch between the model data and in situ measurements was eliminated to form a joint sample of these two data sources. Comparison is performed for the time period from 2012 to 2015. The results show quite good simulation accuracy of the ther-mohaline fields, however, the problems of modeling the temperature fields in the 5-30 m layer were detected where there is a fairly narrow seasonal thermocline in late spring, summer and early autumn.

System of the wind wave operational forecast in the Black Sea based on the SWAN (Simulating Waves Nearshore) numerical spectral model is represented. In the course of the system development the SWAN model was adapted to take into account the features of its operation at the Black Sea Marine Forecast Center. The model input-output is agreed with the applied nomenclature and the data representation formats. The user interface for rapid access to simulation results was developed. The model adapted to wave forecast in the Black Sea in a quasi-operational mode, is validated for 2012–2015. Validation of the calculation results was carried out for all five forecasting terms based on the analysis of two-dimensional graphs of the wave height distribution derived from the data of prognostic calculations and remote measurements obtained with the altimeter installed on the Jason-2 satellite. Calculation of the statistical characteristics of the deviations between the wave height prognostic values and the data of their measurements from the Jason-2 satellite, as well as a regression analysis of the relationship between the forecasted and measured wave heights was additionally carried out. A comparison of the results obtained with the similar results reported in the works of other authors published in 2009–2016 showed their satisfactory compliance with each other. The forecasts carried out by the authors for the Black Sea as well as those obtained for the other World Ocean regions show that the current level of numerical methods for sea wave forecasting is in full compliance with the requirements of specialists engaged in studying and modeling the state of the ocean and the atmosphere, as well as the experts using these results for solving applied problems.

Рассматриваются вопросы контроля достоверности данных атмосферного форсинга, используемых для задания граничных условий при выполнении расчетов по численным моделям в Черноморском центре морских прогнозов Морского гидрофизического института (ЧЦМП МГИ). В первом разделе приведено описание используемых в ЧЦМП атмосферных прогнозов для приводного слоя воздуха. Во втором разделе рассматриваются методы контроля достоверности атмосферных прогнозов приводного слоя воздуха и приводится краткое описание программных средств, разработанных для решения этой задачи. В третьем разделе приводятся примеры обнаруженных ошибок подготовки данных атмосферных прогнозов. В выводах на основе полученных результатов дается заключение об эффективности разработанной системы контроля качества данных, намечаются направления дальнейших работ и отмечается, что изложенные результаты легли в основу разработки программного обеспечения, предназначенного для коррекции обнаруженных ошибок.

The automatic system of operational forecasting of the Black Sea state which functions at the Marine Hydrophysical Institute is presented. Principles of the system construction are considered; the marine environment models used for forecasting, the data streams required for the system functioning, and tools for validating and visualizing the results of sea-state calculations are described. Some examples of investigating a number of processes and phenomena in the Black Sea are given.

Problems of reliability control of the atmospheric forcing data used for setting boundary conditions in the model simulations performed in the Black Sea marine forecasting center (BS MFC) of MHI (RAS) are considered. To set the boundary conditions on the sea surface it is necessary to have information about the heat, momentum, evaporation and precipitation total fluxes and short-wave radiation penetrating in the upper sea layer with a thickness of about fifty meters. To check the reliability of the data obtained the information not only about these fluxes, but also about their components appears to be of high value. The first section describes the weather forecasts applied in BS MFC for the atmospheric boundary layer. The methods for controlling the weather forecast reliability of the atmosphere boundary layer are considered. The software developed to solve this task is briefly described in the second section. The first group of control methods is based on the calculation according to the approximate formulas short-wave and long-wave radiation fluxes. For other components of total fluxes their comparison according to the forecast data of two atmospheric models used in BSMFC to set the boundary conditions on the sea surface is used. The third section contains the examples of the errors occurring in preparing the weather forecast data. Errors in the data on the magnitude of the albedo and upward short-wave radiation fluxes were discovered on the basis of the application of the developed methods. The conclusions drawn from the results obtained testify to effectiveness of the system developed to control data reliability. Further investigations are planned. It is noted that the results represented in the paper constitutes a basis for development of the software intended to correct the revealed errors.

Operational monitoring system is developed to automatize the process of diagnosis and forecast of hydrological fields of marine environment in the Sevastopol Black Sea region based on the local hydrodynamical model POM. The initial and boundary conditions for the local model are set from the basin model of the Black Sea dynamics. The data obtained by SKIRON Regional Forecast Center of Athens University is applied as the atmospheric effect. For the parameterization of vertical mixing in local circulation model Pall turbulence model based on turbulence hypotheses of Rott - Kolmogorov and generalized by Mellor and Yamada in the case of a stratified flow is included. The model takes into consideration the penetration of the short-wave solar radiation into the water column. System automation is implemented using the CalcMan software package which is an own development of Marine Hydrophysical Institute. The output fields are accessible in the NetCDF format with horizontal spatial resolution constituting 1 km, vertical resolution - 18 irregular levels from 2.5 to 1000 m and time resolution - 3 hr. The system provides a possibility of daily updating the forecast data. Based on the THREDDS server, the specialized visualization subsystem is installed and configured to visualize and disseminate simulations results. Its user-friendly interface allows a server-side analysis of all the forecasted fields, permits to construct horizontal and vertical sections, vertical profiles and time series, to create animated pictures without downloading the data to a client's side. OPENDAP and NetcdfSubset interfaces are used for disseminating data in a digital form.

We study the problem of subsatellite calibration of a side-looking radar (SLR) of the Sich-1M satellite regarded as an instrument for the evaluation of the velocity of surface wind and discuss the possibility of application of the meteorological and wave parameters measured from the stationary oceanographic platform of the Experimental Department of the Marine Hydrophysical Institute (Ukrainian Academy of Sciences) for their evaluation in the remote regions of the sea. These regions can be observed with the help of the SLR without errors introduced by the appearance of the coast in elements of space resolution. To prove the indicated possibility experimentally, we perform simultaneous measurements of the water and air temperatures, wind velocity, and the characteristics of waves both from the platform and in the water area neighboring with the platform on the side of the sea at distances of up to 4.8 km. The quantitative estimates of the degree of space uniformity of the analyzed parameters are deduced under the conditions of stable inshore wind. A conclusion is made that the platform can be used for subsatellite measurements aimed at the validation and improvement of the algorithm of reconstruction of the velocity of surface wind by using the SLR of the Sich-1M satellite.

The paper describes the functional scheme of the soft- and hardware complex designed to receive, to treat and to disseminate satellite and reference hydrometeorological data. The complex displays a high degree of integration and unification of soft- and hardware techniques and packages. The operation of the complex is studied through the monitoring of cloud fields in the Atlantic-European section of the Northern hemisphere during the winter-time synoptic season of 1995–1996. The complex is shown to be capable of identifying large-scale cloud anomalies and of estimating their coherence in the individual regions of the Atlantic-European zone.

A method of obtaining the operative sea surface temperature (SST)t using satellite scanner observations in the spectral ranges 3.53–3.94 μm and 10.3–11.3 μm is realized. The method represents a combination of McClainet al.'s formula (1983) and expressions suggested by the authors which describe the universal angular structures of the radiation temperature fields. The RMS error of reconstructingt at scanning angles of 0–55o is equal to 0.2–0.3°C for atmospheric states corresponding to the SST variation within the limit 6–28°C. An atlas of temperature maps on the grid 0.5×0.5o with temporal averaging from 5 days to 1 month is compiled using the data obtained on board the RVAkademik Vernadsky in the Atlantic Ocean in 1987–1989.

Algorithms for obtaining operative information on the fluxes of the total solar radiation and radiation balance at the ocean surface are developed and realized on the basis of satellite observations within the spectral ranges 0·725–1·1 and 10·3–11·3 μm at arbitrary scanning angles. For the 10-day and monthly values, the reconstruction errors remain at the level of the accuracy of the shipboard measurements. The atlas of charts of the above parameters (grid 0·5°×0·5°) is compiled using data obtained by the RVAkademik Vernadsky in the Atlantic Ocean during 1986–1989.

A technique for the reconstruction of the sea surface temperature (SST) fields is proposed which involves linear dual-channel methods for the atmospheric correction and four procedures of cloudiness filtration. The technique was employed for processing the IR images obtained from NOAA satellites at night in the Tropical Atlantic (36th cruise of theRV AKADEMIK VERNADSKY). Analysis of the SST charts showed the high efficiency of the technique proposed.