Sperm-associated antigen 5 (SPAG5) is involved in various biological processes. However, the roles of SPAG5 in bladder urothelial carcinoma (BUC) are unknown. This study showed that upregulation of SPAG5 was detected frequently in primary BUC tissues, and was associated with significantly worse survival among the 112 patients that underwent radical cystectomy (RC). Up and downregulating the expression of SPAG5 enhanced or inhibited, respectively, the proliferation of BUC cells in vitro and in vivo, and suppressed or enhanced, respectively, apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, SPAG5 increased the resistance of BUC cells to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Mechanistic investigations showed that SPAG5 promotes proliferation and suppresses apoptosis in BUC at least partially via upregulating Wnt3 through activating the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. The importance of the SPAG5/AKT-mTOR/Wnt3 axis identified in BUC cell models was confirmed via immunohistochemical analysis of a cohort of human BUC specimens that underwent RC. Collectively, our data suggested that in patients with BUC who underwent RC, high SPAG5 expression is associated with poor survival. In addition, targeting SPAG5 might represent a novel therapeutic strategy to improve the survival of patients with BUC.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed at investigating the effects of rapamycin on apoptosis and autophagy of human acute promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60, and to preliminarily explore the mechanism of extra medullary infiltration of leukemia cells with human acute promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 as the object of study, providing a theoretical basis for the clinical treatment of leukemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After HL-60 cells were cultured in vitro, the effect of rapamycin on proliferation ability of HL-60 cells was determined by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) method, the cell apoptosis ratio was detected by flow cytometer, the change of autophagy after HL-60 cells acted by rapamycin was tested by monodansylcadaverine (MDC) fluorescence staining, the mRNA expression of autophagy-related molecule was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the expressions of apoptosis-related protein and autophagy-related protein were determined by Western blotting (WB). RESULTS: HL-60 cell proliferation could be significantly inhibited by rapamycin (80 mu g/mL640 mu g/mL), which was in a dose-dependent manner. HL-60 cell apoptosis ratio and apoptosis-related protein expression were distinctly improved by rapamycin. Cell autophagy level, mRNA expression of autophagy-related molecule and autophagy-related protein expression were remarkably induced by rapamycin. CONCLUSIONS: Rapamycin can induce HL-60 cell apoptosis, which is produced mainly by inducing cell autophagy.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate risk factors related to kidney injury in children with Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP) and to study the therapeutic effects of hemoperfusion (HP) on kidney injury in HSP children, providing clinical evidence for early prevention and treatment of HSP.PATIENTS AND METHODS:Children who suffered from HSP for the first time were selected as study objects and they were followed up for 12 months. Single factor analysis and multi-factor Logistic regression analysis were performed for children's demographic characteristics (age, gender), clinical manifestations (rash duration time, rash recurrence times, digestive tract hemorrhage, abdominal pain, arthralgia, HSP recurrence) and laboratory indexes (peripheral blood WBC, PLT, ESR, CRP, serum IgG, serum IgA, IgM, serum C3, serum C4, TC, TG, HDL, LDL). Meanwhile, participants were divided into treatment group (HP treatment) and control group, and the protective effects of HP on renal function of HSP children were discussed.RESULTS:Single factor analysis indicated age ≥ 6 years, rash recurrence ≥ 3 times, rash duration time ≥ 1 month, digestive tract hemorrhage, peripheral blood PLT, WBC, serum TC and serum LDL levels had statistically significant differences between the two groups. Multi-factor Logistic regression analysis indicated rash recurrence ≥ 3 times, digestive tract hemorrhage, decline of peripheral blood PLT count, and increases of serum TC and LDL were closely related to kidney injury of HSP children. After discharge, kidney injury comparison between treatment group and control group in follow-up had a statistical difference.CONCLUSIONS:Rash recurrence ≥ 3 times, digestive tract hemorrhage, decline in peripheral blood PLT count, increases of serum TC and LDL, are risk factors of kidney injury in HSP children. HP can protect renal function of HSP children.

Tianjin University of Technology and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012 In this paper, we study the effect of spontaneously generated coherence (SGC) on transient evolution of gain without inversion (GWI) in a Doppler broadened quasi Λ-type four-level atomic system. It is shown that transient evolution of GWI is very sensitive to the variation of SGC strength, and the transient maximum value and steady value of GWI both increase with SGC strength increasing. The transient and steady values of GWI with SGC are much larger than those without SGC. When Doppler broadening is present, the transient maximum value and steady value of GWI first increase and then decrease with Doppler broadening width (D) increasing, and the value of D which corresponds to the maximum transient GWI is different from that corresponding to the maximum steady GWI. The time needed for reaching the steady GWI increases with D increasing. The steady GWI, which is larger than that without Doppler broadening (D = 0), can be obtained by choosing appropriate D and SGC strength.

It is shown that in a Doppler broadened open N-type four-level atomic system with spontaneously generated coherence (SGC), the gain without inversion (GWI) is very sensitive to the variation of the relative phase between the probe field and the driving field; the atomic exit rate (R0) and the ratio (S) of the atomic injection rates have a considerable modulation effect on the phase-dependent GWI. GWI first increases and then decreases with R0 increasing; in a certain value range of S, GWI increases monotonically with S increasing; by adjusting the values of R0 and S, in an open system a much larger GWI can be obtained than in the corresponding closed system [2011 Phys. Rev. A 83 043805]. The modulation effects of R0 and S on the phase-dependent GWI in the case with the counter-propagating probe and driving fields are stronger than those in the co-propagating case, GWI in the co-propagating case is much larger than that in the counter-propagating case.

Using the numerical result, the influence of the Doppler broadening on the two-photon absorption related to vacuum induced coherence is discussed. In the absence of Doppler broadening, when VIC is absent, the absorption curve has a double-peak structure and the electromagnetically induced transparency phenomenon can occur; when VIC is present, the absorption curve has a single-peak structure and EIT phenomenon does not appear. In the presence of Doppler broadening, regardless of VIC being present or not, EIT phenomenon always can occur; when VIC is absent, no matter whether the propagation directions of the probe and driving fields are the same or opposite, with the Doppler broadening width (D) increasing, the absorption first increases and then decreases and the absorption curve changes gradually from a double-peak structure to a single-peak structure; when VIC is present, if propagation directions of the probe and driving fields are the same, with the value of D increasing, the absorption first increases and then decreases and the absorption curve changes gradually from a single-peak structure to a double-peak structure; if propagation directions of the probe and driving fields are opposite, with the value of D increasing, the absorption decreases monotonieally and the absorption curve remains a single-peak structure.

Using the numerical result, the influence of the Doppler broadening on the vacuum induced coherence (VIC) related probe field absorption is discussed. It is shown that if there exists no Doppler broadening, only when VIC is absent can the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) phenomenon occur; VIC leads the probe field absorption to vary obviously and the gain to appear; in both cases with and without VIC, the absorption curve has a double-peak structure which is symmetrical about the probe detuning. If there exists the Doppler broadening, in both cases with and without VIC, EIT phenomenon can always occur; VIC still leads the probe field absorption to vary obviously and the gain to appear; no matter whether the VIC is present. The probe field absorption has the following characteristics: the absorption curve no longer has symmetry about the probe field detuning and changes gradually from the double-peak structure to the single-peak structure with Doppler broadening width (D) increasing; the probe field absorption does not monotonically increase or decrease with D increasing; the probe field absorption, when the probe and driving fields propagate along the opposite directions, is smaller than that when the probe and driving fields propagate along the same directions.

Influence of relative phase between probe and driving fields(ф) on propagation effect of a Doppler broadened quasi-Λ type four-level atomic system with spontaneously generated coherence(SGC) is numerically studied.It is shown that by choosing ф,we can obtain greater GWI and longer propagation distance where GWI exists and hence obtain higher LWI intensity.Doppler broadening width and propagation directions of probe and driving fields have considerable effect on phase-dependent spatial evolutions of GWI and LWI intensity.

In this paper we study the influence of the relative phase between the probe and driving fields on propagation effect in an open Doppler broadening V-type three-level atomic system with spontaneously generated coherence (SGC) by using the calculation result of the density matrix motion equations and the propagation equations of the driving and probe fields. It is shown that the relative phase (Φ) has remarkable periodical influence on the propagation effect, and the period is 2π. By selecting appropriate value of Φ, we can get larger lasing without inversion (LWI) gain and longer propagation distance in which gain exists, and hence obtain higher probe field (i.e. LWI) intensity. When Φ=π/2, the largest LWI gain and probe field intensity can be got. In addition, the atomic exit rate (γ 0) and ratio (S) of the atomic injection rates also have a considerable modulation role on the phase-dependent propagation effect. In certain value range of γ 0 (S), LWI gain and probe field intensity increase with γ 0 (S) increasing. In the open system, LWI gain and probe field intensity much larger than those in the corresponding closed system can be obtained.

In this paper we study influences of Doppler broadening,spontaneously generated coherence,and other system parameters on propagation effect in a quasi lambda-type four-level atomic system.It is shown that when the Doppler broadening is present,generally speaking,the values of gain and intensity of lasing without inversion （i.e.the probe field） in the co-propagating probe and driving fields case are much larger than those in the counter-propagating case;considerably larger gain and intensity of lasing without inversion than those without the Doppler broadening can be obtained by choosing appropriate values of the Doppler broadening width and spontaneously generated coherence strength.The gain and intensity of lasing without inversion increase with the increase of spontaneously generated coherence strength;when spontaneously generated coherence is present,much larger gain and intensity of lasing without inversion than those in the case without spontaneously generated coherence can be obtained.Choosing suitable values of the probe detuning,Rabi frequencies of the driving and pump fields at the entrance of the medium also can remarkably enhance the gain and intensity of lasing without inversion.

The propagation effect in an open V-type three-level atomic system with spontaneously generated coherence is studied by numerical calculation. The results show that changing the relative phase between the probe and driving field has an important effect on variations of gain and intensity of lasing without inversion (LWI) with propagation distance, i.e. spatial evolution; variation of ratio (S) between the atomic injection rate and atomic exit rate (r(0)) has a remarkable modulation role in phase-dependent spatial evolution. In a certain range of S (r(0)), with value of S (r(0)) increasing, LWI gain and intensity increase and the propagation distance needed for reaching an intensity maximum value becomes longer; In a corresponding closed system, the maxima of LWI gain, intensity and the propagation distance along which the gain can be produced are smaller than in an open system. The Doppler effect also has an obvious influence on spatial evolutions of LWI gain and intensity, values of LWI gain and intensity are smaller in the presence of Doppler effect than in the absence of Doppler effect.

The influence of Doppler broadening and relative phase between probe and driving fields on transient evolution in a quasi Λ-type four-level atomic system with spontaneously generated coherence is studied. It is shown that the relative phase (φ) has an obvious effect on transient evolution rule of gain without inversion (GWI) but just a small effect on transient evolution rule of gains (absorptions) of the pumping and driving fields;the variation of the Doppler broadening width (D) also has a considerable modulation role on phase-dependent transient evolution of GWI;for a fixed value of φ, with D increasing, the time needed to obtain steady GWI becomes longer;for different values of D, the time needed to obtain maximum GWI is also different;the value of D corresponding to the largest transient GWI is different from that corresponding to the largest steady GWI; when Doppler broadening appears, larger GWI can be obtained by choosing suitable values of φ and D, and propagation directions of the probe and driving fields also have a remarkable effect on phase-dependent transient evolution of GWI; when the propagation directions of the probe and driving fields are the same, a larger GWI can be obtained.

With numerical solution of density matrix motion equations of an open V-type three-level atomic system with spontaneously generated coherence, we analyze transient evolution of gain of lasing without inversion (LWI). It is shown that relative phase (φ) between probe and driving fields has a significant effect on transient evolution of gain regardless of incoherent pump; Greater transient and steady gains can be obtained by selecting φ; As incoherent pump is absent, longer time is needed to get the greatest transient gain and steady gain. Oscillation amplitude in the evolution process is greater, and gain is also greater; Changing atomic exit rate r 0 (ratio of atomic injection rates S) leads to detail of gain transient evolution. In certain range of r 0 (S), transient and steady gains increase with S(r 0).

This paper studies manly spatial evolution of gain without inversion (GWI) and the Rabi frequency E (intensity ɛp) of the probe field in an open V-type three-level inversionless lasing system with spontaneously generated coherence (SGC) for both cases with and without Doppler broadening. We found that: (1) Varying sizes of SGC strength (measured by angle θ), atomic exit rate (r0) and ratio (S) of the atomic injection rates has remarkable effect on spatial evolutions of GWI and E (ɛp). This effect in the case with Doppler broadening is similar to but weaker than that in the case without Doppler broadening. (2) Regardless of that Doppler broadening is present or not, GWI and E (ɛp) increase with increase of θ, r0 and S in certain value ranges of θ, r0 and S; in the case with SGC we can obtain GWI and E (ɛp) much larger than those in the case without SGC, while by choosing values of γ0 and S, in the open system we can obtain LWI gain and E (ɛp) much larger than those in the corresponding closed system. (3) The propagation distance in which GWI exists in the case with Doppler broadening is longer than that in the case without Doppler broadening; in the case without Doppler broadening, we can obtain larger GWI than that in the case with Doppler broadening; but in the case with Doppler broadening, we can obtain larger E (ɛp) than that in the case without Doppler broadening.

The effect of vacuum-induced coherence (VIC) on the gain of lasing without inversion (LWI) is studied in an open four-level atomic system with Doppler broadening for both cases: co- and counter-propagating probe and driving fields. The results show that: (1) in general, for a fixed VIC strength, LWI gain decreases monotonously with the value of the Doppler broadening width increasing. Regardless of the Doppler broadening being obvious or not, the LWI gain much larger than that without VIC always can be gotten by choosing suitable VIC strength, i.e. values of two factors p1 and p2 which represent the VIC effect. (2) Varying p1 or p2 will produce remarkable different influence on the LWI gain, and the influence is closely related to the value of the Doppler broadening width. (3) In the case of counter-propagating probe and driving fields, when the Doppler broadening is large enough, gain oscillation occurs. For the same value of the Doppler broadening width, the oscillation amplitude increases with increasing values of strength of VIC. (4) The atomic exit and injection rates also can dramatically affect LWI gain. (5) The LWI gain for the co-propagating probe and driving fields is always larger than that for the counter-propagating probe and driving fields. (6) A much larger LWI gain in open system than that in the corresponding closed system can be obtained.

In this paper, we investigate theoretically the effect of the relative phase (phi) between the probe and driving fields on gain (absorption) and dispersion of the probe field in a Doppler-broadened N-type four-level system with spontaneously generated coherence from different respects. It is shown that gain (absorption) and dispersion are very sensitive to variations in the relative phase, and changing the Doppler width also has an obvious effect on the phase-dependent gain (absorption) and dispersion. When the probe and driving fields have the same propagation directions (copropagating), for the same Doppler width, the dispersion curve with phi = alpha is the same as the gain (absorption) curve with phi = alpha + pi/2; however, when the probe and driving fields have opposite propagation directions (counterpropagating), the dispersion curve and gain (absorption) curve are different and the difference becomes more considerable with an increase in Doppler width. In the co- and counterpropagating cases, gain (absorption) and dispersion always vary periodically with varying phi, and the period is 2 pi. By adjusting the value of phi, the largest gain (absorption) and dispersion can be obtained, and a large index of refraction without absorption can be realized. Generally speaking, gain decreases with an increase in Doppler width, but by adjusting value of phi, at some special values of Doppler width, a larger gain than that without Doppler broadening can be obtained. Our study also shows that gain in the copropagating case is much larger than that in the counterpropagating case.

In this paper we compared effects of relative carry-envelope phase (RCEP) of two-color few cycle pulses on propagation behavior and spectral property under the single-photon resonant condition in the dense and dilute lambda-type three-level atomic mediums. It is found that, in the dense medium, with propagation distance increasing, the compound pulse of the two-color few cycle pulses will split into two or three sub-pulses with different amplitudes and shapes, or does not split, and this is completely determined by value size of RCEP; with value of RCEP decreasing, range and strength of the spectrum (particularly the higher spectral components) increase obviously, the highest frequency is about eight times of the resonance frequency. In the corresponding dilute medium, effect of RCEP on propagating behavior and spectral property is much different from that in the dense medium; specially with value of RCEP decreasing, spectral strength increasing is evident but spectral range not, the highest frequency of the spectrum is only about two times of the resonance frequency.