In 2015 the United Nations issued 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) addressing a wide range of global social, economic, and environmental challenges. The main goal of this paper is to provide an understanding of how the current System of Radiological Protection relates to these SDGs. In the first part it is proposed that the current System of Radiological Protection is implicitly linked to sustainable development. This is substantiated by analysing the features of the current System as set out by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) in its publications. In the second part it is proposed that sustainability should be considered and more explicitly addressed in the next ICRP general recommendations, as part of the currently ongoing review and revision of the current System. A few examples are given of how this could be realised, and it is proposed that this issue should be discussed and developed together with the international community interested in radiological protection.

The current paper is devoted to the key outcomes of the 68-th Session of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) which took place on-line in the form of videoconferences during 21-25 June 2021. 220 experts from 27 UNSCEAR Member-states, 4 experts from observer-states as well as the representatives of 12 international organizations participated in the work of the Session. Within the framework of the meetings of the Working group and subgroups the documents on the following projects were discussed: – R.748 Evaluation of occupational exposure to ionizing radiation. – R.749 Second primary cancer after radiotherapy. – R.750 Epidemiological studies of radiation and cancer. – R.751 Evaluation of public exposures to ionizing radiation from natural and other sources. – 68/7 Implementation of the Committee's strategy to improve collection, analysis and dissemination of data on radiation exposure. The Committee also discussed the future research program (2020-2024), UNSCEAR public outreach activities and Report to the UN General Assembly

The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has embarked on a process to review and revise the current System of Radiological Protection ('the System'). To stimulate discussion, the ICRP published two open-access articles: one on aspects of the System that might require review, and another on research that might improve the scientific foundation of the System. Building on these articles, the ICRP organized a Workshop on the Future of Radiological Protection as an opportunity to engage in the review and revision of the System. This digital workshop took place from 14 October-3 November 2021 and included 20 live-streamed and 43 on-demand presentations. Approximately 1500 individuals from 100 countries participated. Based on the subjects covered by the presentations, this summary is organized into four broad areas: the scientific basis, concepts and application of the System; and the role of the ICRP. Some of the key topics that emerged included the following: classification of radiation-induced effects; adverse outcome pathway methodologies; better understanding of the dose-response relationship; holistic and reasonable approaches to optimization of protection; radiological protection of the environment; ethical basis of the System; clarity, consistency and communication of the System; application of the System in medicine and application of the principles of justification and optimization of protection.

The paper dwells upon the key outcomes of the 69-th Session of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) which took place during 09-13 May 2022. The delegation of the Russian Federation took part in the Session in on-line format in the form of videoconferences. 153 experts from 31 UNSCEAR member-states as well as the representatives of 13 international organizations participated in the work of the Session. Within the framework of the meetings of the working group and subgroups the documents on the following projects were discussed: R.752 “Second primary cancer after radiotherapy”, R.753 “Epidemiological studies of radiation and cancer” and R.754 “Evaluation of public exposures to ionizing radiation from natural and other sources”. The Committee also discussed interim reports: (R.755 “Evaluation of diseases of the circulatory system from radiation exposure” and UNSCEAR/69/7 “Implementation of public information and outreach strategy for 2020–2024”), Reports of the Secretariat (R.756 “Strategy to improve collection, analysis and dissemination of data on radiation exposure (including considerations of the ad hoc working group on sources and exposure”, UNSCEAR/69/8 “Implementation of the Committee’s Future Programme of Work (2020–2024), and proposals for 2025–2029 period, including consideration of the Committee’s ad hoc working group on effects and mechanisms” and UNSCEAR/69/9 “UNSCEAR use of radiation protection quantities and units”), and Report to the UN General Assembly.

The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has embarked on a review and revision of the system of Radiological Protection that will update the 2007 general recommendations in ICRP Publication 103. This is the beginning of a process that will take several years, involving open and transparent engagement with organisations and individuals around the world. While the system is robust and has performed well, it must adapt to address changes in science and society to remain fit for purpose. The aim of this paper is to encourage discussions on which areas of the system might gain the greatest benefit from review, and to initiate collaborative efforts. Increased clarity and consistency are high priorities. The better the system is understood, the more effectively it can be applied, resulting in improved protection and increased harmonisation. Many areas are identified for potential review including: classification of effects, with particular focus on tissue reactions; reformulation of detriment, potentially including non-cancer diseases; re-evaluation of the relationship between detriment and effective dose, and the possibility of defining detriments for males and females of different ages; individual variation in the response to radiation exposure; heritable effects; and effects and risks in nonhuman biota and ecosystems. Some of the basic concepts are also being considered, including the framework for bringing together protection of people and the environment, incremental improvements to the fundamental principles of justification and optimisation, a broader approach to protection of individuals, and clarification of the exposure situations introduced in 2007. In addition, ICRP is considering identifying where explicit incorporation of the ethical basis of the system would be beneficial, how to better reflect the importance of communications and stakeholder involvement, and further advice on education and training. ICRP invites responses on these and other areas relating to the review of the System of Radiological Protection.

La Commission internationale de protection radiologique (CIPR) a initié un examen et une révision du système de radioprotection afin de mettre à jour les recommandations générales de 2007 dans la Publication 103 de la CIPR. Il s’agit du début d’un processus de plusieurs années qui nécessite une collaboration ouverte et transparente avec les organismes et les personnes du monde entier. Bien que le système soit robuste et efficace, il convient de l’adapter à l’évolution des connaissances scientifiques et de la société afin de demeurer adapté aux besoins. Le présent document vise à encourager les discussions sur les domaines du système qui pourraient bénéficier le plus d’un examen, et à engager des initiatives de collaboration. Le renforcement de la clarté et de la cohérence constitue une priorité. Plus le degré de compréhension du système est élevé, plus il est possible de l’appliquer efficacement, ce qui se traduit par une amélioration de la protection et une harmonisation accrue. De nombreux domaines pourraient faire l’objet d’un examen, notamment : la classification des effets, avec un accent particulier sur les réactions tissulaires ; la reformulation du détriment radiologique, qui pourrait inclure les maladies non cancéreuses ; la réévaluation de la relation entre le détriment et la dose efficace, et la possibilité de définir des détriments pour les hommes et les femmes et différentes classes d’âge ; la variation de la réponse individuelle à l’exposition aux rayonnements ; les effets héréditaires ; les effets et risques pour le biote non humain et les écosystèmes. Certains des concepts de base sont également examinés, notamment le cadre permettant de réunir la protection des personnes et de l’environnement, les améliorations progressives des principes fondamentaux de justification et d’optimisation, une approche plus large de la protection des personnes et la clarification des situations d’exposition introduites en 2007. En outre, la CIPR envisage de déterminer dans quels cas l’incorporation explicite des fondements éthiques dans le système présenterait un avantage, comment mieux refléter l’importance des échanges et de l’implication des parties prenantes, et de donner des conseils supplémentaires sur l’éducation et la formation. La CIPR invite à répondre à ces questions et à d’autres liées à l’examen du système de radioprotection.

The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has embarked on a review and revision of the system of Radiological Protection that will update the 2007 general recommendations in ICRP Publication 103. This is the beginning of a process that will take several years, involving open and transparent engagement with organisations and individuals around the world. While the system is robust and has performed well, it must adapt to address changes in science and society to remain fit for purpose. The aim of this paper is to encourage discussions on which areas of the system might gain the greatest benefit from review, and to initiate collaborative efforts. Increased clarity and consistency are high priorities. The better the system is understood, the more effectively it can be applied, resulting in improved protection and increased harmonisation. Many areas are identified for potential review including: classification of effects, with particular focus on tissue reactions; reformulation of detriment, potentially including non-cancer diseases; re-evaluation of the relationship between detriment and effective dose, and the possibility of defining detriments for males and females of different ages; individual variation in the response to radiation exposure; heritable effects; and effects and risks in non-human biota and ecosystems. Some of the basic concepts are also being considered, including the framework for bringing together protection of people and the environment, incremental improvements to the fundamental principles of justification and optimisation, a broader approach to protection of individuals, and clarification of the exposure situations introduced in 2007. In addition, ICRP is considering identifying where explicit incorporation of the ethical basis of the system would be beneficial, how to better reflect the importance of communications and stakeholder involvement, and further advice on education and training. ICRP invites responses on these and other areas relating to the review of the System of Radiological Protection.

The 67-th Session of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of the Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) took place in the form of videoconferences during 2-6 November 2020. Within the framework of the meetings of the Working group and subgroups the documents of the following projects were discussed: R.741 «Evaluation of medical exposure to ionizing radiation»; R.742 «Levels and effects of radiation exposure due to the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power station: implications of information published since the UNSCEAR 2013 report»; R.743 «Biological mechanisms relevant for the inference of cancer risks from lowdose and low dose rate radiation»; R.744 «Evaluation of occupational exposure to ionizing radiation»; R.745 «Second primary cancer after radiotherapy»; R.746 «Epidemiological studies of radiation and cancer»; R.747 «Evaluation of public exposures to ionizing radiation from natural and man-made sources»; Project 67/7 «Implementation of the Committee's strategy to improve collection, analysis and dissemination of data on radiation exposure». The Committee also discussed the future research program (2020–2024); report to the UN General Assembly; public outreach activity including the strategy for the period 2020–2024.

This article assesses the radiological environment at the nuclear site of the Mayak PA, Russian Federation, during and after the accident in 1957, the so-called 'Kyshtym Accident', and the radiation doses to those who participated in the eradication of its consequences. Based on numerous archival documents, this paper presents the radiation data for 1957-1960, including individual dosimetry monitoring data and estimated doses to the Mayak workers, as well as the to personnel in supporting organisations and the military involved in the remediation operations. From 1957-1959 some 38 500 individuals took part in the clean-up actions and remediation of contaminated areas of the Mayak PA industrial site after the accident, including individuals exposed at the time of the accident: Mayak PA employees, militarypersonnel, and civil construction workers. External equivalent doses to 10 500 individuals were estimated in the range of 220 to 265 mSv, while there were cases of doses up to 950 mSv and higher. The collective dose received during the accident and its aftermath was in the region of 7300 person-Sv. By October-December 1957, the collective dose was about 4500 person-Sv. Collective doses recorded in 1958 and 1959 amounted to 2250 person-Sv and 480 person-Sv, respectively.

Luminescence dosimetry was performed using bricks from the former settlement of Metlino, Southern Urals, Russia, to investigate the feasibility of validating the Techa River Dosimetry System (TRDS) 2016 for the shore of the Metlinsky Pond, upper Techa River region. TRDS is a code for estimating external and internal doses for members of the Extended Techa River Cohort. Several brick samples were taken from the north-western wall of the granary, facing the Metlinsky Pond. Samples were measured at different heights and at different depths into the bricks. Dating of the granary was performed by analyzing well shielded bricks. Assessment of the gamma dose-rate at the sample positions was done by thermoluminescent dosimeters and the dose-rate in front of the granary mapped with a dose-rate meter. Anthropogenic doses in bricks vary from 0.8 to 1.7 Gy and show an increase with sampling height. A similar height profile is observed for the current gamma dose-rate, which is compatible with the results of the dose-rate mapping. Implications for validating the TRDS are discussed.

Purpose: to assess the radiation situation on the industrial site of the PA “Mayak” during the accident in 1957 and the radiation doses of the participants in the liquidation of consequences of this accident. Materials and methods: on the basis of the archival documents analysis, radiation situation data for 1957 – 1960, IDC data and calculated doses of the Mayak workers, as well as supporting organizations personnel and military units involved in the liquidation of the accident consequences and covered by individual monitoring are presented. Results: in 1957 – 1959 about 38,5 thousand people took part in the works on the territory of the PA “Mayak” industrial site for liquidation of consequences of the accident, including persons exposed at the time of the accident: employees of “Mayak”, military and civil builders. Radiation doses from 25 to 30 R received about 10,5 thousand people, while there were single cases of exposure in doses up to 100 R. Conclusion: the collective dose received during the accident and liquidation of its consequences in 1957 was about 820 000 person-R. Collective doses recorded in 1958 and 1959 amounted to 250 000 person-R and 54 000 person-R, respectively.

Plutonium is one of the most toxic radioactive substances known. The isotope 239Pu gained attention when it had become known as a potential explosive material for atomic bombs. This paper describes the main problems encountered during the early years of operation of the first plutonium production plant in the former Soviet Union, the Mayak Production Association (Mayak PA). Mayak PA caused severe radioactive contamination of the environment and exposure personnel and population living in the vicinity areas to high radiation doses. The authors focus on key findings of large-scale studies on the internal dosimetry of workers for use in assessment of radiological risks from exposure to plutonium. This work presents an overview of the important issues for inhalation dose assessments such as generation of plutonium particles, plutonium intake, dissolution of plutonium particles, distribution of plutonium in humans, related exposures and health effects. Understanding the relationship between health effects, radiation dose and route of exposure helps quantify the health risks associated with occupational exposure in the nuclear industry and validate the radiation protection standards used in the Russian Federation and worldwide.

Риск-ориентированный подход при контроле внутреннего облучения от поступления плутонияВасиленко Е.К., Аладова Е

The current paper is devoted to the outcomes of the 66-th UNSCEAR Session which took place in Vienna during 10–14 June 2018. Within the framework of the meetings of the Working Group and subgroups the documents on the following projects were discussed: R.733. Evaluation of selected health effects and inference of risk due to radiation exposure. R.734. Evaluation of medical exposures to ionizing radiation. R.735. Evaluation of occupational exposures to ionizing radiation. R.736. Lung cancer from exposure to radon. R.737. Biological mechanisms relevant for the inference of cancer risks from low-dose radiation. R.738. Levels and effects of radiation exposure due to the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power station: implications of information published since the 2013 UNSCEAR report. R.739. Second primary cancer after radiotherapy. R.740. Epidemiological studies of radiation and cancer. The Committee also discussed: the future research program; report to the UN General Assembly; implementation of a strategy plan to improve collection, analysis and dissemination of data on radiation exposure; public outreach activity including the strategy for the period 2020–2024.

Current paper is devoted to the main outcomes of the 64th UNSCEAR Session which took place in Vienna during 10 – 14 June 2018. Within the framework of the meetings of the working group and subgroups the documents on the following projects were discussed: - Biological mechanisms influencing health effects from low-dose radiation exposure. - Developments since the 2013 UNSCEAR report on the levels and effects of radiation exposure due to the nuclear accident following the great East-Japan earthquake and tsunami: review of 2016 scientific literature including an evaluation of thyroid cancer data in regions affected by the Chernobyl accident. - Exposure of patients to ionizing radiation. - Exposure of workers to ionizing radiation. - Selected evaluations of health effects and of risk inference due to radiation exposure. - Lung cancer from exposure to radon and to penetrating radiation. In the course of the discussion, some organizational issues such as preparation of UNSCEAR publications, feasibility of establishing standing working groups, public outreach activities, future research program, report to the General Assembly etc., were considered.

Objective of the study: To conduct a comprehensive analysis and assessment of the dynamics of internal exposure levels in the territories contaminated due to the activities of the Mayak Production Association, based upon the results of long-term monitoring of the long-lived anthropogenic radionuclide body burden in residents of the Urals region. Materials and methods: The data of postmortem and in vivo examinations for three groups of population were analyzed: 1) residents of riverside villages of the upper and middle reaches of the Techa River, contaminated in 1949-1956 with liquid radioactive waste; 2) people who were exposed as a result of the 1957 accident on the territory of the East Urals Radioactive Trace; 3) residents of the Ozyorsk city, located at an 8 km distance from the enterprise. The following methods of the examinations were used: 1) radiochemical analysis of specimens of organs and tissues sampled at autopsy; 2) in vivo measurements with the use of the whole body counters. The results of measurements of cesium-137, strontium-90 and trans-uranium radionuclide body burden over the period 1950s – present are provided. Data analysis made it possible to distinguish two historically formed groups of population with the maximum levels of current strontium-90 and plutonium body burden. The first group included people who lived in the early 1950’s in the basin of the Techa River, for whom the levels of oral intake of 90Sr reached 1.4 MBq/year. The second group comprised residents of the Ozyorsk city, for whom the levels of inhalation intake of plutonium in the period 1951–1958 reached 8 Bq/year. Conclusion: Estimates of the committed effective doses due to the intake of long-lived radionuclides over the period from 1949 through 2012 for critical groups of residents of the Urals were: 300 mSv for former residents of the Muslyumovo settlement on the Techa River (90Sr contribution – 85%) and 13 mSv for residents of the Ozyorsk city (the contribution of trans-uranium radionuclides is 30%).

Недостатки нормирования облучения при поступлении плутонияВасиленко Е.К