Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder characterized by reproductive and metabolic disturbances, which causes a chronic lack of ovulation that leads to increased incidence of atypical endometrial hyperplasia and carcinogenesis. Increasing evidence indicates that metabolic changes may play a crucial role in PCOS pathogenesis; however, the metabolic profile of fluid in PCOS-related endometrium has not yet been characterized. In this study, we successfully constructed three cases of endometrial organoids derived from clinically healthy endometrium. We established a high-androgen model by adding different ratios of estradiol and testosterone to simulate PCOS-like characteristics. Through scanning electron microscopy and immunofluorescence detection, we found that extra androgen treatment-induced cellular damage led to cellular fragments and apoptosis. The intra-organoid fluid (IOF) and extra-organoid fluid (EOF) of the organoids were separated and analyzed by high-throughput quantitative metabolomics. The results showed that amino acid metabolism, specifically glutamine metabolic changes, was the major metabolic pathway altered in the EOF; meanwhile, changes in fatty acids were the main metabolites in the IOF among the groups. Specifically, the in vitro model confirmed that glutamine enhances endometrial stromal cell decidualization with altered mitochondrial function during the implantation process, which may provide the basis for metabolic marker screening and for identifying potential metabolic targets for intervention in female infertility related to PCOS.

OBJECTIVES:To investigate the risk factors of coronary heart disease (CHD) and develop a risk assessment model for CHD in postmenopausal women. METHODS:General information, medical history, and laboratory test results of the patients were collected from postmenopausal women with CHD admitted to two medical centers in Yangzhou (Jiangsu Province, China) from November, 2018 to November, 2023. After excluding cases with incomplete medical records, 1197 patients were included, who were divided into the training cohort (n=821) and validation cohort (n=376) based on the hospital of admission. In the training cohort, the risk factors for CHD in postmenopausal women were identified using Lasso regression, multivariate logistic regression analysis, and machine learning algorithms including Light GradientBoosting Machine (LGBM), Random Forest (RF), Decision Tree (DT), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), and Naive Bayes (NB). Risk assessment models were constructed using these algorithms, and their performance was evaluated using ROC curves, decision curve analysis (DCA), and calibration curves. RESULTS:Lasso regression suggested body mass index (BMI) classification and glycated hemoglobin were independent risk factors for CHD in postmenopausal women, whereas age at menopause and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were independent protective factors (P<0.05). Among the machine learning models, XGBoost demonstrated the best assessment performance in both the training set (AUC: 0.912; sensitivity: 0.892; specificity: 0.766; recall: 0.892; F1-score: 0.899) and the validation set (AUC: 0.891; sensitivity: 0.836; specificity: 0.921; recall: 0.837; F1-score: 0.877). Calibration curve and DCA curve analyses indicated good consistency between the predicted and actual outcomes. A nomogram and SHAP summary plot were used to visualize and interpret the logistic regression model and the XGBoost model, respectively. CONCLUSIONS:The risk assessment model for CHD in Chinese postmenopausal women established in this study demonstrates good accuracy and applicability to allow early identification of high-risk patients.

OBJECTIVE:This exploratory analysis of a randomized controlled trial aimed to identify baseline predictors of dropout in overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) participating in a lifestyle intervention program. METHODS:An exploratory analysis was conducted using data from a randomized controlled trial involving overweight or insulin-resistant women with PCOS aged 18-45. All participants received cyclic progestin, metformin, and a structured lifestyle intervention. Dropout was defined as proactive withdrawal, missing two consecutive visits, or loss of contact for more than six months. Univariate and adjusted multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with dropout. RESULTS:Among the participants, 61.06% (n = 69) dropped out within one year. No significant differences were observed in baseline demographic, clinical, biochemical, psychological, or dietary characteristics between completers and dropouts. However, baseline physical activity level (PAL), objectively measured using an accelerometer, was identified as the strongest predictor of dropout. Each 0.3-unit increase in PAL was associated with a 29.6% reduction in the likelihood of dropout. CONCLUSION:Baseline PAL is strongly associated with the risk of dropout. Screening for PAL in women with PCOS is recommended, and those with lower PAL should receive personalized support in addition to lifestyle interventions to improve adherence and promote weight loss.

Approximately 16% of stroke-related deaths can be attributed to PM2.5, and extensive evidence has consistently linked short-term exposure to PM2.5 to an increased risk of ischemic stroke onset. However, most previous studies rely on the assumption of a constant impact of PM2.5 over time, despite emerging evidence on the time-variant nature of PM2.5-associated health effects. This study aims to assess the temporal changes in the association between PM2.5 and its components and the risk of ischemic stroke. We employed the case-crossover design and included 1,625,763 participants from the Chinese Stroke Center Alliance (CSCA) program. Conditional logistic models were used to estimate the acute effect of PM2.5 and its components on the ischemic stroke onset. Temporal changes in PM2.5 and its components were evaluated across two periods (2015-2017 and 2018-2022) and annually. A 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 at lag 0 day demonstrated a stronger association with ischemic stroke during Period 1 (percent change in risk: 0.54% [0.42 to 0.65%]) compared to Period 2 (0.29% [0.19 to 0.38%]), indicating a significant decline of -0.25% (-0.40 to -0.10%). This decreasing trend was consistent across five PM2.5 components, particularly for black carbon (BC), which exhibited the largest reduction (-4.47% [-7.47, -1.38%]). Nonlinear exposure-response curves for PM2.5 and its components also exhibited a steeper trend in Period 1. By integrating individual ischemic stroke onset data from over 2,600 hospitals across China, our study demonstrates a declining trend in the health effects of PM2.5 and its chemical components on ischemic stroke onset. These findings highlight the importance of accounting for temporal variations in PM2.5-related health effects when estimating disease burden, designing and evaluating air pollution control policies, and informing public health decision-making.

BackgroundPolycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) manifests as a heterogeneous disorder, yet the extent to which metabolic dysfunction drives specific phenotypes independent of obesity remains debated. This study aimed to delineate the distinct clinical and pathophysiological characteristics of Hyperandrogenic (HA) versus 38 Non-Hyperandrogenic (Non-HA) phenotypes, with a specific focus on disentangling the roles of insulin resistance and adiposity in driving androgen excess.MethodsA retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted involving 301 women with PCOS and 144 controls. Patients were stratified into Non-HA (n=49) and HA (n=252) subgroups based strictly on comprehensive androgen profiling (biochemical and clinical assessment). We utilised multivariate logistic regression to identify independent predictors of the HA phenotype and stratified linear regression models to map the relationships between metabolic indices (HOMA-IR, BMI) and reproductive parameters.ResultsThe HA phenotype was characterised by significantly more severe oligo-anovulation and metabolic disturbance compared to the Non-HA group, despite comparable age (P=0.069). Multivariate analysis adjusted for potential confounders revealed that HOMA-IR was a robust, independent predictor of the HA phenotype (aOR=1.35, P=0.003), comparable to LH (aOR=1.09, P=0.012). Crucially, Body Mass Index (BMI) failed to retain statistical significance (aOR=0.98, P=0.682) in the adjusted model, indicating that the association between metabolic dysfunction and hyperandrogenism is not mediated solely by adiposity. Stratified linear regression further demonstrated a distinct positive trajectory between HOMA-IR and testosterone specifically within the HA cohort (R2=0.20,P=0.013), a relationship absent in the Non-HA group. Conversely, in Non-HA patients, menstrual cycle prolongation correlated with LH levels rather than metabolic markers, suggesting a predominant neuroendocrine aetiology.ConclusionOur findings demonstrate that PCOS encompasses two pathophysiologically distinct entities. The Non-HA phenotype appears driven primarily by neuroendocrine dysregulation, whereas the HA phenotype is intrinsically linked to metabolic dysfunction, specifically insulin resistance. Most importantly, we confirm that insulin resistance drives the hyperandrogenic phenotype independently of obesity. These data support a paradigm shift towards phenotype-specific management, necessitating aggressive insulin-sensitising strategies for hyperandrogenic patients regardless of their BMI.

Background: Understanding the dietary and lifestyle factors associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is of public health significance. The combined effects of an antioxidant diet and lifestyle on HPV infection remain unclear. We aim to investigate the association between oxidative balance score (OBS) and HPV infection in women. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 8204 female participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2016. Sixteen dietary and four lifestyle components were used to calculate the OBS. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze the association between OBS and HPV infection. Restricted cubic splines were used to examine the dose-response relationship. Results: Among the included participants, 3620 (44.1 %) had an HPV infection. The risk of HPV infection decreased with higher OBS, from 52.6 % in the lowest quintile of OBS (Q1) to 37.0 % in the highest quintile of OBS (Q5). After multivariable adjustment, the ORs (95 % CIs) for Q2-Q5 of OBS were 0.93 (0.74-1.17), 0.81 (0.64-1.01), 0.73 (0.59-0.90), and 0.70 (0.57-0.85), respectively, compared with the Q1 group. OBS was also negatively associated with the risk of multiple HPV infections. There was a linear dose-response relationship between OBS and HPV infection (P for nonlinearity = 0.855). Conclusions: An antioxidative lifestyle is associated with a lower prevalence of genital HPV infection in women. Future prospective studies are needed to validate the effect of OBS on the risk of incident and persistent infection with HPV.

Highlights• Whole-blood selenium showed a U-shaped association with liver fat (nadir ~140 µg/L)• Selenium stayed influential within a multi-metal mixture (inclusion probability 1.00)• Mercury–selenium antagonism plausibly underlies the U-shape’s declining arm• The selenium U-shape replicated in an independent 2021–2023 NHANES cycle• Dietary selenium ratios did not replicate, unlike the whole-blood selenium signal

The long-term effects of chronic low-dose radiation exposure remain a subject of debate, with studies suggesting a range of outcomes from negligible to significant health impacts. This multi-center cohort study followed 210 newly hired healthcare workers in radiation-related occupations for 9 years, from January 2015 to December 2023. Health effects were evaluated using Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance (rMANOVA). Significant interactions were explored using Bonferroni’s post hoc analysis and Bayesian methods. Repeated-measures regression models and Restricted Cubic Splines (RCS) models were employed to further assess the statistical significance and strength of evidence. Sensitivity analyses were performed employing Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) to ensure robustness of the results. The per-protocol set included 111 subjects after accounting for exclusions and losses to follow-up. The rMANOVA models identified subtle but statistically significant differences across multiple follow-up intervals for various health indices. Parameters with Bayes factors (BF10) greater than 100, indicating extremely strong evidence for the alternative hypothesis, included RBC, MCV, MCH, MCHC, PH, SG, TP, ALB, GLB, and A/G. Per 1-mSv increment in instantaneous Hp(10), MCV decreased by 5.96 fL (95

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is the most prevalent metabolic and endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age. Long-term management is crucial, yet the poor compliance and low sustainability of lifestyle interventions limit their effectiveness. Digital health interventions have demonstrated the potential to improve patient compliance. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates the efficacy of digital health interventions in improving PCOS management. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on digital health interventions for PCOS by searching databases from inception until November 2025. The quality of included studies was evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool, and publication bias was examined with funnel plots, Egger’s test, and Trim and Fill method. We used RevMan 5.4 software for the meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy of these interventions. Subgroup analyses based on intervention duration and outcome measurement tools were performed to further clarify their benefits for PCOS patients. Twenty-five RCTs were included. The meta-analysis demonstrated that digital health interventions significantly improved treatment compliance (P = 0.007), compliance behavior (P < 0.05), quality of life (P = 0.04), and healthy lifestyle modifications-including dietary rhythm, sports consciousness, dietary content, and rhythm of life (all P < 0.05). Significant reductions were observed in body mass index (P = 0.02), waist circumference (P < 0.00001), serum testosterone (P = 0.002), anxiety (P < 0.00001), and depressive symptoms (P < 0.00001). However, no significant differences were observed in luteinizing hormone (P = 0.68), follicle-stimulating hormone levels (P = 0.97), or body awareness of lifestyle changes (P = 0.24). Subgroup analysis indicated that digital health interventions significantly improved body mass index after ≥ 6 months (P < 0.05) and effectively alleviated anxiety and depression regardless of intervention duration. Digital health interventions represent a valuable adjunct in the long-term management of PCOS, demonstrating efficacy across clinical, behavioral, and psychological domains. Registration number: CRD 420,251,002,149.

BACKGROUND:Endometriosis is a debilitating, chronic disease that affects approximately 10% of women of reproductive age worldwide. The most common symptom is chronic pelvic pain, which leads to a reduced quality of life and requires lifelong treatment. The current standard of care for endometriosis is pain management, which consists mainly of medical and surgical treatment. Appropriate physical activity (PA) and exercise can help manage both physical and psychological symptoms of chronic conditions. Consequently, this systematic review and meta-analysis was designed to assess the effectiveness and safety of PA and exercise in women with endometriosis. METHODS:We searched the published literature in Pubmed, Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were obtained to assess the effects of physical activity and exercise on women with endometriosis. The random or fixed effects model was used to analyze the data in meta-analysis. The results were expressed as weighted mean differences (WMD) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS:Six RCTs were identified in our systematic review, involving 251 patients. The results indicated that physical activity and exercise have a beneficial impact on quality of life, pain intensity, mental health, pelvic floor dysfunction, and bone density. However, due to the heterogeneity of the outcome measures and the incomplete reporting of the results in the studies included in this review, only a simple meta-analysis of two studies could be performed. The meta-analysis demonstrated that physical activity and exercise have a significant impact on the improvement of quality of life, particularly in the context of pain (P <0.0001), control and powerlessness (P <0.00001), and emotional well-being (P = 0.006). CONCLUSION:The present review indicates that physical activity and exercise have beneficial effects on the treatment of symptoms associated with endometriosis, particularly in terms of improving quality of life and providing pain relief. Due to the limitation in the quality of involved studies and the short duration of treatment, more RCTs with high-quality, long-term duration are needed for further validation. TRIAL REGISTRATION:Systematic review registration: Registration number: CRD 42024547551.

BACKGROUND:This study was performed to investigate the influence of insulin resistance (IR) on bone turnover markers in girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty (ICPP). METHODS:One hundred and sixteen ICPP girls and 91 healthy girls were enrolled in this study. The levels of total procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (P1NP), N-terminal midfragment of osteocalcin (N-MID), β-C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (β-CTX), insulin, and other biochemical parameters were detected. RESULTS:The serum P1NP and β-CTX levels were significantly different between the non-IR and IR groups and the control group (p < 0.05). Serum N-MID was not significantly different among the groups (p > 0.05). The serum P1NP level was negatively correlated with vitamin D (r = -0.162, p < 0.05) and positively correlated with homeostatic model assessment for IR (r = 0.160, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS:The influence of ICPP on bone turnover markers may be associated with IR for girls with ICPP. Strict blood glucose control and insulin regulation appear to play an extremely important role in restoring bone metabolism status in ICPP girls.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of behavioral intervention for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).MethodsElectronic databases were searched, including Pubmed, Medline, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from inception to 1 April 2023. Inclusion criteria for this study required a diagnosis of PCOS. Interventions of interest included behavioral intervention and routine treatment compared with routine treatment. The studies included in the analysis were designed as randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We conducted meta-analyses following the recommended guidelines. The data was analyzed using either the random effects model or fixed effects model. The results of the studies were expressed as either mean differences (MD) or standardized mean differences (SMD) along with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs).ResultsEight RCTs were identified, including data from 744 patients (415 in the intervention group and 329 in the control group). The results indicate an improvement in the effectiveness of behavioral interventions for weight loss (MD: -1.07; 95% CI: -2.1 to 0.03; I2 = 0%; P=0.04), body mass index (BMI) (MD: -1.12; 95% CI: -1.92 to -0.33; I2 = 73%; P=0.006), waist circumference (MD: -3.97; 95% CI: -5.64 to -2.29; I2 = 0%; P<0.00001), quality of life about weight (MD: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.15 to 1.02; I2 = 0%; P=0.008), depression (SMD: -1.12; 95% CI: -2.35 to -0.07; I2 = 92%; P=0.04), and triglycerides (MD: -0.16; 95% CI: -0.27 to -0.05; I2 = 27%; P=0.004). However, there were no significant differences in menstrual cycles, hirsutism, emotions, and infertility. The study also found that behavioral interventions had no significant effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, testosterone, total cholesterol, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, hemoglobin A1C, and sex hormone binding globulin.ConclusionBehavioral intervention supplementation contributes to weight loss, reduction in BMI and waist circumference, and improvement in depression among patients with PCOS. However, no significant improvement was observed in the biochemical index and quality of life. The long-term effects of behavioral intervention for PCOS remain unclear due to limitations in the quality of the studies involved and the short duration of treatment.Systematic Review Registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO, identifier CRD42023442875.

In recent years, with the acceleration of industrialization, the decline of male fertility caused by heavy metal pollution has attracted much attention. However, whether the inhibition of testicular function after cadmium exposure is reversible remains to be studied. In this study, we constructed rat models of cadmium exposure and dis-exposure, and collected relative samples to observe the changes of related indicators. The results showed that cadmium exposure could reduce the fertility, inhibit the hypothalamic-pituitary-testis axis and activate hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function, the testicular GR/PI3K-AKT/AMPK signal was abnormal, cell proliferation was inhibited and apoptosis was enhanced. Four weeks after the exposure was stopped, the fertility was still decreased, testicular testosterone synthesis and spermatogenesis were inhibited, cell proliferation was inhibited and apoptosis was enhanced, but all of them were reversed. After eight weeks of cadmium exposure, the above indicators were observed to return to normal. At the same time, by giving different concentrations of corticosterone to spermatogonium, we confirmed that corticosterone may regulate the proliferation and apoptosis of spermatogonium through GR/PI3K-AKT/AMPK signal. In this study, the reproductive toxicity of cadmium, a metal environmental pollutant, was analyzed in depth to provide a new theoretical and experimental basis for ensuring male reproductive health.

ObjectiveThis systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the association between circulating irisin levels and osteoporosis in women, exploring irisin’s potential role in the pathophysiology and management of osteoporosis.MethodWe searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CNKI, WanFang, and VIP databases up to January 2023. The inclusion criteria were observational studies reporting on circulating irisin levels in women. The standardized mean difference (SMD) and correlation coefficients with a 95% confidence interval (CI) were used as the main effect measures under a random-effects model. Heterogeneity was evaluated using the Cochrane Q statistic and the I2 statistics. Subgroup analysis and univariate meta-regression analysis were performed to identify the sources of heterogeneity. The quality of the included study was assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa Score. The quality of evidence was evaluated using the GRADE system. Publication bias was assessed using Begg’s and Egger’s test, and the trim-and-fill method. Sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the stability of the results.ResultsFifteen studies with a total of 2856 participants met the criteria. The analysis showed significantly lower irisin levels in postmenopausal osteoporotic women compared to non-osteoporotic controls (SMD = -1.66, 95% CI: -2.43 to -0.89, P < 0.0001; I2 = 98%, P < 0.00001) and in postmenopausal individuals with osteoporotic fractures than in non-fractures controls (SMD = -1.25, 95% CI: -2.15 to -0.34, P = 0.007; I2 = 97%, P < 0.00001). Correlation analysis revealed that irisin levels positively correlated with lumbar spine BMD (r = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.18 to 0.54), femoral BMD (r = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.18 to 0.42), and femoral neck BMD (r = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.14 to 0.47) in women. Despite significant heterogeneity, the robustness of the results was supported by using the random effects model and sensitivity analysis.ConclusionThe current evidence suggests that lower irisin levels are significantly associated with osteoporosis and fracture in postmenopausal women, suggesting its utility as a potential biomarker for early detection of osteoporosis and therapeutic target. However, further high-quality prospective research controlling for confounding factors is needed to clarify the relationship between irisin levels and osteoporotic outcomes.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO, identifier CRD42023410264.

Background and Aim: Glycated albumin (GA) is a biomarker monitoring glycemia 2-4 - 4 weeks before stroke onset. This study was designed to explore the association between GA levels with poststroke outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). Method: Participants with ischemic stroke or TIA who had a baseline GA measurement were included in the Third China National Stroke Registry study. The effect of GA on stroke recurrence, poor functional outcomes, and combined vascular events was examined during the 1-year follow-up period. Multivariate Cox and logistic regression models were performed to evaluate the association. Discrimination tests were used to examine the incremental predictive value of GA when incorporating it into the conventional model. Results: A total of 3861 participants were enrolled. At the 3-month follow-up, the elevated GA level was associated with an increased risk of poor functional outcomes (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01- - 2.09). A similar increase was observed for stroke recurrence (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.56; 95% CI, 1.09-2.24), - 2.24), poor functional outcomes (adjusted OR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.07-2.45), - 2.45), and combined vascular events (adjusted HR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.09-2.20) - 2.20) at the 1-year follow-up. In nondiabetic patients, the association between GA and poor functional outcomes was more pronounced (adjusted OR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.05-2.50). - 2.50). Adding GA into the conventional model resulted in slight improvements in predicting poor functional outcomes (net reclassification improvement [NRI]: 12.30% at 1 year). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that elevated GA levels in serum were associated with stroke adverse outcomes, including stroke recurrence, poor functional outcomes, and combined vascular events, in patients with ischemic stroke or TIA.

Objective: To analyze the effect of using a comprehensive nursing intervention model for patients with diabetes mellitus and urinary tract infections. Methods: 60 patients with diabetes mellitus combined with urinary tract infection who were admitted to the hospital from November 2021 to November 2023 were randomly divided into the observation group and the control group, and were treated with conventional nursing interventions and comprehensive nursing interventions respectively. The nursing status of the two groups was compared and analyzed. Results: After the intervention, the observation group showed lower levels of fasting blood glucose and other indicators, and lower anxiety and depression scores, P < 0.05. After the intervention, the observation group’s blood creatinine and other biochemical indicators improved significantly, P < 0.05. Conclusion: For the treatment of patients with both diabetes mellitus and urinary tract infections, nursing staff should pay attention to the development of nursing interventions to enhance the level of patients’ glucose control, improve the patients’ bad moods, and improve patients’ therapeutic efficacy.

The present study aimed to develop a model to predict functional disability at 3 months in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) ( n = 5,406). The primary outcome was functional disability (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] >2) at 3 months. A prediction model including blood biomarkers was developed based on a multivariable logistic regression model, which was internally validated by the 100-time bootstrap method. A nomogram and a web-based calculator were developed for usage in clinical practice. At 3 months, 11% (638/5,406) of the patients had functional disability. Seven independent predictors of functional disability at 3 months were incorporated into the FAITHS2 model (fasting plasma glucose, age, interleukin-6, stroke history, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS] at admission, sex, and systolic blood pressure). The Area Under Curves (AUCs) were 0.814 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.796–0.832) and 0.808 (95% CI 0.806–0.810), and the Brier scores were 0.088 ± 0.214 and 0.089 ± 0.003 for the derivation cohort and internal validation, respectively, showing optimal performance of the model. The FAITHS2 model has excellent potential to be a dependable application for individualized clinical decision making.