Background:The genus Perissus belongs to the tribe Clytini, currently comprises 98 species and subspecies, widely distributed across the Palaearctic, Oriental and Australian Regions. New information:A new species, Perissus jianfenglingensis Sandoval, Liu & Yang sp. nov. [] is described from Hainan Province, China, its morphological distinctions from related species are clarified, colour plates are illustrated and the characteristics of the species are provided. Additionally, a brief description and discussion of the pollen loads composition of the examined individuals were conducted.

To address nanoplastic phytotoxicity that limits phytoremediation efficiency, we assembled synthetic microbial communities (SynComs) from polystyrene nanoplastic (PS-NP)-enriched root endophytes of Populus × euramericana cv. '74/76' (Poplar 107) and demonstrated their protective mechanisms through multi-omics analysis. PS-NP exposure profoundly altered endophytic diversity and composition, selectively enriching taxa with stress tolerance and putative plastic-degrading capacity. Six consistently upregulated species (bacteria: Chryseobacterium taeanense, Pseudomonas psychrotolerans, and Rhizobium cellulosilyticum; fungi: Rhodotorula toruloides, Trichosporon asahii, and Fusarium oxysporum) were assembled into bacterial (SynComB), fungal (SynComF), and cross-kingdom (SynComBF) communities. Under severe PS-NP stress (800 mg/L), SynCom inoculation significantly improved plant growth and photosynthesis, reduced PS-NP accumulation, and alleviated oxidative damage compared to the mock control. Each SynCom employed distinct yet complementary strategies: SynComB promoted detoxification and organic acid production. SynComF enhanced energy storage and polysaccharide metabolism. SynComBF synergized these mechanisms for comprehensive protection. Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed tissue-specific metabolic reprogramming with enhanced flavonoids biosynthesis in shoots for antioxidant defense, enhanced fatty acids biosynthesis in roots for membrane protection, and enhanced TCA cycle activity in both tissues for energy compensation. Our work provides a mechanistic understanding of plant-microbe interactions in response to PS-NP exposure and presents an eco-friendly framework for boosting phytoremediation in plastic-contaminated environments.

Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is a pharmacologically important oleanane-type triterpenoid best known from licorice, but its sustainable production is limited by inefficient enzymes. Here, we report the complete GA biosynthetic pathway in Trifolium repens, a legume not previously known to produce GA. Targeted metabolomics confirmed GA accumulation in multiple tissues, highest in roots. Transcriptomic analyses identified key biosynthetic genes, and heterologous reconstruction in yeast verified their catalytic functions. The pathway comprises three β-amyrin synthases, two β-amyrin 11-oxidases (TrCYP88D37/35b), and an 11-oxo-β-amyrin 30-oxidase (TrCYP72A1633). Phylogenetic analyses revealed these CYP450s are conserved in supertribe Fabodae, hinting at the potential for GA or related triterpenoid production in other legumes. Screening seven cytochrome P450 reductases (CPRs), including two from T. repens, identified AiCPR from Azadirachta indica as optimal for TrCYP72A1633, increasing GA titers in yeast to 3.07 mg/L. This study establishes GA biosynthesis in T. repens and provides a basis for sustainable microbial production.

Introduction:Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive lung disease with irreversible fibrosis and poor prognosis. Jiawei Buyang Huanwu Decoction (JBHD) has demonstrated therapeutic effects, but the exact mechanisms, particularly those mediated by the gut microbiota, remain largely unexplored. This study aimed to explore how JBHD modulates gut microbiota, and how these changes may influence host metabolic regulation in the context of IPF. Methods:The IPF model was established via intratracheal bleomycin injection. After 28 days of treatment, feces samples were obtained for 16S rRNA gene sequencing, whereas serum and urine samples were collected for metabolomic analyses. Results:Gut microbiota analysis showed that JBHD restored microbial dysbiosis in IPF rats. Differentially altered fecal microbes (DAFMs) reversed by JBHD included Lactobacillus, Clostridium sensu stricto 1, Turicibacter, and Christensenellaceae R-7 group at the genus level. The microbial functions reversed by JBHD in both KEGG Level 3 and COG analyses were related to amino acid metabolism, including Biosynthesis of amino acids (KEGG) and Amino acid transport and metabolism (COG). Serum and urine metabolomics showed that JBHD modified the metabolic profile of IPF rats. Among the differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) altered by IPF, JBHD reversed 11 in serum and 13 in urine. Pathway analysis indicated that these DEMs were mainly associated with amino acid and lipid metabolism. The consistency between microbial functional predictions and host metabolomic findings in amino acid metabolism suggests that JBHD may influence host metabolic pathways through gut microbiota modulation. Functional prediction of the targets of reversed DEMs highlights signaling pathways related to immune regulation. Correlation and network analyses between DAFMs and DEMs reveal potential associations, implying that gut microbiota alterations may contribute to coordinated changes in host metabolism. Discussion:JBHD may act by reshaping specific microbial communities, which in turn could help restore related metabolic disturbances. These findings suggest a possible microbiota-mediated mechanism through which JBHD may exert its effects along the gut-lung axis.

Stellariae Radix Polysaccharides (SRP, extracted from roots of Stellaria dichotoma var. lanceolata Bge.) was structurally characterized and its potential as both a fruit preservation agent and a hypoglycemic bioactive compound was explored. SRP, containing 73.23 ± 1.02 % total sugar, was separated into two main fractions, SRP-1 (neutral) and SRP-2 (acidic), using DEAE-52 cellulose chromatography, with respective yields of 74.07 ± 0.90 % and 2.93 ± 0.12 %. SRP and its fractions were then analyzed in detail by GPC, HPLC, FT-IR, and NMR, which revealed their key structural features and bioactive potential. In vitro assays indicated SRP has high antioxidant capacity, with DPPH• and ABTS•+ scavenging activities of 70.43 ± 0.09 % and 96.82 ± 0.05 % at 8 mg/mL, respectively. SRP inhibited α-glucosidase (88.60 ± 1.84 %) and α-amylase (75.76 ± 1.74 %) in a dose-dependent manner, underscoring its hypoglycemic properties. Applied as an edible coating for fresh-cut apple, SRP enhanced preservation, reduced weight loss, maintained firmness, and conserved ascorbic acid over 96 h. It also limited malondialdehyde production, reduced electrolyte leakage, protected cell membrane integrity, and mitigated oxidative damage. These findings position SRP as a novel, multifunctional component in food preservation technologies that align with both environmental sustainability and diabetic dietary needs.

Iron homeostasis is critical for plant growth; however, the mechanisms underlying responses to iron deficiency and toxicity remain poorly understood. We investigated the adaptive strategies of Ulmus pumila, focusing on leaf physiological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic responses to iron stresses. Both iron deficiency and toxicity impaired chlorophyll biosynthesis, PS II efficiency, and chloroplast ultrastructure, resulting in reduced photosynthetic capacity and etiolation/wilting phenotypes. Iron deficiency reduced antioxidant enzyme activity and ROS levels, while iron toxicity activated the antioxidant enzyme system in response to the ROS burst. Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses provided insights into the underlying mechanism of these divergent responses: iron deficiency promoted primary metabolic adjustments, particularly the upregulation of genes (e.g., MDH, ACO, and IDH) and metabolites (e.g., malic acid, citric acid, and fumaric acid) associated with the TCA cycle to meet energy demands. Conversely, iron toxicity triggered a metabolic shift from primary to secondary metabolism, upregulating the genes (e.g., CHS, CHI, and F3H) and metabolites (e.g., laricitrin, trifolin, and rutin) involved in flavonoids biosynthesis to mitigate oxidative stress. Overall, U. pumila employs distinct adaptive mechanisms to balance survival and growth under iron stress: prioritizing energy metabolism and iron uptake to meet energy demands and improve iron uptake efficiency under deficiency, and enhancing the secondary metabolism to mitigate oxidative damage under toxicity. These findings enhance understanding of plant nutrient homeostasis and stress adaptation, providing insights into mitigating the impacts of soil degradation on agriculture and forestry.

This study developed a chitosan film blended with Malus 'Donald Wyman' crabapple ethanol extracts for grape preservation. Antioxidant activity and phenolic composition of extracts collected in October (MEO) and March (MEM) were comparatively analyzed using UV Spectrophotometry and UPLC-MS. The MEO demonstrated superior antioxidant capacity and diverse phenolic profile attributed to higher content of phenolics (84.5 mg GA/g dw). The chitosan-MEO film underwent physicochemical evaluations, including SEM, FTIR, XRD, and TGA, to ascertain its microstructure, molecular interactions, crystallinity, and thermal stability. Mechanical testing revealed reductions in film's tensile strength and elongation at break from 13.52 MPa to 104.5% of CH film to 4.44 MPa and 31.89% of CH-MEO film, respectively, which was also evident in SEM, showing cracks in the crosssection and voids on the surface. The film effectively maintained grape quality by minimizing weight loss at 15.90% and preserving firmness at 1.88 N, total soluble solids at 11.80%, and titratable acidity at 0.89% in CHMEO group. It also protected grapes from oxidative damage by decreasing lipid peroxidation and enhancing overall antioxidant capacity. The study underscores the potential of seasonally derived natural extracts in fortifying biocomposite films for active food packaging, thereby extending shelf-life and maintaining quality of fresh produce.

Thermogenic plants exhibit high biosynthetic and energetic demands in their thermogenic organs at specific developmental stages. The receptacle of Nelumbo nucifera undergoes metabolic shifts alongside enhanced energy metabolism. Using infrared thermal imaging, we identified the greatest temperature difference between the receptacle and outer petals at the onset (S1) and peak (S2) thermogenic stages. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that alternative oxidase (AOX) and uncoupling protein (UCP) were highly expressed at both S1 and S2, while the expression level of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) at S2 was even lower than that at the pre-thermogenic stage (S0), indicating a possible respiratory flux shift favoring AOX respiration at S2. Additionally, the upregulation of UCP at the thermogenic stages raises the possibility of UCP-fueled thermogenesis. Metabolomic profiling revealed dynamic changes in both primary and secondary metabolites. At S0, amino acids and nucleotides accumulated significantly, while fatty acyl metabolites were prominently enriched at S2. At S2, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were upregulated compared with S0, aligning with their potential roles in pollinator attraction, whereas phenolics, flavonoids, and condensed tannins declined compared with S1. The thermogenic decline stage (S3) and post-thermogenic stage (S4) were characterized by the reaccumulation of these non-volatile secondary metabolites, along with increased lignin biosynthesis. This study provides new insights into the metabolic adaptations of N. nucifera in plant-environment interactions and highlights the synergistic interplay between thermogenesis and secondary metabolism in promoting reproductive success.

Typha angustifolia L. is a perennial marsh botanical drugs belonging to the genus Typha of the family Typhaceae, boasts a medicinal legacy spanning over 1900 years in China. Within traditional medicine, it is often used to treat a variety of bleeding disorders and gynecological diseases. Typha angustifolia contains various active components and metabolites including flavonoids, steroids, phenylpropanoids and organic acids. Over 94 compounds have been isolated and identified from T. angustifolia, demonstrating significant pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-platelet aggregation, anti-atherosclerosis and anti-oxidation. In modern clinical practice, T. angustifolia is extensively utilized in treating dysmenorrhea, irregular menstruation, trauma bleeding, soft tissue contusion, hematochezia, hematuria and abnormal uterine bleeding. Typha angustifolia has a wide range of biological activities, making it a valuable resource for discovering potential drug candidates and developing new botanical supplements. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the research status of T. angustifolia, encompassing its botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity, and quality control, with the objective of enhancing our understanding of the application value and bioavailability of this traditional medicinal plant and offering a reference point for further research in this field.

Developing chitosan composite films using agricultural bio-byproducts provides a promising and sustainable strategy for next-generation green food packaging. In this study, we utilized antioxidant-rich extracts derived from underutilized konjac waste to develop active chitosan-based films. A comparative screening of ethanol extracts from different parts (leaf blade, petiole, corm) of two konjac species, Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch (A. konjac) and A. paeoniifolius, revealed that the leaf blade extract of A. konjac (AKE) possessed the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents and, correspondingly, the strongest antioxidant activity. UPLC-MS characterization identified ten phenolic compounds, such as quercetin and ferulic acid, known for their high antioxidant potential. AKE-incorporated chitosan films were thoroughly characterized using thermogravimetric analysis, Xray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The high-dose AKE formulation (CF+H-AKE) increased film density (1.98 g/cm3) and moisture content (28.34 %), improved thermal stability, and resulted in a porous microstructure. Notably, CF+H-AKE films significantly preserved the quality of fresh-cut apples during 4-day storage, reducing weight loss by 23.19 % and limiting the loss of firmness to only 28.22 %. Moreover, the composite films effectively inhibited lipid oxidation and enhanced antioxidant activity, thereby extending shelf life. This work highlights the feasibility of converting agricultural byproducts into valueadded, biodegradable packaging materials, offering a practical and eco-friendly solution for sustainable food preservation.

Flavonoid compounds are considered important components of new sources of natural antioxidants. This study was performed to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction processes of flavonoids from date plum persimmon (DPP) fruits, along with the in vitro antioxidant capacities and identities of those components. First, the effects of liquid/solid ratio, ethanol concentration, extraction time, and extraction temperature on flavonoid yields were investigated by independent variables analysis. Then the response surface methodology was used to optimize the extraction process, and the maximum flavonoid content was 3.05 ± 0.03 mg/g DW under the conditions of liquid/solid ratio 27:1 (mL/g), 74 mL ethanol/100 mL, extraction time 27 min, and extraction temperature 80 °C. Moreover, by DPPH and ABTS assays, the crude extracts of flavonoids in DPP fruits exhibited robust scavenging capacities with IC50 values of 1.76 and 0.82 μg/mL, respectively. In addition, 17 bioactive compounds of DPP were isolated and identified by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS, among which two were phenolic acid derivatives, two were flavanones, eight were flavones, four were pentacyclic triterpenoids and one was xanthone. This study provided information regarding the phytochemical composition and functional properties of DPP fruits, supporting future research to facilitate the development and utilization of DPP as a functional food.

There is increasing global concern regarding the pervasive issue of plastic pollution. We investigated the response of Populus × euramericana cv. ‘74/76’ to nanoplastic toxicity via phenotypic, microanatomical, physiological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic approaches. Polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) were distributed throughout the test plants after the application of PS-NPs. Nanoplastics principally accumulated in the roots; minimal fractions were translocated to the leaves. In leaves, however, PS-NPs easily penetrated membranes and became concentrated in chloroplasts, causing thylakoid disintegration and chlorophyll degradation. Finally, oxidant damage from the influx of PS-NPs led to diminished photosynthesis, stunted growth, and etiolation and/or wilting. By integrating dual-omics data, we found that plants could counteract mild PS-NP-induced oxidative stress through the antioxidant enzyme system without initiating secondary metabolic defense mechanisms. In contrast, severe PS-NP treatments promoted a shift in metabolic pattern from primary metabolism to secondary metabolic defense mechanisms, an effect that was particularly pronounced during the upregulation of flavonoid biosynthesis. Our findings provide a useful framework from which to further clarify the roles of key biochemical pathways in plant responses to nanoplastic toxicity. Our work also supports the development of effective strategies to mitigate the environmental risks of nanoplastics by biologically immobilizing them in contaminated lands.

Abstract Background Plants can retain atmospheric particulate matter (PM) through their unique foliar microstructures, which has a profound impact on the phyllosphere microbial communities. Yet, the underlying mechanisms linking atmospheric particulate matter (PM) retention by foliar microstructures to variations in the phyllosphere microbial communities remain a mystery. In this study, we conducted a field experiment with ten Ulmus lines. A series of analytical techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and high-throughput amplicon sequencing, were applied to examine the relationship between foliar surface microstructures, PM retention, and phyllosphere microbial diversity of Ulmus L. Results We characterized the leaf microstructures across the ten Ulmus lines. Chun exhibited a highly undulated abaxial surface and dense stomatal distribution. Langya and Xingshan possessed dense abaxial trichomes, while Lieye, Zuiweng, and Daguo had sparsely distributed, short abaxial trichomes. Duomai, Qingyun, and Lang were characterized by sparse stomata and flat abaxial surfaces, whereas Jinye had sparsely distributed but extensive stomata. The mean leaf retention values for total suspended particulate (TSP), PM2.5, PM2.5-10, PM10-100, and PM> 100 were 135.76, 6.60, 20.10, 90.98, and 13.08 µg·cm− 2, respectively. Trichomes substantially contributed to PM2.5 retention, while larger undulations enhanced PM2.5-10 retention, as evidenced by positive correlations between PM2.5 and abaxial trichome density and between PM2.5-10 and the adaxial raw microroughness values. Phyllosphere microbial diversity patterns varied among lines, with bacteria dominated by Sediminibacterium and fungi by Mycosphaerella, Alternaria, and Cladosporium. Redundancy analysis confirmed that dense leaf trichomes facilitated the capture of PM2.5-associated fungi, while bacteria were less impacted by PM and struggled to adhere to leaf microstructures. Long and dense trichomes provided ideal microhabitats for retaining PM-borne microbes, as evidenced by positive feedback loops between PM2.5, trichome characteristics, and the relative abundances of microorganisms like Trichoderma and Aspergillus. Conclusions Based on our findings, a three-factor network profile was constructed, which provides a foundation for further exploration into how different plants retain PM through foliar microstructures, thereby impacting phyllosphere microbial communities.

Based on the weather feature clustering, an optimized algorithm called Adaboost-GA-BP is presented for solving the problem that BP neural network is easy to fall into local extremum and over-fitting in PV power short-term prediction. Initially, the K-means algorithm is applied to cluster the historical data into sunny, cloudy and overcast&rainy day. It is then the GA that optimize initial weights, forming the GA-BP neural network. The idea of Adaboost algorithm is applied to train GA-BP as different weak predictors so that the Adaboost-GA-BP strong predictor is combined. Finally, this paper provides a detailed performances comparison of various models. The Adaboost-GA-BP predicts a 4.4% decrease in MAE and a 4.1% decrease in RMSE for the sunny test set, a 9.0% decrease in MAE and a 13.5% decrease in RMSE for the cloudy test set, and a 2.7% decrease in MAE and a 9.1% decrease in RMSE for the rainy test set, outperforming the BP model, the GA-BP model, and the Adaboost-BP models. After comparative analysis, the model has better prediction accuracy and generalization ability especially for predicting cloudy weather.

High-precision, short-term power forecasting for photovoltaic systems not only reduces unnecessary energy consumption but also provides power grid security. To this end, in this paper we propose a photovoltaic short-term power forecasting model based on the division of data of the 24 traditional Chinese solar terms and the Adaboost-GA-BP model. The 24 solar terms were condensed from the laws of meteorology, phenology, and seasonal changes to adapt to agricultural times in ancient China and have become intangible cultural heritage. This article first analyzes the numerical characteristics of meteorological factors and demonstrates their close correlation with the turning points of the 24 solar terms. Second, using Standardized Euclidean Distance and Spearman's Correlation Coefficients to analyze data similarity between the Gregorian half-months and the 24 solar terms divisions for comparative analysis purposes, it is shown that the intragroup data under the division of the 24 solar terms have a higher similarity, leading to an average decrease of 15.68%, 40.57%, 14.68%, and 14.64% in the MAE, MSE, RMSE, and WMAPE of the predicted results, respectively. Finally, based on the data derived from the 24 solar terms, the combined algorithm was compared with the Adaboost-GA-BP model and then was verified. The genetic algorithm and Adaboost were used to optimize the BP neural network algorithm in initial value assignment and neural network structure, resulting in a 23.42%, 18.12%, and 22.28% reduction in the mean values of the MAE, RMSE, and WMAPE of the predicted results, respectively. Analysis of the results show that using the Adaboost-GA-BP model based on the 24 solar terms for short-term photovoltaic power forecasting can improve the accuracy of photovoltaic power forecasting and significantly improve the predictive performance of the model.

Aging is a process of progressive deterioration of multiple physiological functions within an organism. This study investigated the anti-aging effects of polysaccharides extracted from ginsenoside residues (GRP) in Caenorhabditis elegans using physiological, microbiomic, and transcriptomic approaches. GRP treatment prolonged the mean lifespan of C. elegans by 58.60 % (19.64 days) and did not affect locomotive behaviors. It reduced levels of lipofuscin and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and increased superoxide dismutase activity, which prevented oxidative damage caused by aging. Microbiomic data indicated that GRP administration significantly altered the composition of gut flora and increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria. Transcriptomic analyses identified 201 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). GRP treatment may enhance fatty acid degradation and induce preferential synthesis of beneficial fatty acids. It may also activate the metabolism of certain amino acids. The transcriptomic data were reliably reproduced using seven vital DEGs, which were confirmed by qRT-PCR analysis. These findings show that GRP has positive effects that prolong lifespan and alleviate aging in C. elegans. GRP should be explored as an effective dietary supplement for the development of functional foods. We propose a potentially novel mechanism that more fully describes the anti-aging mechanisms induced by GRP.

The quality of mountain-cultivated ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer; MCG) was closely related to the terpenoids metabolism which was significantly affected by harvest months and cultivation years. In this study, the metabolisms of terpenoids and carbohydrates in the MCG harvested at different months and cultivation years were elucidated using a transcriptomic approach. Based on the RNA-Seq analysis, 42 and 41 genes related to terpenoids metabolism were identified in the MCG of different harvest months (August, September, and October) and cultivation years (5, 10, and 15 years), respectively. In August, the biosyntheses of terpineol, valencene, germacrene, solavetivone, and brassinolide were more active, and those of valencene and brassinolide were less active than in September and October, while those of gibberellin (GA), campesterol, and strigol gradually became active from September through October in the 10 years' MCG. Terpenoids metabolisms in MCG were repressed in October, except for the biosyntheses of neomenthol, stigmasterol, and abscisic acid. Besides, one of the reasons why MCG does not like high temperature or is not suitable for high temperature survival were explained. By comparing the difference in terpenoids metabolism in MCG harvested in September) of different cultivation years, it was found that the biosyntheses of neomenthol, germacrene, GA, and brassinolide were more active in the 5th year. In the 10th year, only the biosyntheses of terpineol, solavetivone, and campesterol were activated. Surprisingly, all these pathways associated with terpenoids metabolisms became inhibited at the 15th year. In addition, in the process of carbohydrates metabolisms, the growth environment has greater influence, whereas there is little correlation between cultivation years and carbohydrates metabolisms. These findings will deepen our understanding of the complicated but important biosynthesis and regulation of terpenoids in the plant species.

Polysaccharides recovered from extraction residue of ginseng root saponins, i.e., ginsenosides-extracting residue polysaccharides (GRP), were separated into two fractions, GRP-1 and GRP-2. Fourier infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, as well as high-performance liquid chromatography and gel permeation chromatography measurements, showed GRP-1 was composed of mainly starch-like glucans and GRP-2, relatively a smaller portion, was a mixture of heteropolysaccharides composed of starch-like glucans, rhamnogalacturonan-I pectin, and arabinogalactans, and they had similar molecular weights. These results proved that the structure of GRP was not destroyed and GRP still maintained strong antioxidant activities. In addition, GRP coating on surfaces of fruit slowed their deterioration and maintained their nutritional effects. Correlation and PCA analyses on various quality and antioxidant parameters supported the above findings and a possible mechanism in fruit preservation was then proposed. Knowing the structural features and bioactivities of GRP gives insights into its application. Specifically, GRP served as an environmentally friendly coating that can be used to preserve the nutrients and other quality indicators of strawberries and fresh-cut apples, paving the way for future new approaches to food preservation using polysaccharides or other natural products.

Acetaminophen (APAP) is a painkiller that can cause hepatotoxicity if taken in excess. We investigated the effect of pu-erh tea extract (PTE) on hepatotoxicity induced by excess APAP using physiological, metabolomic, and transcriptomic analyses. PTE decreased levels of oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and apoptosis markers induced by excess APAP. And 156 metabolites and 703 genes were identified as differentially expressed metabolites and differentially expressed genes, respectively. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that PTE and overdose of APAP altered tyrosine, caffeine, and amino acid-related metabolism. Six differentially expressed metabolites associated with these pathways have hepatoprotective effects and were upregulated by PTE pretreatment. The expression levels of 10 vital differentially expressed genes regulating these metabolites were verified by qRT-PCR. The findings confirm the beneficial role of PTE pretreatment in alleviating the hepatotoxicity caused by overdose of APAP, indicating that PTE can be used as an effective dietary supplement for the development of functional foods.