Background. Strategies used by herpes viruses with human cells are complex and multifaceted. On one hand, inborn defects in antiviral immune defense have been unveiled, which also affect interferon (IFN) system underlying development of chronic recalcitrant relapsing viral infections such as remittent respiratory viral infections, herpesvirus infections, and papillomavirus infections. On the other hand, numerous viruses are able to damage both immune system and IFN network. During inborn and acquired defects in IFN network, inborn or induced mutation in gene products involved in signaling cascades aimed at upregulating gene expression responsible for IFN production are observed. One of the strategies used by diverse viruses is altering some signaling pathways resulting in activated transcription factors including nuclear factor NF-kB. However, antiviral mechanisms executed by neutrophilic granulocytes (NGs), particularly affecting NF-kB expression have not been elucidated. Aim of the study: to study in vitro features of NF-kB expression and number of neutrophilic granulocytes (NG) expressing membrane IFN/R and IFNR in patients with atypical chronic active herpes virus infections (AChA-HVI), followed by assessing an effect of arginyl-alpha-aspartyl-lysyl-valyl-tyrosyl-arginine hexapeptide (HP), a synthetic analogue of the active center of the thymopoietin (active substance of drug Imunofan, Russia), on the expression of NG NF-kB and IFN/R and IFNR. Materials and methods. We observed 25 patients of both sexes aged 23 to 64 years with AChA-HVI, manifested by chronic fatigue syndrome and cognitive disorders. Study design: stage 1 clinical, ELISA, PCR methods, FC was used. Stage 2 the in vitro experiment: 32 blood samples from 8 healthy adults and 375 blood samples from 25 patients with AChA-HVI were analyzed: % NG expressing NF-kB, IFN/R, IFNR and the relevant MFI levels by using FC before and after incubation with HP. Results. Our study demonstrated low level (MFI) of NF-kB expression in 100% NG associated with decreased % of NG expressing IFN/R and IFNR in all patients with AChA-HVI and low serum level for IFN and IFN in comparison with healthy individuals. In the in vitro experiment there was shown that 100% of NG expressed NF-kB after exposure to HP. However, only 48% patients (SG 2) restored NF-kB expression level (MFI) to normal range and 52% of cases (SG 1) had no response. HP increased % of NG expressing IFN/R in SG 2 and increased % of NG expressing IFNR in SG 1. Conclusions. It was shown, that influence of HP in vitro has ambiguous effects on the expression of NF-kB, % of NG expressing IFN/R and IFNR in patients with AChA-HVI. We assume that different NF-kB response to HP is associated with inborn or secondary NF-kB deficiency.

Currently, as the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic evolves, there has been increasingly more attention paid to building natural and vaccine-induced immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and related disease known as COVID-19. Widespread pre-ventive vaccination plays an important role in effectively protecting people from viral infections and can reduce national economic costs. Purpose - to study peripheral blood cell subset composition and magnitude of humoral response in vac-cinated Gam-COVID-Vac subjects. The prospective study included 352 patients, of which 194 (119 women and 75 men) underwent an immunogram study and assessed level of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. In patients, the study of the lym-phocyte subset composition and estimation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was carried out at two time points - prior to vaccination and 90 days after inoculated component 1 of the Gam-COVID-Vac vaccine. In general, vaccination was well tolerated by patients, with no serious adverse events after immunization. The reaction to the vaccine (fever, ma-laise, headache, local reactions) was short-term (1-2 days) and more often noted after inoculated vaccine component 2. Comparatively analyzed immunogram parameters in females before and after vaccination revealed increased relative level of T-lymphocytes (CD3+), T-helper cell subset (CD3+CD4+), increased absolute and relative level of activated CD3+CD25+ T-lymphocytes, but decreased absolute and relative level of natural killer (CD3-CD56+CD16+) and natural killer T-cell (CD3+CD56+CD16+) cell subsets as well as decreased CD147 receptor expression on T-lymphocytes. Similar patterns were also found while examining the immunogram in males exepting increased level of lymphocytes and lowered CD147 expression on both T-and B-lymphocytes. No changes in the parameters of the immune T-cell arm was found. The high efficacy of the vaccine was confirmed by development of SARS-CoV-2-specific class G antiviral antibodies in 97.5% and 92.3% of vaccinated females and males, respectively. The data obtained evidence that: 1) vaccination induces a specific humoral immune response determined three months post-vaccination, and 2) it caused no serious disturbances in the im-mune system functioning, which could be reflected in the peripheral blood lymphocyte subset composition. Thus, the data presented allow to conclude that Gam-COVID-Vac is effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Many important aspects of intercellular glycosphingolipid (GSL) transport remain unknown, in particular how GSLs cross the glycocalyx of the cell-donor and cell-acceptor. The use of synthetic analogs instead of natural GSLs alleviates the study. However, in order to obtain adequate results, we must know how simplifications in the structure of a synthetic probe affect its properties of interest to us. In particular, how the replacement of a ceramide residue in GSL with a synthetic analog affects the release and insertion kinetics. To this end, we compared the properties of synthetic analogs, one of which contains natural ceramide moiety, while two others have lipid residues that are more convenient in terms of the probes chemical synthesis. FSL (Function-Spacer-Lipid) constructs containing DOPE (1,2-O-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho ethanolamine), cholesterol (Chol), or C18-ceramide (Cer) lipid fragments (L) were compared. In all three probes, the lipid residues were linked to biotin with the hydrophilizing CMG2-spacer-arm. Using confocal microscopy, the similarity of the localization patterns of these three probes, both with each other and with the previously studied glycoprobes (F = glycan), was shown, namely: they were observed in the form of patches of an average size of 0.3 μm but were not detected at all in cell rafts. At the same time, the following differences were observed in the properties of the three studied FSLs: (1) the process of insertion of the ceramide construct reaches a plateau within three hours, while the other two within one hour; (2) the amount of inserted ceramide construct is less than the other two; and (3) release of the cholesterol construct from the cells where it is preinserted is slower than the other two. Thus, despite some quantitative differences, qualitatively all three constructs behave similarly, that is, they are interchangeable when studying the incorporation/release of the FSL into/from the cell.

The current trend in studies of the B-cell immunity is the study of small subpopulations of cells. It was found that a minor subpopulation of IL-10 producing B-cells (B10-reg cells) has the properties of limiting excessive reactions of the innate and adaptive immune response. Their regulatory and pathogenetic effect has been shown in various physiological and pathophysiological conditions, in particular in the pathological pregnancies.Due to the low content of B10-reg cells in the blood (up to 1%) and the difficulties of visualizing flow cytometry data, a previously developed method based on prolonged stimulation of peripheral blood cells with a combination of factors ((CD40L+CpG) and PMA) causing cell activation, proliferation and maturation, allows visualization of the enriched fraction of B10-reg cells (B10 cells + pro-B10 cells), the content of which exceeds 5%. The aim of this study was to obtain a stimulated ex vivo population of B10 cells + pro-B10 cells from the peripheral blood of patients with physiological pregnancy and to develop an optimal strategy for gating B10-reg cells for their visualization.Materials and methods: in patients with physiological pregnancy in the third trimester, peripheral blood was taken. The cells were stimulated according to two protocols. First protocol: short (5 hours) stimulation of whole blood cells under sterile conditions with mixture of PMA + ionomycin + brefeldin A. The second protocol: long-term (48 hours) stimulation of the isolated mononuclear fraction under sterile conditions with a mixture (CD40L + CpG) with the addition of PMA + ionomycin + brefeldin A during the last 5 hours. Cells were stained for surface markers (CD45, CD19, CD24, CD27, CD38) and the intracellular content of IL-10. Sample analysis was performed on a Navios™ flow cytometer.Results: a five-color cytometric analysis was performed and a sequential gating strategy was developed based on the isolation of the gate by lymphocytes (marker CD45); restriction of B-lymphocytes (marker CD19); isolating a subpopulation of B cells expressing the CD24 marker; limiting the two required subpopulations of B10-reg cells for CD27 and CD38: CD19+CD24hiCD27+IL-10+ and CD19+CD24hiCD38hiIL-10+. Stimulation of cells based on the first protocol allows visualizing up to 1% of both subpopulations, and based on the second protocol - about 10%. The method opens up prospects for fundamental research of B10-reg cells during pregnancy. The detectable amounts of an enriched population of B10-reg cells can be of diagnostic and prognostic value in the clinic for idiopathic obstetric complications.

Morbidity and mortality rates in invasive mycoses determine the need to improve methods for their timely diagnosis by assessment the patients’ immune status. Evaluation of individual immune status allows the clinician to predict the development and course of fungal infections. At the same time, identification of opportunistic mycosis in immunocompetent patients should require a search for some hidden immune deficiency. Determining the cause of such immune defects can help develop an effective strategy for both etiotropic and immune therapy of patients with invasive mycoses. Currently, the functions of regulatory T lymphocytes that support immunological tolerance in fungal infections remain to be incompletely studied. In this review, we present experimental works which suggest that the regulatory T lymphocytes are able to suppress immune responses to fungi by stimulating the immunosuppressive environment. It was shown that regulatory T lymphocytes use Toll-like receptor 2 to achieve immunosuppression in Candida infections. The balance between the number and function of regulatory T lymphocytes is essential for elimination of fungal pathogens and protection against post-infectious immunopathological conditions. It was found that the regulatory T lymphocytes provide protection at an early stage of Candida infection, since, due to IL-2 suppression, they enhance Th17 differentiation and clearance of fungi. Moreover, at the later stages of infection, the regulatory T lymphocytes have an inhibitory effect. The balance between Th17 and regulatory T lymphocytes in mucosal lining is considered the main factor for distinguishing between commensal carriage and Candida albicans infection. The study is presented which indicate that disseminated candidiasis associated with expansion of regulatory T lymphocytes stimulates a Th17-cell response that controls the course of the disease. The mechanisms that control regulatory T lymphocytes homeostasis are essential for providing effective protection against pathogens, as well as for controlling the immunopathological conditions associated with Candida infection. The review presents data that have established the role of TGF-β1 in increasing the viability of regulatory T lymphocytes, which is correlated with the pronounced immunomodulating role of these cells at the later phase of Candida infections of the mucous membrane. It has been also demonstrated that the pulmonary regulatory Tlymphocytes are induced during cryptococcal infection, which predominantly suppresses Th2 cells, thereby supporting its course. Expansion of the regulatory T lymphocytes upon administration of IL-2/antiIL-2 complex during cryptococcal infection led to a decrease in IgE production and a decrease in allergic airway inflammation. It should be noted that refinement of prognostic value of the regulatory T lymphocytes in human fungal infections may substantiate the basic principles of targeted immunotherapy.

Previously, we showed that incorporation of methotrexate (MTX) in the form of a lipophilic prodrug (MTXDG) in 100-nm lipid bilayer liposomes of egg phosphatidylcholine can allow one to reduce toxicity and improve the antitumor efficiency of MTX in a mouse model of T-cell leukemic lymphoma. However, in our hemocompatibility tests in vitro, MTX liposomes caused complement (C) activation, obviously due to binding on the liposome surface and fragmentation of the C3 complement factor. In this work, we studied the interactions of MTX liposomes carrying stabilizing molecules phosphatidylinositol (PI), ganglioside GM1, or a lipid conjugate of N-carboxymethylated oligoglycine (CMG) in the bilayer with subpopulations of human blood leukocytes. Liposomes labeled with BODIPY-phosphatidylcholine were incubated with whole blood (30 min and 1 h, 37C), blood cells were lysed with a hypotonic buffer, and the fluorescence of the liposomes bound but not internalized by the leukocytes was quenched by crystal violet. Cell suspensions were analyzed by flow cytometry. Incorporation of MTXDG dramatically enhanced the phagocytosis of liposomes of any composition by monocytes. Neutrophils consumed much less of the liposomes. Lymphocytes did not accumulate liposomes. The introduction of PI into MTX liposomes practically did not affect the specific consumption of liposomes by monocytes, while CMG was likely to increase the consumption rate regardless of the presence of MTXDG. The GM1 ganglioside presumably shielded MTX liposomes from phagocytosis by one of the monocyte populations and increased the efficiency of monocyte uptake by another population, probably one expressing C3b-binding receptors (C3b was detected on liposomes after incubation with blood plasma). MTX liposomes were shown to have different effects on TNF- production by activated leukocytes, depending on the structure of the stabilizing molecule.

The existing data on regulatory T cells (Tregs) in prostate cancer suggest that these cells may penetrate the prostate gland malignant tissue, suppressing antitumor immune response, thus promoting aggressive clinical course and low survival of the cancer patients. Evaluation of T cell subpopulations from the tumor microenvironment has shown that the number of CD4+Tregs is associated with inferior clinical prognosis. In particular, each additional CD4+Treg cell has been shown to cause a statistically significant increase in prostate cancer mortality by 12%, regardless of other clinical factors. There are several possible explanations for the increased infiltration of prostate cancer tissue with regulatory T cells. Firstly, malignant cells or tumor-associated macrophages are capable of secreting chemokine CCL22, which has an affinity for the CCR4 receptor expressed on Treg cells. Secondly, cytokines secreted by prostate tumors, such as TGF-β, may regulate the FoxP3 expression, thus expanding the Treg population. TGF-β, in turn, is a multifunctional cytokine that promotes survival and proliferation of transformed cells, including prostate epithelium, as evidenced by increased amounts in the patients with metastatic disease.

Despite numerous attempts to control the course of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) by means of pharmacological treatment and new surgical approaches, the majority of patients experience lifelong persistence of this disorder, at recurrence rates of 50-60% within 18 months after surgical treatment. Since CRSwNP is a chronic persistent inflammatory process, it affects the entire body condition, including the state of systemic immune response. An elevation of NK (CD3-CD16+CD56+), activated NK (CD8+CD3-), NKT cells (CD16+CD56+CD3+), Treg (CD4+CD25brightCD127low to neg) cells and activated T-lymphocytes (CD3+CD25+) was revealed elsewhere among all the patients with CRSwNP, using a flow ytometry method. There was no difference between various disease phenotypes. We analyzed the status of cellular component of systemic immunity, dependent on clinical course of the disease and efficiency of the administered therapy of CRSwNP. The patients were divided into three subgroups. The follow-up period was 1 year. The first group comprised the patients who showed positive dynamics after conservative therapy, resulting into regression of nasal polyps and their grade than a year ago. The second group included the patients in whom the size of polyps remained the same. The third group included the patients with higher incidence of nasal polyps than a year ago.We have shown a decrease of Treg, NKT cells, NK and activated NK, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CD3+CD8+), activated T-cell numbers in clinical group 3 with aggressive growth of polyps and low effect of standard therapy, which may cause deterioration of the immune system cellular populations, accompanied by presence of persistent productive inflammatory process of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. In the second group, a significant elevation of total lymphocyte number, total and activated T cells, T helpers (CD3+CD4+), cytotoxic T lymphocytes, NK and NKT cells was shown. Meanwhile, a decrease in absolute number of activated NK was observed despite the NK growth. Therefore, we can assume that the mechanism of their activation was disturbed and compensated by production of NKT cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Moreover, we have shown in this group that the absolute number of Treg cells is increased; and these cells had a suppressive influence on effector cells of adaptive immune response, thus inducing incomplete elimination of infectious agents, which contribute to permanent incomplete course of inflammatory process. Chronic inflammatory process in CRSwNP affects systemic cellular immunity depending on the morbidity characteristics in the course of pathological process. The maximal intensity of systemic cellular immunity is observed in the group of patients that require permanent basic drug therapy. In case of aggressive CRSwNP and failure of standard drug therapy, we observed a decrease in absolute numbers of effector cells, along with decreased Treg lymphocyte numbers which may explain inefficient immune regulation of inflammatory process and medical interventions in this group of patients.

The surface of two dental implant systems, “Nobel Biocare” and “Alpha BiO”, and metal-containing nanoparticles, isolated from the tissues surrounding dental implants, has been investigated. The implant surface structure, the elemental and phase composition of particles, and their arrangement in the granulation tissue have been studied by X-ray tomography, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, z -contrast scanning transmission microscopy, electron diffraction, and energy-dispersive mapping, using microscopes Quanta 200-3D, FEI Тechnai Osiris at an accelerating voltage of 200 kV, and an X-ray microtomograph TOMAC. An analysis of the relief indicates that the emission of nanoparticles from the “Alpha BiO” implant surface to the adjacent tissues is more likely than from the “Nobel Biocare” implant surface. The particles of micrometer and submicrometer sizes of “Nobel Biocare” implants are found to consist mainly of titanium dioxide of both modifications, rutile and anatase, whereas in the case of “Alpha BiO” implants, along with titanium dioxide and titanium nitride, there are aluminum oxides in the particle composition. The elemental composition of nanoparticles is more diverse; it includes Fe, Ca, Na, Cl, S, Si, P, etc. It is revealed that microbial contamination does not always play the leading role in the suppression of previously obtained osteointegration.

The experimental model of the in vitro transformed phenotype of neutrophilic granulocytes (NG) equipped with receptors CD62L, CD63, CD66d, was created under the influence of N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP). The features of the transformed phenotype of NG were described. The influence of the hexapeptide arginyl-alpha-aspartyl-lysyl-poured-tyrosyl-arginine on untransformed and transformed phenotype of NG was investigated in vitro . It was shown that fMLP reduces the number of NG, expressing the receptor CD62L and reduces the density of expression of this receptor on the surface membrane of NG, moderately increases the density of CD63 and moderately increases the number of CD66dL + NG. Hexapeptide does not influence on the number of untransformed NG, bearing receptors CD62L, CD63, CD66d, and the level of the expression of those molecules. It has been shown the mitigation of the influences of fMLP after the simultaneous incubation NG with fMLP and hexapeptide: the number of CD62L + NG was increased and the density of membrane expression of the molecules of CD62L was increased too. At the same time, hexapeptide did not correct the negative effects of fMLP on the number of CD63 + NG and CD66d + NG, and on level of density of the expression of CD63 and CD66d molecules on the surface membrane of NG. Overall, the results demonstrate the classic immunomodulatory effect of hexapeptide: on the one hand, we saw the absence of any changes of the studying receptors on membrane of the untransformed NG under hexapeptide influences, and on the other hand, it was demonstrated a strong trend of leveling the negative transformational effects of fMLP under hexapeptide influences.

Background. Investigation of changes in immunological parameters is required to detect the degree of adequate immune system reactions to pathology process and to determine the answer to provided treatment. Taking into account high immunogramm cost differentiated approach is necessary in each specific case basing on economic and diagnostic effectiveness. Now chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is still poorly investigated. In the same clinical situation it is difficult to predict the pathology process development and length of remission period after surgical or conservative treatment. The most substantial difficulties in determining tactics of patients’ management in CRSwNP are associated with asthma, atopy or intolerance to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). To determine the diagnostic significance of indicators of systemic cellular immunity for pathology process development forecasting in CRSwNP patients. Methods. CD3, CD4, CD8, CD16, CD19, CD25, CD27, CD45, CD45R0, CD45RA, CD56 and CD127 subpopulations of lymphocytes were examined in peripheral blood of 20 patients (age 46,7±16,06) with bilateral CRSwNP in remission using a flow cytometry method. Results. The study revealed rise in absolute or relative quantity of activated T-lymphocytes (CD3+CD25+), NK cell number (CD3 CD16+CD56+) and T-regulatory (T-reg) cells (CD4+CD25brightCD127lowtoneg), rise in absolute count of memory B-cells (CD19+CD5-CD27+) and NKT-cells (CD16+CD56+CD3+) in CRSwNP patients. An effort to make forecast for the development of CRSwNP due to change in NK (CD3-CD16+CD56+), activated NK (CD3-CD8+) and T-reg (CD4+CD25brightCD127lowtoneg) failed. Conclusion. Study of the cellular immune response to determine the tactics of patients’ management in CRSwNP and predict pathology process development is not a sufficiently informative method.

The experimental model of the in vitro transformed phenotype of neutrophilic granulocytes (NG) equipped with receptors CD64, CD32, CD16, CD11b, was created under the influence of fMLPs. The features of the transformed phenotype of NG were described. The influence of the Hexapeptide arginyl-alpha-aspartyl-lysyl-poured-tyrosyl-arginine (HP) on untransformed and transformed phenotype of NG was investigated in vitro. It was shown that fMLP increases the number of NG, expressing the receptor CD64, increases the density of expression of the receptor CD11b, and moderately reduces the amount of CD32 + NG. HP does not influence on the number of NG, bearing receptors CD64, CD32, CD16, CD11b, and the level of their expression. At the same time with simultaneous incubation with fMLP NG and HP, are shown to mitigate the effects of fMLP: reduced the number of CD64 + NG, reduced the density of CD11b expression, decreases in the number of NG bearing a receptor CD32. Overall, the results demonstrate the classic immunomodulatory effect HP: on the one hand, the absence of any change in the studied receptors of NG under his influence and leveling the transformational changes of phenotypic characteristics of NG, which arose under the influence of fMLP.

Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a heterogeneous inflammatory disease of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses characterized by inflammatory infiltration of nasal mucosa followed by damage to collagen framework, leading to tissue remodeling and polyp formation. Its pathogenetic mechanisms still remain obscure. To study appropriate trends, an evaluation of cellular immunity indices was carried out in twenty patients with the CRSwNP. Bilateral CRSwNP was clinically confirmed by endoscopic examination of nasal cavity and computed tomography scan of paranasal sinuses. In order to define the clinical phenotype of CRSwNP, allergy skin testing and a specific questioning were performed. As based on results of this study, the patients with CRSwNP were divided into following subgroups: CRSwNP + Asthma; CRSwNP + intolerance to non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); CRSwNP + atopy. Common subpopulations of lymphocytes, such as CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD16+, CD19+, CD25+, CD27+, CD45+, CD45R0+, CD45RA+, CD56+ and CD127+ were detected in peripheral blood using flow cytometry techniques. Immunological data from 356 apparently healthy individuals were used as reference parameters for the control group.The study has revealed an increase in T regulatory (Treg) cells (CD4+CD25brightCD127lowtoneg), elevated absolute or relative amounts of NK cell numbers (CD3-CD16+CD56+) in parallel to sharply increased numbers of activated NKs (CD8+CD3-) in 100% of the patients, and higher absolute contents of memory B-cells (CD19+CD5-CD27+) in CRSwNP patients. When performing comparative analysis of immunologicalcharacteristics in peripheral blood between different subgroups (CRSwNP + Asthma; CRSwNP + intolerance to NSAIDs; CRSwNP+ atopy), and patients with uncomplicated CRSwNP (who didn’t have such pathology), we have proven significantly increased numbers of NKT lymphocytes (0.22±0.04), and decreased T lymphocyte activation index, i.e., a ratio of activated T helpers to memory T cells (CD4+CD45R0+) (24.4±1.72) among CRSwNP patients complicated by intolerance to NSAIDs. When comparing immunological characteristics of the patients with concomitant bronchial asthma to other subgroups, which have CRSwNP, or the patients with/without atopy, we have not detected any statistical differences for immune indexes studied (except elevation of blood eosinophils).

International Journal of Rheumatic DiseasesVolume 19, Issue S1 p. 11-28 Moscow International Forum on Bones and Joints Disorders, International School Conference “Interdisciplinary Approach to Osteoarticular Pathology and Bio-Rheumatology”Free Access Moscow International Forum on Bones and Joints Disorders, International School Conference “Interdisciplinary Approach to Osteoarticular Pathology and Bio-Rheumatology” First published: 31 August 2016 https://doi.org/10.1111/1756-185X.12944AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume19, IssueS1Special Issue: Moscow International Forum on Bones and Joints Disorders, International School Conference “Interdisciplinary Approach to Osteoarticular Pathology and Bio-Rheumatology”, 18-21 April 2016, Moscow, Russian FederationAugust 2016Pages 11-28 RelatedInformation

Abstract. Temporary immunodeficiency is often associated with various pathological conditions, such as myocardial infarction, severe trauma, or major surgery. However, there are no clinical criterions indicative for presence or absence of such immune deficiency. Meanwhile, clinical signs of infectious complications may be absent because of deficient immune response.A technique for monitoring septic conditions in the patients with open traumas and during postsurgical period has been proposed, employing a flow-cytometric approach. The evaluation principle for septic conditions consists of measuring expression of HLA-DR antigens at the surface of peripheral blood monocytes.As a criterion of patient evaluation in septic state, a relative amount of monocytes expressing HLA-DR may be applied, and the disease prognosis is considered as favorable, if the amounts of positive cells exceed 40% by day 5 after the patient was admitted to the hospital, and an adequate treatment was carried out. This technique may find wide application for estimation and monitoring of septic conditions in the patients. (Med. Immunol., vol. 10, N 4-5, pp 379-388).