BACKGROUND:Both acute myocardial infarction and acute pulmonary embolism are distinct medical urgencies while they may conincide. Leriche's syndrome is a relatively rare aortoiliac occlusive disease characterized by claudication, decreased femoral pulses, and impotence. We present the first case of concomitant acute pulmonary embolism, acute myocardial infarction, and Leriche syndrome.CASE PRESENTATION:A 56-year-old male with a history of intermittent claudication was admitted for evaluating the sudden onset of chest pain. Elevated serum troponin level, sustained high D-dimer level, ST-T wave changes on electrocardiogram, and segmental wall motion abnormality of the left ventricle on transthoracic echocardiography were noted. Pulmonary Computed Tomography Angiogram revealed multiple acute emboli. Aortic Computed Tomography Angiogram spotted complete obstructions of the subrenal aorta and bilateral common iliac arteries with collateral circulation, maintaining the vascularization of internal and external iliac arteries. We stated the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism and Leriche syndrome and initiated oral anticoagulation. However, Q waves on electrocardiogram and wall motion abnormality on echocardiography persisted after embolus dissolved successfully. Coronary computed tomography angiogram found coronary arterial plaques while myocardial Positron Emission Tomography detected decreased viable myocardium of the left ventricle. We subsequently ratified the diagnosis of concurrent acute pulmonary embolism, acute myocardial infarction, and Leriche syndrome. The patient was discharged and has been followed up at our center.CONCLUSION:We described the first concurrence of acute pulmonary embolism, acute myocardial infarction, and Leriche syndrome.

随着影像学和外科技术的进步以及肺动脉高压防治研究的进展，医学界已把右心-肺循环-左心视为一体，并越来越多地关注到左-右心及其相互作用， 并形成右心体系概念。该概念不仅加深了对整体心血管系统病理生理学的理解，还为一系列左、右心疾病的防治策略提供了依据，特别是业已证实右心功能对左心疾病、肺动脉高压及心脏移植等患者的预后具有独立的预测价值。右心结构与功能的研究日趋深入，右心是一奇特的半自主器官，与左心共同完成复杂的整体循环功能。该文重点讨论了心室相互依赖及右心心肌力学功能模式的变化。

OBJECTIVE:Because the traditional loop of breathing control and regulation effect on blood circulation, there was rare study of pulmonary vein capacity. We need a noninvasive and accurate pulmonary vascular capacity measurement and analysis method.METHODS:Twelve normal volunteers were performed a total lung CT scan, image data analysis processing by computer software, the whole lungs from the apex to the base of lung with 40-50 layers by hand-cut, the connection between adjacent layers automatically by a computer simulation, the full pulmonary vascular (≥ 0.6 mm) were treated by high-accuracy three-dimensional imaging technology after removing the interference, and then calculate the whole lung and pulmonary vascular.RESULTS:The whole lung of the 12 normal volunteers from the apex to the base of lung CT scan image layers was 530 ± 98 (range, 431-841). The total capacity of lung and pulmonary vascular blood was 3705 ± 857 (range, 2398-5383) ml, and the total volume of the pulmonary vascular blood was 125 ± 32 (range, 94-201) ml. The pulmonary vein vascular blood volume was 63 ± 16 (range, 47-100) ml.CONCLUSION:The method of measuring the three-dimensional imaging of pulmonary vascular capacity by analyzing lung CT scan data is available and accurate.

INTRODUCTION:Clinically relevant bleeding occurs three times as frequently as recurrent venous thromboembolism in the modern early treatment of pulmonary embolism (PE) with fixed-dose, unmonitored anticoagulants. Unfractionated heparin (UFH) is monitored and adjusted to assure efficacy and minimize bleeding risk, but low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is not. PE requires more anticoagulant than isolated deep venous thrombosis. Speculating that PE with low clot burden could lead to excess bleeding with unadjusted LMWH treatment but not with UFH, we compared PE patients receiving either UFH or LMWH with high and low clot burden for clinically significant bleeding in an observational study.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Patients with acute PE at multiple Chinese teaching hospitals had been randomized to UFH or LMWH for initial treatment. These treatment cohorts had baseline measurement of pulmonary artery obstruction (PAO) score, which was prospectively separated into quartiles, lowest to highest PAO. All patients were followed for bleeding episodes, which were subsequently analyzed by quartile of PAO.RESULTS:Two hundred seventy-four patients divided between the two groups had similar efficacy and safety outcomes (12 clinically significant bleeds in the UFH group vs 15 in the LMWH group). LMWH recipients with the smallest clot burdens (lowest PAO quartiles) had highest bleeding rates (Cochran-Armitage trend test, P trend = 0.048), but there was no such trend for UFH recipients.CONCLUSIONS:For UFH, excess anticoagulant pro-hemorrhagic potential is down-adjusted via activated partial thromboplastin time monitoring, but for LMWH it is not. For PE patients at high bleeding risk, UFH may be safer if the clot burden is small.

多种原因可引起三尖瓣反流，下面是一例很少见的先天性短腱索所致大量三尖瓣反流，其诊断历程十分崎岖，总结如下。<br>　　1临床资料<br>　　患者女性，27岁，因活动气短、乏力10年余，加重1年于2015-03-02住院。缘患者2005-01初感冒，咳嗽， X线胸片发现心脏扩大，1月13日安贞医院经胸/食管超声心动图（超声）检查显示：三尖瓣隔瓣轻度下移，三尖瓣关闭不全，右心房室明显扩大，肺动脉压升高（轻-中度）。为进一步确诊来我院检查，1月18日超声示：左心房内径27 mm，左心室舒张末内径39 mm，左心室射血分数（LVEF）73%，右心室舒张末内径37 mm，各瓣膜形态、结构、启闭运动未见异常；三尖瓣关闭不全，中量反流。1月20日电子束CT（EBCT）示：右心房室明显增大，右心室收缩稍差，考虑右心受累疾患可能性大，继发三尖瓣关闭不全；未见心包疾患，未见三尖瓣下移畸形征象。1月27日核素心血池检查显示：右心房室明显扩大，以右心室为著，右心功能明显受损，左心室、左心房功能正常。肺功能和血气分析未见明显异常。诊断考虑：“右心室心肌病”。后多次来我院复查。1年前上2~3层楼时感气短、乏力。2015-02-16解放军总医院超声示：先心病、三尖瓣下移畸形、三尖瓣大量反流、右心房明显增大、轻度肺动脉高压。2015-02-25于我院超声示：先心病、三尖瓣下移、三尖瓣反流（中、大量）。既往患者曾发生两次晕厥，均于2010年腹泻起立后晕倒，瞬间恢复。

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the clinical features and reasons of misdiagnosis of connective tissue disease plus pulmonary embolism (PE).METHODS:The clinical data were reviewed retrospectively for 22 hospitalized patients with connective tissue disease and PE from February 2006 to March 2014. And the features of onset, clinical and laboratory characteristics, imaging tests and causes of misdiagnosis were analyzed.RESULTS:There were 12 males and 10 females with an average age of (36.2 ± 14.2) years. And 12 (54.5%) PE patients had concurrent deep venous thrombosis. Antiphospholipid syndrome and Behcet's disease were the major causes of connective tissue disease. Chest distress, palpitation and extremity swelling were initial symptoms. There were elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (n = 11, 50.0%), elevated C-reactive protein (n = 8, 36.4%) and abnormal autoantibody (n = 15, 68.2%) respectively. Computed tomography showed pulmonary arteries stenosis, occlusion and aneurismal dilation. Eighteen (81.8%) patients had pulmonary hypertension with a systolic pulmonary pressure of (72 ± 20) mmHg (1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa). And 3 of them presented severity of pulmonary pressure non-matched to the degree of pulmonary vascular involvement. And 18 (81.8%) patients with connective tissue disease were missed due to a lack of typical symptoms and physician understanding of disease before admission. Three (13.6%) patients had a misdiagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. The median time of diagnosis was 12 months.CONCLUSIONS:Connective tissue disease may develop PE as the initial symptom. And some patients lack typical clinical manifestations of connective tissue disease. It should raise an alert with the physicians.

二尖瓣外科术（瓣膜置换术或修复术）后发生晚期三尖瓣反流相当常见，给患者生存质量和生存时间带来不利影响，临床处理也十分困难，具有很大的挑战性。二尖瓣术后三尖瓣反流的发病机制文献有过不少报道，但多限于瓣环与瓣叶间互为作用的传统认识，而对三尖瓣反流发生的始动机制讨论不多。笔者在多年研究“右心体系”和临床实际工作中，经常思考这一问题的解释，结合文献逐渐形成一个看法：二尖瓣术后心脏纤维骨架稳定性失衡可能是三尖瓣反流的重要始动因素之一。

OBJECTIVE:The same person's pulmonary venous blood volume, left atrial volume and stroke volume were measured by lung CT scans and cardiac CT angiography (CTA). Then their relationships were analyzed in order to investigate the mechanism of breathing control.METHODS:As we described before, full pulmonary vascular (-0.6mm) volume was accurately calculated by three-dimensional imaging technology from lung CT scan; left atrial volume and stroke volume of left ventricle were calculated from the CTA data. Then the relationships among them were analyzed for estimation of the lung-artery time.RESULTS:The total volume of lung and pulmonary vascular blood was 3486 ± 783 (2156-4418) ml, and the pulmonary vascular blood volume was 141 ± 20 (105-163) ml. The estimated pulmonary venous volume was 71 ± 10 (52-81) ml. Left atrial volume at the end diastolic was 97 ± 39 (53-165) ml, Stroke volume of left ventricle was 86 ± 16 (60-106) ml. Pulmonary venous volume and the left atrial volume were double of stroke volume(1.7-2.4).CONCLUSION:The estimated lung-artery time was three heart beat.

目的：报道1例以肺栓塞、肺动脉高压、高血压和肾动脉狭窄为主要表现的真性红细胞增多症病例，探讨其发生机制、治疗和预后。

目的:运用因子分析方法对肺血栓栓塞症52个症状进行分类研究.方法:收集77例经肺动脉CT增强证实的急性肺血栓栓塞症患者,记录中医四诊信息,采用因子分析方法对收集到的信息提取公因子,并对相似的公因子进行合并,分类研究肺血栓栓塞症中医证候.结果:对收集到的信息进行因子分析并经中医辨证后得到5个公因子,分别是血瘀胸腑、气虚血瘀、痰瘀阻络、心肾阳虚、阳气暴脱兼血瘀.其中痰瘀阻络证最多,21例,占27.3％;然后依次为气虚血瘀证,20例,占26.0％;血瘀胸腑证,15例,占19.5％;心肾阳虚证,13例,占16.9％;阳气暴脱兼血瘀证,8例,占10.4％.结论:血瘀、痰浊和气虚是肺血栓栓塞症的主要病机.

2000年欧洲心脏病学会（European Society of Cardiology，ESC）推出第1版急性肺血栓栓塞症（急性肺栓塞）诊断和治疗指南，对于推广和规范急性肺栓塞的诊断和治疗起到了重要作用。2008年ESC对第1版指南进行了一些更新，更新了危险分层、诊断策略及流程、溶栓和抗凝治疗等重要内容。近年来随着急性肺栓塞研究的进一步深入以及一些多中心临床试验的完成，为急性肺栓塞的诊断和治疗提供了更多的循证医学证据。为此，2014年ESC年会上发布了第3版急性肺栓塞诊断和治疗指南。新版指南与前两版相比，进一步强化了危险分层的概念；首次推荐了新型口服抗凝药物的使用；同时明确地提出了慢性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压（CTEPH）的诊断流程和治疗策略。该版指南较前两版更为实用，操作性更强，认真解读和推广该版指南必将有助于提高我国肺栓塞的防治水平，改善患者的预后。

目的：总结20例结缔组织病合并肺栓塞患者临床特征，提高对此类疾病的认识。<br>　　方法：回顾性分析2006-02至2012-11北京阜外心血管病医院收治的20例结缔组织病合并肺栓塞患者临床特征及其转归。

目的：了解特发性肺动脉高压中急性肺血管反应试验阳性患者钙离子拮抗剂使用情况及生存状况，比较阳性患者与阴性患者血流动力学差异。

<正>背景肺动脉高压目前尚缺乏敏感、特异的早期诊断手段,临床诊断主要依靠侵入性有创心导管检查,确诊时往往已经错过了最佳的治疗时机。通过无创检查手段及时准确评估肺动脉高压严重程度对临床工作有重要意义,但是目前最常用的无创手段-超声检查-缺乏足够的特异性和敏感性,

OBJECTIVE:To explore the demographic characteristics and clinical features of patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) in China.METHODS:Between March 2007 and September 2010, IPAH diagnosis was confirmed by right heart catheterization in 150 adult patients from 31 clinical centers in China. Clinical and hemodynamic data were analyzed and patients were divided into WHO functional class I/II and WHO functional class III/IV group.RESULTS:The mean age of 150 patients were 36 ± 13 years with female patient/male patient ratio of 2:1, and mean BMI was (21.3 ± 3.5) kg/m(2). Fatigue (n = 123, 82.0%) and dyspnea (n = 112, 74.7%) are the most common symptoms. Accentuated pulmonic second sound (P(2)) was detected in 92.0% (n = 138) of patients during physical examination, which was also the most common sign. About 49.0% (n = 73) patients were WHO functional class I/II patients and 46.0% (n = 68) patients were WHO functional class III/IV patients. Six minutes walking distance (6MWD) and Borg dyspnea score was (337 ± 101) m and 2.0 (2.0, 4.0), respectively. Right ventricular hypertrophy was suggested by ECG in 93.1% (n = 140) patients. Right atrial pressure was (10 ± 6) mm Hg, mean pulmonary artery pressure was (61 ± 16) mm Hg, cardiac index was (2.3 ± 0.8) L×min(-1)×m(-2) and pulmonary vascular resistance (1484 ± 699) dyn×s(-1)×cm(-5) in this cohort. 6 MWD (305 m ± 89 m vs. 377 m ± 88 m) was significantly shorter while Borg dyspnea score [3.0 (3.0, 5.0) vs. 2.0 (2.0, 3.0)] was significantly higher in WHO functional class III/IV patients than in WHO functional class I/II patients. Similarly hemodynamic parameters were also worse in WHO functional class III/IV patients than in WHO functional class I/II patients (all P < 0.05).CONCLUSION:Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension patients in this cohort affect mostly young adults, dominated by female gender and lower body mass index. Fatigue and dyspnea are the most common symptoms and accentuated pulmonic second sound (P(2)) is the most common sign. IPAH patients are often displaying severe functional and hemodynamic disturbance at first visit to hospitals. Dyspnea and hemodynamic impairment are related to 6MWD and WHO functional class.

OBJECTIVE:To explore the relationship between serum uric acid levels and patient conditions and prognosis in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH).METHODS:A total of 76 IPAH patients confirmed by right heart catheterization were enrolled consecutively and followed up until the endpoint of all-cause death. Their baseline data were recorded and analyzed by Spearman's rank test and independent t-test. And the follow-up outcomes were analyzed with Kaplan-Meier plots.RESULTS:There were 27 males and 49 females with a mean age of 29.7 ± 9.7 years. They were classified into World Health Organization functional class (WHO-FC)II (n = 28), class III (n = 45) and class IV (n = 3). Their baseline mean pulmonary artery pressure was (65 ± 16) mm Hg, pulmonary vascular resistance (1677 ± 669) dyn×s(-1)×cm(-5), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (9.6 ± 5.0) mm Hg, mean right atrial pressure (9.8 ± 6.1) mm Hg, cardiac index (2.07 ± 0.57) L ×min(-1)× m(-2) and serum uric acid (391 ± 103) µmol/L. The correlation analysis indicated that the serum level of uric acid correlated positively with right ventricular diameter (r = 0.28, P = 0.018) and negatively with CI (r = -0.34, P = 0.003). Independent t-test results indicated that the patients with a higher level of uric acid were apt to have a worse WHO-FC, and the higher level uric acid group (serum uric acid > 416.5 µmol/L) had a relative higher level of WHO-FC, NT-proBNP and endothelin-1. A lower level of CI denoted more severe conditions and prognosis. Survival analysis indicated that the serum level of uric acid could strongly predict survival in IPAH patients with over time and those with a high level of uric acid had a worse prognosis.CONCLUSION:The serum level of uric acid correlates significantly with patient conditions and prognosis in IPAH. And a higher serum level of uric acid predicts worse conditions and prognosis.

OBJECTIVE:To understand the demographic, hemodynamic and clinical features of adult patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) in China.METHODS:Between May 2007 and October 2010, a total of 551 adult PH patients were recruited from 31 clinical centers all over China. All fulfilled the traditional hemodynamic criteria diagnosed through right heart catheterization (RHC). The relevant data of demographic, clinical and hemodynamic features of all patients, analyzed the similarities and differences of demographic characteristics between different subtypes. They were divided into 2 groups: WHO functional class I/II and III/IV. And their hemodynamic and clinical features were compared.RESULTS:There were 165 males and 386 females with a mean age of (35 ± 12) years. The mean body mass index (BMI) was (21 ± 4) kg/m(2). There were pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH, n = 487) and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH, n = 64). Fatigue (421, 76.4%) and dyspnea (398, 72.2%) were the most common symptoms; Physical examination revealed such a common sign as an accentuated pulmonic second sound (P(2)) in 510 patients (92.6%). Over half (325, 59.0%) of them were of WHO functional class II and 213 (38.6%) patients functional class III. The 6-minute walking distance (6MWD) and Borg dyspnea score were (352 ± 91) m and 3.0 (2.0 - 4.0) respectively. ECG of 497 (90.2%) patients showed right ventricular hypertrophy. Mean right atrial pressure was (9 ± 6) mm Hg (1 mm Hg = 0.133 kPa), pulmonary arterial pressure (67 ± 20) mm Hg, cardiac index (2.7 ± 1.2) Lmin(-1)m(-2) and pulmonary vascular resistance (1496 ± 783) dyn.sec.cm(-5).CONCLUSIONS:Young females with a low BMI are predominantly affected by PH. Severe functional and hemodynamic compromises often appear on presentation. And hemodynamic impairment is correlated with 6MWD and WHO functional class.

Objective:To explore the effect and treatment formula of intravenous iloprost injection for rescue the patients with severe pulmonary artery hypertension(PAH).Methods:A total of 9 patients with severe PAH in our hospital were treated with intravenous iloprost injection with the initial dose of 0.40～0.50 ng/(kg·min)up to 0.75～0.80 ng/(kg·min)according to PAH severity,and the duration of treatment lasted for 7～15 days.The clinical effects were observed and compared before and after iloprost treatment.Results:All 9 patients had improved cardiac function by NYHA grade after the treatment.The patients had increased brachial arterial pressure than it was before the treatment,(104.22±12.50)mmHg vs.(96.00±13.75)mmHg,decreased pulmonary arterial systolic pressure(90.29±15.82)mmHg vs.(100.86±32.75)mmHg,and decreased blood serum uric acid(402.81±156.13)μmol/L vs.(439.66±158.35)μmol/L,P<0.05 respectively.After the treatment,left ventricular end-diastolic dimension increased from(33.00±6.72)mm to(36.00±4.65)mm,right ventricular end-diastolic dimension decreased from(43.43±6.90)mm to(36.14±8.71)mm.Plasma NT-proBNP level decreased from(3705.82±1346.88)fmol/ml to(1402.28±718.44)fmol/ml.The most common side effects were hemorrhage,phlebitis and headache.Conclusion:Intravenous iloprost injection could improve the homodynamic and cardiac function,decrease the pulmonary arterial pressure in patients with severe PAH.