As the product in the coking of residual oil, the high-sulfur petroleum coke (HSPC, S > 3.0 wt%) has drawn increasing interest for the preparation of graphite electrodes in the steelmaking industry in recent years. How to effectively reduce the sulfide content of HSPC to produce low-sulfur petroleum coke (LSPC, S < 1.0 wt%) with high value is the research hotspot, but remains a huge challenge in the petroleum processing industry. Herein, a novel mechanochemistry-assisted HSPC oxidative desulfurization strategy was proposed with the amide based binary deep eutectic solvent (DES) as the extractant and solvent, and commercial grade phosphomolybdic acid (HPMo) and H2O2 used as catalyst and oxidant, respectively. The novelty of this method lied in the pretreatment of petroleum coke by ball milling, which increased the specific surface area of HSPC, thereby exposing more sulfur sites for the accessibility and reaction with H2O2 and reactive sites, and thereafter significantly enhancing the desulfurization rate of HSPC. The sulfur content of HSPC can be remarkably decreased from 4.46 wt% to 0.51 wt% under the reaction temperature of 60 degrees C due to the coupling effect between HPMo and DES, which represents the record-high desulfurization rate (88.6 %) and is strikingly higher that the state-of-the-art catalysts reported under the similar conditions so far. This work proposes a new avenue for design and preparation of advanced desulfurization catalyst for petroleum coke in the future.

With the increasingly strict requirements for pollutant emissions from coal-burning power stations, the excessive emission issues of SO3 has attracted increasing attention. SO3 can be generated by containing-sulfur substance combustion in furnace and catalytic action of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) denitration catalyzer. When the contents of SO3 in flue gas are too high, it can cause several problems such as ash accumulation, blockage, and corrosion of various equipments, which seriously affects the safe and stable operation of coal-burning power stations. Besides, excessive emissions of SO3 can form colored smoke, causing serious impacts on the ecological environment and human health. Some countries and regions have introduced relevant regulations to control SO3 emission and promote the development of SO3 control technology and strategy. This article focuses on reviewing various removal technology of SO3 from coal-fired flue gas, mainly including SO3 removal inside furnace, SO3 control by SCR catalyst, SO3 removal using dust collectors, SO3 removal using desulfurization devices, SO3 removal using flue gas injection adsorbent, and combined use of various removal technologies. The principles and performance of various SO3 removal technologies are introduced. The applicability and limitations of these SO3 removal technologies are also analyzed and compared. The alkaline adsorbent injection technology has strong adaptability and good desulfurization effect, receiving widespread attention. By adjusting the molar ratio of the adsorbent to SO3, it is possible to achieve SO3 removal efficiency of over 90%. Regulating the structure and active components of catalysts can reduce the amount of SO3 generated in SCR system. Wet electrostatic precipitators can achieve a SO3 removal efficiency of up to 90%, and reducing inlet flue gas temperature of wet electrostatic precipitators can effectively enhance the SO3 removal. This review can provide necessary reference and guidance for design and development of new technologies for SO3 control.

Herein, a novel strategy combining heteropoly acid with deep eutectic solvent was developed to remove the sulfur from HSPC to produce low-sulphur petroleum coke (LSPC) with higher economic value, in which, phosphomolybdenum vanadium pyridine ionic liquid [Bpy]PMoVn (n = 1, 2, 3) and air was used as catalyst and oxidant, and amide-based dibasic deep eutectic solvent (DES) as the extractant and solvent, respectively. The experimental results confirmed that the sulfur content of HSPC can be remarkably decreased from 4.46 wt% to 1.54 wt% under the optimal reaction temperature of 110 degrees C, reaction time of 8 h, catalyst dosage of 0.20 g, and air flow rate of 100 mL/min, due to the coupling effect between [Bpy]PMoVn and DES. The results of reaction mechanism revealed that peroxyl radicals (O-2(center dot-)) were the key active species in catalyzing the ODS of HSPC in the presence of the [Bpy]PMoV2 catalyst.

In this research, a series of Fe3-xS4-y/g-C3N4 photocatalytic materials were produced using a simple calcination method and employed in the photo-Fenton process to remove the antibiotic enrofloxacin (ENR). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), UV-Vis diffuse reflection spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS), electron spin resonance (ESR), mass spectrometry, photocurrent, and other characterization techniques were used to reveal and detected the physical and chemical features of the materials. The interaction between Fe3-xS4-y and g-C3N4 and the construction of the Z-type mechanism promote the degradation of enrofloxacin. The experimental results showed that the ENR removal efficiency of 5%Fe3-xS4-y/CN reached 100% within 30 min, and its photocatalytic activity was 4.8 times higher than that of pure g-C3N4. The photocatalyst showed good stability after degradation. Meanwhile, the photocatalytic system also showed low metal ion leaching rate and non-toxicity of intermediate products. This study provides a new perspective for constructing a stable Z-type heterojunction photocatalyst for the remediation of antibiotic wastewater.

Herein, a set of NiMo/Al2O3 catalysts with distinct coordination state of surface alumina were design and prepared by a facile calcination strategy. Various characterization methods were employed to analyze the structural properties of NiMo/Al2O3 catalysts, and the catalytic performances of corresponding catalysts were tested for hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-DMDBT). The results indicate that the synthesized samples show uniform specific surface area (130 m(2)center dot g(-1)) and pore size (3.5 nm), but varying pentaco-ordinated aluminum content, which significantly influences the NiMo/Al2O3 catalysts' surface acidity. Therein, NiMo/Al2O3-600 prepared by calcination at 600 degrees C exhibits the highest ratio of penta-coordinated aluminum species, which endows more abundant Bronsted acid than that of tetra- and hexa-coordinated aluminum counterparts, thereby substantially promoting the isomerization and direct desulfurization pathways of 4,6-DMDBT HDS, and thereafter considerably boosting the HDS performance of NiMo/Al2O3-600 with 94.5 % 4,6-DMDBT conversion, which is notably higher than that of NiMo/Al2O3-500 (74.4 %) and NiMo/Al2O3-700 (62.7 %).

A CeO2-regulated NiCo oxyhydroxide nanosheet electrocatalyst (i.e., CeO2/NiCoOOH) was fabricated by electrocatalytic self-reconstruction of NiCoCe-MOFs. The in situ self-reconstruction exposes additional active sites on the NiCoOOH surface, leading to enhanced intrinsic electrocatalytic activity. CeO2/NiCoOOH has better performance in both the OER and the HMFOR than the original MOFs. CeO2 acts as an 'electron trap', modulating the electron density of Ni and Co, refining the electronic configuration of NiCoOOH and expediting the electron transfer kinetics. Therefore, the self-reconstructed CeO2/NiCoOOH shows higher current density (92.7 mA cm(-2)) than NiCoOOH (49.8 mA cm(-2)) in electrocatalytic oxidation at 1.5 V-RHE (1.0 M KOH + 50 mM HMF). After 5 cycles of testing, CeO2/NiCoOOH still has excellent HMF conversion (95.87%), Faraday efficiency (95.22%) and FDCA yield (99.26%). Theoretical calculations revealed that the introduction of CeO2 significantly lowers the energy barrier for the critical step at the Co site and optimizes the adsorption of HMF, thereby facilitating the electrocatalytic HMFOR process.

Regulating the reaction pathway of a hydrodesulfurization (HDS) catalyst to achieve ultradeep desulfurization of diesel is a low-energy-consumption yet effective strategy but remains a tricky challenge. Herein, we present a Ni2P/Al2O3 catalyst with mesoporous properties synthesized by a facile hydrothermal-temperature-programmed reduction and normal impregnation (TPRI) method, and then different precious metals with similar loadings were introduced to prepare M-Ni2P/Al2O3 (M = Pt, Pd) catalysts through incipient wetness impregnation. Their structures were analyzed by a series of characterization methods, and their catalytic performances were examined for 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-DMDBT) HDS. The correlation characterization results revealed that the kind of precious metals significantly affected the surface acidity and then the metal-support interaction (MSI) between Ni2P and Al2O3. Among them, the Pt-Ni2P/Al2O3 catalyst exhibits superior HDS activity with 88.5% 4,6-DMDBT conversion to Pd-Ni2P/Al2O3 (76.3%) and pristine Ni2P/Al2O3 (58.6%) catalysts under reaction conditions of 3.4 MPa, 340 °C, and LHSV = 4.8 h-1. This should be due to the introduction of Pt, which significantly facilitates the dissociation rate of H2 and the subsequent generation of more active hydrogen species than Pd, thereby promoting the formation of Brønsted acid sites, remarkably facilitating the isomerization (ISO) pathway, and markedly enhancing the 4,6-DMDBT HDS conversion of Pt-Ni2P/Al2O3. This work provides an efficient protocol to tame the reaction pathway and thereafter the catalytic performance of the HDS catalyst in the future.

Modifying the structure of active phase is an effective protocol to improve the catalytic activity of hydro-desulfurization (HDS) catalyst. Here, a variety of mesoporous GaAlOx supports with various Ga doping amount were synthesized by a facile hydrothermal strategy. The corresponding Ni2P supported catalysts were fabricated via a conventional impregnation and temperature-programmed reduction method, and their catalytic performances for 4,6-DMDBT HDS were examined. The experimental analyses show that the introduction of Ga sustantially influences the geometric and electrical structure of bNi2P active phase on Ni2P/GaAlOx catalysts. The metal-support interaction is effectively abated with the elevation of Ga doping amount, thereby increasing the d -electron density of Ni species and boosting the pre-hydrogenation (HYD) route, thereupon enhancing the HDS performances of corresponding Ni2P/GaAlOx catalysts. Therein, Ni2P/GaAlOx-0.50 exhibits the highest activity with 70.1% 4,6-DMDBT conversion because of the optimal morphology and percentage of active phase, as well as distinguished redox and acid property. Further increasing the Ga loading, however, inhibits the HDS activity of Ni2P/GaAlOx-1.0 catalyst due to the decrease in the fraction and dispersion of active phases. Therefore, this work may shine light on the understanding of structure-activity of HDS catalyst and thereafter the preparation of HDS catalysts with high efficiency in future.

Three different heterojunctions, BiOBr/g-C 3 N 4 , Bi/g-C 3 N 4 , and BiOBr/g-C 3 N 4 @Bi modified with carbon vacancies and/or oxygen vacancies, were first synthesized via a facile solvothermal approach by adjusting the ratio of Bi(NO 3 ) 3 5H 2 O with ethylene glycol (EG). The as-prepared heterojunctions were characterized by various modern analytical instruments, and their visible-light photocatalytic performance for CO 2 conversion was evaluated. Our findings demonstrate that the ternary photocatalyst BiOBr/g-C 3 N 4 @Bi exhibits better activity toward visible-light-driven CO 2 reduction than pristine g-C 3 N 4 and its binary counterparts without hole scavengers, and its maximum CO yield (7.4 mu mol h -1 g -1 ) is approximately four 4 times that of pure g-C 3 N 4 . This is attributed to the V O and V C defects, which enhance the photon absorption capacity. On the other hand, the gC 3 N 4 matrix exhibits strong interfacial interactions with BiOBr and metallic Bi, leading to an increase in the separation efficiency of the photoinduced carriers. In other words, the strong interfacial interactions among gC 3 N 4 , BiOBr and metallic Bi, the vacancy defects V O and V C , and the metallic Bi particles cooperate to significantly improve the separation and transportation of the photoexcited charge carriers, thereby augmenting the CO 2 photoreduction activity of the BiOBr/g-C 3 N 4 @Bi ternary heterojunction in the absence of a sacrificial agent. This approach based on facile solvothermal treatment has promising potential in fabricating highly efficient photocatalysts suitable for visible-light-driven CO 2 reduction.

Metal ion-nanocluster coordination complexes can produce a variety of functional engineered nanomaterials with promising characteristics to enable widespread applications. Herein, the visualization observation of the interactions of metal ions and fullerene derivatives, particularly anionic fullerenols (Fol), were carried out in aqueous solutions. The alkali metal salts only resulted in salting out of Fol to gain re-soluble sediments, whereas multivalent metal cations (Mn+, n = 2, 3) modulated further assembly of Fol to produce insoluble hybrids. These provide crucial insights into the directed assembly of Fol that two major forces involved in actuation are electrostatic and coordination effects. Through the precise modulation of feed ratios of Fol to Mn+, a variety of water-soluble Mn+@Fol coordination complexes were facilely prepared and subsequently characterized by various measurements. Among them, X-ray photoelectron spectra validated the coordination effects through the metal cation and oxygen binding feature. Transmission electron microscopy delivered valuable information about diverse morphologies and locally-ordered microstructures at the nanoscale. This study opens a new opportunity for developing a preparation strategy to fabricate water-soluble metal cation-fullerenol coordination complexes with various merits for potential application in biomedical fields.

In this research, nitrogen-defect-modified g-C3N4/BaFe12O19 S-scheme heterojunction composites were prepared by in-situ thermal polymerization approach and employed as a productive photo-Fenton catalyst for degrading antibiotic. The micromorphology, crystal structure, chemical composition and optical characteristics of the photocatalysts were evaluated by various testing approaches. The formation of the internal electric field between g-C3N4 and BaFe12O19 and the construction of the S-scheme heterojunction were confirmed by density functional theory and Kelvin probe force microscopy. Meanwhile, the nitrogen defect and photothermal effect of the g-C3N4/BaFe12O19 composite further accelerate the electron migration rate. The optimized g-C3N4/BaFe12O19-30 photocatalyst achieved 100% enrofloxacin removal within 10 min compared to monomer g-C3N4. The bactericidal activity experiment showed that the photocatalytic degradation products were low or non-toxic. Based on the above characterization experiments and density functional theory, the possible degradation mechanism of enrofloxacin was proposed. This research offers new insights for the synthesis of photocatalyst for wastewater treatment.

This study constructed a p-n heterojunction Mn3O4-CN by loading Mn3O4 on g-C3N4 (CN), effectively activating chlorite to degrade organic pollutants under piezoelectric effect. The rate of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) degradation in the piezo/Mn3O4-CN/chlorite combination was 0.0346 min(-1), surpassing piezo/CN/chlorite and Mn3O4/chlorite systems by 21.63 and 3.26 times, respectively. Experimental verification and theoretical calculation showed that Mn3O4-CN had a stronger piezoelectric response and adsorbed chlorite (-1.682 eV) better than CN (-0.615 eV) and Mn3O4 (-1.093 eV), contributing to the activation of chlorite and efficient pollutant degradation. The Mn(II)/Mn(III)/Mn(IV) cycle during piezoelectric activation of chlorite by p-n heterojunction promoted SMX degradation, with chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and Mn(IV) as dominant reactive species. Furthermore, the piezo/Mn3O4-CN/chlorite system exhibited remarkable stability, environmental safety and wide application potential. This research offered fresh insights and practical guidelines for harnessing mechanical activation of chlorite for efficient organic pollutant degradation in water, advancing water treatment technology.

Converting CO2 to value-added syngas is an effective approach to relieve environmental problems and energy crisis simultaneously. However, it's still a challenge to establish long-wavelength irradiation technology in as-sociation with tuning H2: CO proportion. Therefore, carbon vacancy modified carbon quantum dots were inte-grated with g-C3N4 to form VCQDs/C3N4 heterojunctions, which exhibited superior performance for CO2 photoreduction in the presence of sacrificial agent and electron mediator under visible light irradiation. This was attributed to the strong interaction between g-C3N4 and VCQDs and carbon vacancy in VCQDs, which can facilitate the migration of photo-generated electrons and broaden the absorbance range of heterojunctions. Besides, the H2: CO ratio of produced syngas can be tuned by adjusting the VCQD dosage in VCQDs/C3N4, and a 3 : 1 ratio is obtained over VCQD(25 mu L)/C3N4 in conjunction with Co(bpy)3Cl2.6H2O cocatalyst. This is significant for industrial application of syngas and for relieving the greenhouse effect brought by CO2.

Cu-SSZ-13 represents one of the most promising catalysts for selective catalytic reduction of NOx with ammonia (NH3-SCR), but it has remained challenging to gain superior low-temperature activity and hydrothermal stability for meeting the stringent emission regulations. Here, Cu/Y-x-SSZ-13 have been prepared by in situ doping of Y and subsequent ion-exchanging with Cu ions. The combined analysis of various energy spectra techniques unveils that Y ions are mainly located in the six-membered rings (6MRs) of chabazite framework and have a strong interaction with Cu cations in 8MRs, resulting in the remarkable low-temperature NOx abatement efficiency and hydrothermal stability. Mechanism studies reveal that the interplay between Y and Cu not only enhances the electron transfer from Cu to Y ions that favors the ammonia solvation process and reduces the reaction barrier, but also inhibits the aggregation of Cu sites. This work paves the way for next generation of advanced NH3-SCR catalysts.

The emission of greenhouse gases, especially CO2, has become a major cause of environmental degradation, and carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is a proposed solution to mitigate its impact. Nanofluids, a relatively new method for CO2 absorption, have gained attention in recent years. This review focuses on conventional methods for preparing nanofluids along with techniques to improve their stability and enhance the CO2 absorption and desorption mechanisms. Additionally, the influences of factors, i.e., nanoparticle and base solution types as well as nanoparticle concentration, on the CO2 absorption process are summarized. Furthermore, models that can predict the absorption of CO2 accurately are outlined. It is found that the types of both base liquids and nanoparticles have an important impact on the absorption by nanofluids. In-depth studies on the predictive capabilities of artificial intelligence (AI) models hold immense potential in this regard. This review also puts forth effective strategies to address prevailing challenges. This will provide a solid theoretical basis for this field and underscore the promising potential of nanofluids as CO2 solvents. There are still many unexplored aspects to be considered, such as the economic viability and energy consumption of this technology.

光催化反应的原理是当能量大于或等于能带间隙的光照射到半导体光催化剂上时,其价带中的电子将被激发跃迁到导带,在价带上留下空穴,形成电子-空穴对,发生一系列氧化-还原反应.光催化技术是一种高效、安全的环境友好型环境净化技术,有着广阔的发展前景.文章以一个学生的视角,带领读者走进了光催化的神奇世界.

Mn-based catalysts are often used for catalytic reduction of NO and catalytic degradation of chlorobenzene. In this work, the promotion mechanism of SnO2 modification was investigated. The activities of Sn–Mn–Ce–Co–Ox catalyst were the best when the SnO2 content was 8%. In the temperature range from 120 to 330 ℃, the NO conversion was above 90%, and the T50 and T90 of CB decreased to 127 ℃ and 183 ℃. The structure of the catalyst was characterized, and it was found that the catalytic effects of SnO2 on pollutant degradation performance of Sn–Mn–Ce–Co–Ox catalyst were mainly as follows: (1) leading to the formation of a large number of Mn4+; (2) increasing the amount of chemisorbed oxygen on the catalyst surface; and (3) improving the redox performance of the catalyst. CHCl3, CCl4, C2HCl3, and C2Cl4 intermediate products were generated in the catalytic reaction, covering the catalytic site.

The catalytic performance of synergistic catalytic elimination of NO, mercury and chlorobenzene for WCeMnOx/TiO2-ZrO2 was improved by controlling the pore structure. The formation of micron-sized macropores made the catalyst structure looser, and the transparent macropores helped the catalyst expose more active sites. At low temperature, -NH2* reacted with monodentate nitrite and bidentate nitrate, and NH4+ reacted with gas phase NO to generate N2 and H2O. At high temperature, NH4+ reacted rapidly with gas phase NO. The reaction process of catalytic oxidation of Hg0 was that gaseous Hg0 was adsorbed on the catalyst surface and then oxidized to Hg2+. For the catalytic degradation of chlorobenzene, phenols and HCl were generated firstly, and then phenols and hydroxyl groups reacted to form maleate, bidentate carbonate and carbonate species. The maleate and bidentate carbonate degraded to form carbonate, and the carbonate degraded to produce CO2 and H2O.

Nitrogen oxides, mercury and chlorobenzene are important air pollutants emitted by waste incineration and other industries. Coordinated control of multiple pollutants has become an important technology for air pollution control. Through solid-phase structure control, the catalytic performance of the WCeMnOx/TiO2-ZrO2 catalyst for simultaneous catalytic removal of NO, mercury and simultaneous removal of NO and chlorobenzene were improved. MnWO4 improved the solid acidity of the catalyst and improved the catalytic activity at high temperature. The formation of Ce0.75Zr0.25O2, Ce2WO6, Ce2Zr2O7 and Ce2Ti2O7 improved the catalytic activity at low temperature. The presence of TiOSO4 would affect the valence of metal ions and the reduction of chemisorbed oxygen, thereby reducing the catalytic activity at low temperature. Within the same size range of nanoparticles, cyclic nanoparticles exposed more active sites due to their hollow structure, and their catalytic performance was better than spherical nanoparticles. The thickness of the circular nanoparticles of WCM/TZ-14 catalyst was about 14 nm, and the diameter was about 40 nm Ce0.75Zr0.25O2 and MnWO4 were also present in the phase composition. Therefore, it exhibited the best performance for simultaneous catalytic removal of NO, mercury and simultaneous removal of NO and chlorobenzene. The coincidence temperature window was 347-516 C. Finally, WCM/TZ-14 catalyst followed both E-R and L-H mechanisms in the NH3-SCR reaction.

1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorooctyltrichlorosilane (FOTS)-grafted TiO2/SiC membrane with multiscale superamphiphobic property was prepared by solvothermal growth followed by dipping treatment. TiO2 nanocones grown on silicon carbide (SiC) help to ameliorate the surface structure and chemical properties for grafting FOTS. The resulted membrane exhibits super-amphiphobicity with water and oil (n-hexadecane) contact angles of 171.9. and 151.2., respectively. The static oil adsorption capacity of the membrane is lower than 5%, indicating excellent oil repelling performance. Such an amphiphobic ceramic membrane can be used in long-term oil filtration with comparative low and stable pressure drop (11 kPa) and high rejection rate (98.24%). This work represents a new approach to achieve a super-amphiphobic surface on a solid ceramic membrane, opening a new avenue for the application of oil aerosol removal.