Introduction Metabolic syndrome (MetS) poses a significant public health challenge among employed adults. Lifestyle modifications have been shown to be effective in preventing the onset and progression of MetS in employed adults, and the widespread adoption of mobile and wearable technologies introduces an appealing approach to mHealth lifestyle interventions. When widely implementing smartphone-based interventions for employed adults, enhancing equitable access and promoting wearable device use for those with MetS is a more cost-effective way to reduce health disparities, particularly in resource-limited settings. However, relevant evidence is currently lacking.Objective This study aims to design an mHealth-based Healthy Lifestyle Promotion (MYLIFE) trial, a three-arm randomised controlled trial (RCT), to evaluate the effectiveness of a smartphone-based lifestyle intervention and a combined smartphone-based lifestyle intervention with intensive intervention for MetS individuals using wearable devices, in reducing MetS risk among employed adults.Methods and analysis This is a three-arm, parallel, single-blind, cluster RCT with a 12-week intervention and a total follow-up of 1 year. The trial will recruit 120 workplaces from the Chinese Cohort of Working Adults in a 1:1:1 ratio to either a control group or one of two intervention groups. Within these workplaces, a total of at least 348 eligible participants will be enrolled. The regular mHealth group will receive smartphone-based intervention. The intensive mHealth group will receive smartphone-based intervention for all participants, and an additional wearable device-intensive intervention for those with MetS. The primary outcome is the Chinese MetS Z score at 12 weeks. Secondary outcomes include MetS Z score, prevalence of MetS, specific MetS components, questionnaire-based indicators, and clinical outcomes at 12 weeks and 1 years. The main analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle, using mixed-effects models to assess between-group differences in outcomes.Ethics and dissemination The protocol has been approved by the Ethics Committee of the West China School of Public Health and the West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University (Gwll2025024). The findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at scientific conferences.Trial registration number ChiCTR2500101904.

Transient and spatially heterogeneous methane (CH4) emissions hamper the formulation of effective abatement policies. Here we construct an integrated "Monitoring-Identification-Modeling" framework that couples a self-developed off-axis integrated cavity-output spectrometer (OA-ICOS), a meter-resolution vehicle-mounted platform (40 m x 1 s), and CALPUFF inverse dispersion modeling to map and quantify CH4 sources across the industrial-agricultural city of Binzhou, China. Compared with fixed-site and satellite products, our mobile observations improve spatiotemporal resolution by >= 10(2) and >= 10(3) times, respectively, enabling the first fine-scale depiction of urban CH4 heterogeneity in this region. Three classes of emitters were differentiated through simultaneous CH4-C2H6 fingerprinting: (i) fossil-fuel-dominated hotspots such as the Zhonghai Asphalt Industrial Park (peak 2911 ppb; 33.7 g s(-1)) and a bus-terminal CNG hub (CH4/C2H6 r = 0.92); (ii) Fossil-fuel-related emission sources, including East Suburb Reservoir, whose methane flux (56.7 g s(-1)) is primarily driven by natural gas leakage from aging infrastructure; and (iii) agricultural sources represented by Yiliyuan Livestock Farm (11.7 g s(-1)). Although super-emitters occupied <10 % of the surveyed area, they accounted for similar to 55 % of the total flux. Model-observation comparison returned an overall RMSE of 45 ppb (+/- 22 %), confirming the robustness of the mobile-inversion paradigm in the absence of detailed bottom-up inventories. Our results demonstrate that targeted leak-detection-and-repair (LDAR) at a handful of high-intensity sites can deliver disproportionate climate benefits, and that the proposed framework is readily apply to other mixed-source regions for near-real-time CH4 mitigation planning.

Staining of tissue sections and subsequent microscopic imaging are two key steps in conducting conventional histopathological analysis, but these processes are complex and time-consuming, and the image analysis results largely depend on the experience of the operator. To overcome these limitations, this work proposes a label-free quantitative histopathological analysis method based on the hyperspectral surface plasmon resonance microscopy (HSPRM) system. The HSPRM system consists of a Kretschmann-type spectral SPR sensor and a hyperspectral microscope, which are optically connected through an imaging lens. The HSPRM system with an equilateral triangular prism coupler made of high-index glass can capture wavelength-scanning SPR images and pixel-resolved resonance wavelengths (RWs) of tissue sections, and allows for two-dimensional (2D) mapping of the refractive index (RI) of the tissue in a wide dynamic range by fitting the measured RWs pixel by pixel with the multilayer Fresnel model. As a result, the HSPRM system can easily distinguish the cancerous region from the normal region based on the measured 2D distribution of the RI of the tissue sample. This outstanding capability of the HSPRM system was verified through comparative tests of tumor tissue and normal tissue from mouse mammary glands. The experimental results indicated that the average RI of the tumor tissue is higher than that of the normal tissue. Multiple measurements demonstrated that the prerequisite for label-free quantitative histopathological analysis with the HSPRM system is to ensure gapless adhesion of the tissue section to the SPR sensor chip.

Although understanding the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles is essential to studying their impact on climate and health, information on the viscosity of nanoparticles composed of organic and inorganic salts, as well as the aging process with soluble polluting gases is still rare. In this work, based on a high contrast imaging device enabled by the photonic chip, we measured the hygroscopic growth factors (GFs) of nanoparticles of KCl and glucose mixed in different organic and inorganic dry mass ratios (OIRs). In addition, we also proposed a viscosity retrieval method to quantify the viscosity of the nanoparticles at different relative humidities (RHs) according to the Arrhenius mixing rule and Zdanovskii-Stokes-Robinson approach. Moreover, the retrieval viscosities after deliquescence are almost in perfect agreement with the predicted curves from the Aerosol Inorganic-Organic Mixtures Functional groups Activity Coefficients Viscosity model. Furthermore, the hygroscopic GFs of the components other than glucose in the aged mixed-component particles after deliquescence is slightly higher than that of the aged single component KCl. This might be due to the viscosity of the organic components cause a delay in the volatilization of HCl gas and the formation of K2SO4. For instance, the calculated GFs for the aged mixtures with OIRs of 1:3,1:1 and 3:1 are 1.61, 1.62 and 1.66 at 90 % RH, respectively, while the GF of the aged single component KCl is about 1.60. These results are expected to provide theoretical reference for the future field observation of the various physicochemical property of ambient aerosol samples.

Green leaf volatiles (GLVs) are important secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors, while the SOA for mechanisms, especially the structural effects of GLV isomers, remain largely understudied. In this study, the ozonolysis of Z-3-hexenal (Z-3-H) and T-2-hexenal (T-2-H) in the presence of SO2 was investigated in a 30 m3 smog chamber. The experimental results showed that the SOA concentration produced by Z-3-H was far greater than that of T-2-H, indicating a significant influence of molecular structure on SOA formation. Through the mechanism study, a C3-carbonyl-RO2 radical (CHOC2H4O2) was regarded as a key intermediate playing a central role in the Z-3-H and T-2-H SOA formation. Due to the different double-bond positions, the ozonation of Z-3-H undergoes a relatively simpler pathway than T-2-H to produce this intermediate, which is considered one of the reasons for the higher SOA concentration of Z-3-H. Another key reason is that the average concentration of stable Criegee intermediate (sCI) in the Z-3-H/O3/SO2 system is much higher than that in the T-2-H/O3/SO2 system. The high level of sCI not only directly promotes a series of sCI-involved intramolecular and intermolecular reactions but also drives the rapid formation of H2SO4, which facilitates organosulfate production and acid-catalyzed aldol condensation reaction.

Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) is a potent and long-lived fluorinated greenhouse gas with rapidly increasing emissions. However, as a major emission source of NF3, Chinese emission estimates based on long-term atmospheric observations remain limited. In this study, we present weekly measurements of NF3 mole fractions from 2018 to 2024 at eight background stations across China. The regional emissions were estimated based on the tracer-ratio method using HCFC-22 and CO as reference tracers. The results show a clear and consistent increase in the atmospheric mole fractions of NF3 at all sites, with a national average increased from ~2.0 pptv in 2018 to ~4.0 pptv in 2024. The enhanced mole fractions of economically developed regions exhibited a generally upward trend, indicating increasingly frequent and stronger pollution events. Emission estimates indicate that the total NF3 emissions from the four major regions increased from 1.06 ± 0.29 Gg yr-1 in 2018‒2020 to 1.32 ± 0.37 Gg yr-1 in 2021‒2023, together accounting for approximately 75‒79% of China’s total NF3 emissions and about 36‒38% of global emissions. The central China (CC) was identified as the largest share of emissions and the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) showed the most pronounced growth. Furthermore, China’s emission intensities, normalized by GDP and population, were substantially higher than global averages, with significant regional disparities. By linking atmospheric observations with industrial production data, we demonstrate that the evolution of regional NF3 emission is strongly influenced by the industrial structure, which highlights the importance of region-specific mitigation strategies.

Corneal neovascularization (CoNV) remains difficult to treat due to limited ocular drug retention, insufficient targeting, and rapid clearance. Herein, a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive and integrin-targeted micelle-gel composite delivery system was developed to enhance ocular bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. Methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(propylene sulfide) (mPEG-PPS) was synthesized and co-assembled with cRGD-PEG-PLGA to form dexamethasone-loaded hybrid micelles (cRGD-DPPMs) with a mean particle size of 144.9 ± 2.95 nm, a drug loading of 7.62 ± 0.16%, an encapsulation efficiency of 89.74 ± 0.37%. The micelles were further incorporated into a hypotonic Pluronic F127 gel (12%, 51.3 ± 5.9 mOsm·kg⁻1) to obtain a ROS-responsive micelle-gel system (cRGD-DPPMs/Gel) with enhanced ocular adhesion. In vitro release studies demonstrated ROS-triggered drug release, reaching 83.17% within 72 h under 5% H2O2, while maintaining sustained release under physiological conditions. Cellular uptake by αvβ3-overexpressing HUVECs was increased by approximately 2.8-fold following cRGD modification. In a rat alkali burn-induced CoNV model, cRGD-DPPMs/Gel significantly reduced the neovascularized area to 19.04% after 14 days, compared with 47.62% in the untreated model group, while markedly suppressing inflammatory cytokines and VEGF expression without elevating intraocular pressure. This formulation represents a pharmaceutically rational strategy for sustained and targeted ocular therapy of CoNV.

Although 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-Q), a pervasive tire-derived contaminant, poses emerging health risks, its systemic toxicity mechanisms remain poorly understood; effective noninvasive monitoring tools are still lacking. We combined ultrasensitive photoinduced associative ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PAI-TOFMS) with multi-organ transcriptomics and serum metabolomics to mechanistically assess 6PPD-Q-induced toxicity in mice. We identified a robust and highly sensitive five-analyte breath panel associated with organ-level molecular perturbations. Mechanistic integration suggests that acetaldehyde is associated with a hepatic metabolic reprogramming syndrome that dysregulates steroid biosynthesis and with oxidative stress-driven transcriptional signatures of genotoxic stress. Dimethyl disulfide is associated with perturbation of systemic sulfur metabolism and correlates with hepatic glutathione depletion and redox imbalance. In the kidneys, trimethylamine is associated with compromised clearance and metabolic stagnation, potentially related to PPAR signaling suppression. In the lungs, monochloramine and 3-buten-2-one are associated with immune infiltration and membrane lipid peroxidation, respectively. By establishing a cohesive "breath-blood-organ" framework, we demonstrate that these exhaled signatures are consistent with internal tissue pathology. This study elucidates the multi-organ toxicity of 6PPD-Q via a metabolic-genotoxic axis and provides a validated noninvasive toolkit for future environmental epidemiology and population health screening.

Airborne microplastics (MPs) pose significant respiratory and systemic health risks upon inhalation; however, current assessment methods remain inadequate. This study integrates breathomics and transcriptomics to establish a non-invasive approach for evaluating MP-induced damage to the lungs and heart. C57BL/6 mice were exposed to polystyrene MPs (0.1 μm, 2 μm, and 10 μm), and their exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were analyzed using photoinduced associative ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Machine learning algorithms identified hydrogen sulfide, acetone, acrolein, propionitrile, and butyronitrile as key VOC biomarkers, linking MP exposure to oxidative stress and metabolic dysregulation. Transcriptomic analysis further revealed significant gene expression alterations in pulmonary and cardiac tissues, implicating immune dysregulation, metabolic disturbance, and cardiac dysfunction. Pathway enrichment analysis, supported by histological and immunohistochemical validation, confirmed pulmonary inflammation and cardiac injury. By integrating exhaled biomarker profiling with transcriptomic insights, this study advances non-invasive detection strategies for MP-related health effects, offering valuable prospects for public health monitoring and early diagnosis.

Rain-induced flooding hazards are prevalent on the Loess Plateau (LP). Descriptive statistics, kernel density estimation, and geographical detector methods were used to explore the spatial and temporal distribution, driving factors, and their high-risk intervals of rain-induced flooding hazard events (RFHEs) on the LP and whether they differ across the entire LP and its ecological subregions. The findings showed that 91 RFHEs occurred mainly in the south-central LP during 2004-2020. The daily rainfall, surface relief amplitude (SRA), elevation, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), soil texture, and population were identified as the driving factors of RFHEs on the LP. However, the driving factors of RFHEs in the Sandy and Agricultural Irrigation Regions (Subregion C), and Earth-rocky Mountainous Region and River Valley Plain Region (Subregion D) all had an added soil texture and population factor compared to the entire LP, but they lacked NDVI and SRA factors, respectively. The driving factors for the Loess Plateau Gully Region (Subregion A) lacked SRA and soil texture factors. The Loess Hilly and Gully Region (Subregion B) lacked NDVI, soil texture, and population factors. There were also differences between high-risk intervals on the LP and its subregions. The high-risk daily rainfall for the entire LP was 64.5 mm, while it was 64.5, 82.3, 14.7, and 50.0 mm for subregions A, B, C, and D, respectively. Therefore, adopting uniform standards on the LP may over-estimate or under-estimate RFHE occurrence in ecological subregions. These findings contribute to guiding decision-makers involved in ecosystem management and hazard prevention.

Nitrous acid (HONO) and ozone (O3) are two important indoor pollutants that affect the indoor oxidation capacity. Previous field studies have observed an inverse correlation between these two pollutants indoors, but the specific mechanism remains unclear. Given the semivolatile behavior of HONO, a possible mechanism is its multiphase reaction with ozone. In this study, we measured ozone uptake on surface HONO/NO2- under environmentally relevant conditions in a flow tube. The ozone deposition velocities (vd = 0.002 ± 0.001-0.3 ± 0.005 cm s-1) and uptake coefficients (γ = (0.2 ± 0.1) × 10-6-(2.0 ± 0.2) × 10-4) depend on reactant concentrations, relative humidity, and reaction time but are less affected by illumination. The lifetimes of gaseous HONO and ozone are approximately 10 min due to this multiphase reaction under indoor conditions, which is a significant sink for HONO and O3 as compared to those of other indoor reactions and air exchange. This study for the first time revealed the previously overlooked vital role of the reaction of surface HONO/NO2- with O3 in affecting both indoor HONO and O3 and has significance for understanding the multiphase chemistry of HONO and O3, with implications for outdoor surfaces and model studies to better constrain HONO sinks.

Improving soil fertility is pressingly needed for national and global sustainable development. Land fallow has been considered an important measure to alleviate the degradation of soil fertility. However, it remains unclear regarding how fallow affects soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) pools. Therefore, our objective was to assess the effects of fallow on SOC and TN pools along the 0-200 cm soil profile, and to further clarify whether its long-term effects are consistent with medium-term effects. Through a comparative field study on a fluvo-aquic soil, we evaluated both medium (11 years 1991-2001) and long-term (27 years 1991-2016) effects of two land management practices on SOC and TN pools, soil biogeochemical properties and microbial communities. The practices were: (1) natural fallow and (2) chemical N, phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizers (NPK treatment). Results showed that for the medium-term experiment, SOC and TN pools along the 0-200 cm soil profile in the fallow treatment were 10.9 %-98.9 % and 11.4 %-91.8 %, respectively, of that in NPK. For the long-term experiment, however, the SOC pools in the fallow were 1.1-1.6 times that of NPK, and for TN correspondingly 1.1-1.2 times in the 0-60 cm soil layer but only 16.4 %-75.3 % in the 60-200 cm layer. Furthermore, fallow resulted in lower microbial biomass C (MBC), N mineralization and potential nitrification rate than NPK did. Fallow increased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria but decreased that of Chloroflexi and Nitrospirae. These results imply that the lower microbial activity especially the reduction of nitrification processes may have contributed to the greater soil C and N sequestration of fallow with the time prolonged. In conclusion, medium-term fallow will inhibit the increase of soil C and N storage, although it can improve soil C and N storage in the long term in North China Plain.

The rheological and tensile behaviors of polyisobutylenes (PIBs) with different molecular weights were studied. The structural evolution of ultrahigh molecular weight PIB (UHMW-PIB) during uniaxial and cyclic deformation was traced by wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). The molecular weight of PIB in relation to its viscosity, viscoelasticity and elasticity was determined. The UHMW-PIB, which is mainly elastic, exhibits excellent ductility during uniaxial tensile process. The results of WAXD indicate that the stretch-induced crystallization takes place in the UHMW-PIB when stretched to large ratio. As the stretching ratio is 11, the crystallinity of UHMW-PIB with weight-average molecular weight of 3.28x106 g/mol is as high as 10.7%. The UHMW-PIB shows good strain recovery performance after cyclic stretching. Compared to the thermoplastic polyurethane in the literature, the residual ratio of UHMW-PIB is much lower when the stretching ratio is the same. In the unloading process, the formed crystallites will gradually melt and return to the amorphous state. The tensile behavior of PIB is closely related to its molecular weight, entanglement structure and stretch-induced crystallization. This work would provide reference for the industrial application of PIB.

The real-time detection of gaseous H2O and its typical isotopic molecules, e.g., H218O, D2O, HDO, and HTO, is highly desirable in many fundamental scientific studies and practical monitoring, such as mechanistic studies of H2O-involved chemical reactions and radiation risk warning of abnormal HTO emissions. However, ionization methods for mass spectrometry (MS) to directly measure isotopic water molecules are limited, and the discrimination of those with similar molecular weights (MWs) usually requires the use of high-resolution mass spectrometers. In this study, we present a highly efficient ionization method for water vapor based on a photoinduced associative ionization (PAI) reaction, where one excited-state CH2Cl2* reacts with two H2O molecules to transfer a proton from one H2O molecule to another (i.e., the analyte). Benefit to the distinctive ionization pathway, different featured ions of H2O, D2O, and H 2 18 O were observed. Surprisingly, each isotopic water molecule has its own unique PAI mass spectrum pattern according to the same ionization principle, which offers a convenient method for distinguishing isotopic water molecules with similar MWs, such as D2O, H218O, and HTO (20 Da), without the need for high-resolution mass spectrometers. The measured detection sensitivities of a laboratory-built PAI time-of-flight mass spectrometer towards D2O and H 2 18 O were 1465.1 +/- 37.0 and 1324.4 +/- 86.4 counts ppbv-1 , respectively, in a detection time of 10 s. The corresponding 3 sigma LODs were 0.10 and 0.11 ppbv, respectively. This study provides a novel ionization method for the direct detection and discrimination of isotopic water molecules, which has potential to combine with portable MS for on-site measurements.

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by joint inflammation, progressive cartilage degradation, and bone erosion. Recent research has implicated ferroptosis not only in autoimmune hepatitis but also in the pathogenesis and progression of autoimmune disorders like RA. Consequently, numerous therapeutic strategies have begun to target the ferroptosis pathway, particularly in the design and development of nanodrug delivery systems (NDDSs). While previous reviews have comprehensively discussed the mechanisms of ferroptosis, related signaling pathways, and NDDS materials, recent studies have further elucidated the interplay between ferroptosis and various metabolic pathways, providing a robust theoretical basis for the design of NDDS-based ferroptosis strategies. This review focuses on investigating the role of ferroptosis in the development of RA, aiming to elucidate how targeting ferroptosis can offer novel therapeutic concepts and potential treatments for RA patients. Specifically, it summarizes the design strategies of ferroptosis-based NDDSs via different pathways and highlights the feasibility of RA treatment regimens based on the ferroptosis mechanism. Furthermore, the review critically discusses the current limitations of NDDSs and offers perspectives on future research directions in this field.

Extensive molecular dynamics simulations of the Kremer-Grest model have been conducted to explore kinetic features and molecular mechanisms of the melting process of the initially disentangled linear and ring polymers with varying chain lengths (up to 800) in bulk, with an emphasis on illuminating the specific role of chain topology therein. In the meantime, some interesting issues concerning chain explosions have also been addressed in this study. It is revealed from our computational study that the melting of initially disentangled polymers, both linear ones and rings, is a three-stage process, where there is a synergy of such nonequilibrium processes as globule-coil transitions of polymer chains, polymer interpenetration, and thus formation of nontrivial topological states (i.e., entanglements or threadings) of polymers. We found that the melting of initially disentangled linear polymers seems to be accomplished through chain explosions, while such a picture is obscure for the ring case. In the linear case, it is through sufficient "releasing" of the two chain ends that the disentangled linear chains become able to explode for arriving at their well-equilibrated coil conformations, while chain expansion of ring polymers during the melting occurs with the aid of the formation of more wrinkled conformations due to the absence of chain ends. Moreover, it is concluded that a concomitant development of polymer interpenetrations essentially acts as a requisite for the occurrence of chain expansion during the melting, and a cooperation of chain expansion and interpenetrations leads to the emergence of entanglements in the linear systems and threadings in the rings.

With the upcoming transition to clean electric vehicles, the sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the ambient environment are rapidly changing and highly uncertain. Here, through systematic characterization of emissions from a typical apartment in a Chinese megacity (Shenzhen), we show that indoor environments contribute significantly to the levels of ambient (i.e., outdoor) VOCs. In particular, we observe that the majority of indoor VOCs originate from unoccupied spaces, demonstrating temperature-dependent release from indoor surface reservoirs. The total indoor-to-outdoor VOC emission rates varied from 53 to 2300 mg day-1 (median 230 mg day-1) during unoccupied periods, influenced by both the air exchange rate and indoor temperature. Reanalysis of literature data from various building studies worldwide corroborates our findings and reveals that indoor-to-outdoor emissions scale with room volume, with an average emission rate of 0.33 ± 0.03 mg h-1 m-3. Our study implies that indoor-to-outdoor emissions significantly contribute to urban VOC levels, rivaling traditional urban sources, e.g., power generation and biomass burning. This is particularly true for oxygenated VOCs, such as methanol, amounting to ∼60% of transportation emissions. The findings change our understanding of the role of indoor VOC contributions to outdoor air quality, whose importance will increase as controls on industrial and transportation emissions intensify.

A compact and versatile tensile apparatus for polymer materials is designed and fabricated. Three distinct stretching modes are developed: constant speed, cyclic, and sinusoidal, with adjustable speeds ranging from 0.001 to 120 mm/s. To capture the true strain of the central region, a high-speed camera has been integrated into the apparatus. The temperature of the sample chamber is controlled by flowing air, enabling a homogeneous temperature in the range of RT ∼200 °C. The apparatus is particularly suitable for a synchrotron beamline. The structural evolution of natural rubber during sinusoidal stretching is investigated by in situ wide-angle x-ray scattering. Scattering patterns, force, clamp position, and sample images are saved simultaneously during stretching. Notably, the results reveal a sinusoidal variation in the crystallinity of crosslinked natural rubber when a sinusoidal strain was applied to the sample. The integration of advanced measurement techniques and controlled experimental conditions ensures the acquisition of reliable and accurate data, providing valuable insights into the structural evolution of materials under dynamic deformation conditions.

Ground-level ozone ranks sixth among common air pollutants. It worsens lung diseases like asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis. Despite recent attention from researchers, the link between exhaled breath and ozoneinduced injury remains poorly understood. This study aimed to identify novel exhaled biomarkers in ozoneexposed mice using ultra-sensitive photoinduced associative ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and machine learning. Distinct ion peaks for acetonitrile (m/z 42, 60, and 78), butyronitrile (m/z 70, 88, and 106), and hydrogen sulfide (m/z 35) were detected. Integration of tissue characteristics, oxidative stress-related mRNA expression, and exhaled breath condensate free-radical analysis enabled a comprehensive exploration of the relationship between ozone-induced biological responses and potential biomarkers. Under similar exposure levels, C57BL/6 mice exhibited pulmonary injury characterized by significant inflammation, oxidative stress, and cardiac damage. Notably, C57BL/6 mice showed free radical signals, indicating a distinct susceptibility profile. Immunodeficient non-obese diabetic Prkdc-/-/Il2rg-/--/- / Il2rg-/- (NPI) mice exhibited minimal biological responses to pulmonary injury, with little impact on the heart. These findings suggest a divergence in ozone-induced damage pathways in the two mouse types, leading to alterations in exhaled biomarkers. Integrating biomarker discovery with comprehensive biopathological analysis forms a robust foundation for targeted interventions to manage health risks posed by ozone exposure.

Dual offline payment has a great practical value for the transactions without network connection. Unfortunately, it is a puzzle in the view of central bank digital currency (CBDC) which should keep the centralized banking system and simultaneously avoid double-spending, counterfeiting, relay attack and other issues. There is limited literature about securely designing the dual offline payment solution specifically for CBDC. One public method that establishes the mobile payment on both trusted execution environment and secure element (SE), is too heavy to promote the general application. In response to this issue, we propose DOPS, a feasible dual offline payment scheme for two equipotent e-wallets of mobile device users. By only adopting SE, the secure architecture of the mobile device is constructed. Based on it, DOPS comes with the complete data structures and the core procedures for offline payment. We list the exceptional scenarios that might arise during dual offline transactions and provide explicit protocols for addressing them. A security analysis of the approach is presented based on realistic assumptions. Subsequently, we develop and evaluate a prototype system using feasible parameters. Our assessment demonstrates that DOPS fulfills the practical needs of offline CBDC payments for mobile users, excelling in both security and efficiency aspects.