Background Stroke patients often experience various functional impairments. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has emerged as a novel non-invasive brain stimulation technique, and has gained widespread attention over the past 30 years for its application in stroke. The present study used bibliometric and content analysis methods to explore the research hotspots and future trends of TMS in stroke, with an aim to provide benefits for subsequent research. Methods Publications and reviews related to TMS in stroke from 1992 to 2022 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database. Data visualization and analysis were performed using CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and Scimago Graphica. Results We included 1666 papers in the analysis and noted an increasing trend in annual publication volume. Collaboration network analysis revealed close cooperation among scholars from these major countries and institutions. Emerging keywords included TMS, stroke, recovery, rehabilitation, rTMS, plasticity, cortex, excitability, upper limb, and tDCS. Keyword citation bursts appeared to be shifting toward clinical applications, including functional connectivity, systematic reviews, double-blind studies, connectivity, injury, and dysphagia. Conclusion Our study indicates substantial growth in TMS publications and citations in stroke rehabilitation since 2006, suggesting a maturing field that is advancing toward more sophisticated treatment protocols. The increasing relevance of TMS in neurological and rehabilitative applications highlights its potential for promoting post-stroke recovery. Emerging keywords such as brain functional connectivity, systematic reviews, and double-blind studies highlight a shift toward clinical applications. The future of TMS in stroke rehabilitation promises continued growth, interdisciplinary approaches, and improved patient outcomes.

article: Effect of early functional exercise in rehabilitation workshop on postoperative complications and functional rehabilitation of affected limbs in patients with breast cancer - Minerva Surgery 2021 Oct 29 - Minerva Medica - Journals

Accurate assessment of the mobility of stroke patients is crucial to their rehabilitation management. In order to quantify the lower extremity motor function in stroke sufferers, two tasks, toe tapping and knee flexion and extension, were designed based on the Brunnstrom approach. In this work, five hemiplegic patients in Brunnstrom stage III or IV were recruited. Acceleration signals under different tasks were recorded using tri-axial accelerometers, which were placed at the arches of the feet. Various kinematic parameters were then calculated, and a statistical test was conveyed to investigate the correlations between Brunnstrom stages and the features. The results showed that in the toe tapping task, the dominant frequency of the y-axis and the proportion of signal power in specific frequency band of the x-axis were significantly higher in stage III than in stage IV. On the contrary, the standard deviation and the skewness of the y-axis were lower in stage III. Besides, there were also significant differences in the amplitude of knee flexion between cohorts at different Brunnstrom stages. It is expected that the findings of this study would be helpful for the monitoring and rehabilitation of stroke patients.

Epithelial and stromal tissues are components of the tumor microenvironment and play a major role in tumor initiation and progression. Distinguishing stroma from epithelial tissues is critically important for spatial characterization of the tumor microenvironment. Here, we propose BrcaSeg, an image analysis pipeline based on a convolutional neural network (CNN) model to classify epithelial and stromal regions in whole-slide hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained histopathological images. The CNN model is trained using well-annotated breast cancer tissue microarrays and validated with images from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Program. BrcaSeg achieves a classification accuracy of 91.02%, which outperforms other state-of-the-art methods. Using this model, we generate pixel-level epithelial/stromal tissue maps for 1000 TCGA breast cancer slide images that are paired with gene expression data. We subsequently estimate the epithelial and stromal ratios and perform correlation analysis to model the relationship between gene expression and tissue ratios. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses of genes that are highly correlated with tissue ratios suggest that the same tissue is associated with similar biological processes in different breast cancer subtypes, whereas each subtype also has its own idiosyncratic biological processes governing the development of these tissues. Taken all together, our approach can lead to new insights in exploring relationships between image-based phenotypes and their underlying genomic events and biological processes for all types of solid tumors. BrcaSeg can be accessed at https://github.com/Serian1992/ImgBio.

Background : The present study was designed to investigate the effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) and peripheral magnetic stimulation (PMS) applied to the wrist extensor muscle on the cortical activity of healthy adults by using fNIRS. Methods : Fifteen healthy adult subjects (7 males, mean age: 27.13 ± 4.52 years) all received two different conditions of peripheral muscle stimulation in random order: (1) NMES and (2) PMS. The sessions were separated by at least 48 h as a washout period. During muscle stimulation, the motor evoked potential (MEP) of the left primary motor cortex (M1) was measured by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and the concentration of oxygenated (HbO) and deoxygenated (HbR) hemoglobin detected by fNIRS were used to evaluate the excitability and the activity of the cortex. Results : After the stimulation of the wrist extensor, the MEP amplitude in the left M1 area did not change in both conditions, and there was no difference between NMES and PMS condition. NMES reduced HbO values of several channels in the Prefrontal cortex (PFC), Somatosensory motor cortex (SMC) and Occipital cortex (OC), and HbR valus of several channels in the PFC and SMC. During the PMS stimulation period, the HbO value of all brain areas did not change significantly, while the HbR value of the SMC area decreased. The HbO and HbR value of the channels in the SMC did not differ between NMES and PMS. Inter-region of interest and inter-channel analysis between NMES and PMS showed no difference in functional connectivity. Conclusions : In the case of wrist extensor muscle stimulation, both NMES and PMS can induce cortical activation. PMS targeted to increases the activity of the contralateral SMC, while NMES increased contralateral SMC activity and negatively activated the PFC and OC.

Both vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) and novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) are effective for stroke prevention in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) patients. This study evaluated the utilization of VKA and NOACs in NVAF patients before and after catheter ablation in China. Prescription data were retrospectively collected between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2016, including indication of use, dose, renal function, and risk assessment (CHA(2)DS(2)-VASc score and HAS-BLED score) in Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University. Trends and factors associated with anticoagulants use before and after ablation were evaluated. A total of 475 patients with NVAF who received ablation were included in the analysis. Of all, 53.26% of them received antithrombotic therapy preablation. Warfarin was prescribed in 35.26%, with NOACs in 11.37%. Four hundred seventy-three patients received antithrombotic therapy (99.58%) postablation, 236 patients with NOACs (49.68%). CHA(2)DS(2)-VASc score, HAS-BLED score, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and alcohol were independently associated with anticoagulant utilization before catheter ablation. The higher CHA(2)DS(2)-VASc score was associated with less frequent prescription of NOACs postablation. The preablation anticoagulation use was still inadequate in China, and CHA(2)DS(2)-VASc score was a significant factor influencing the preablation anticoagulant utilization. The utilization rate of NOACs increased significantly postablation, especially for dabigatran, which implied that more physicians prefer to prescribe NOACs for NVAF patients after ablation in our country and may be attributed to the aspects such as ease of NOAC use but also possibly the greater safety and efficacy. Furthermore, the physicians may reluctant to use NOACs for high stroke risk atrial fibrillation patients after catheter ablation.

Event Abstract Back to Event Aphasia due to local infarction of the corpus callosum after thalamus hemorrhage Qing Yang1, Yue Cao1, Ying Chen1, Tingwei Wang1, Zuojun Cao1, Ruiping Hu1, Junfa Wu1 and Yi Wu1* 1 Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, China Aphasia is a rare manifestation of local corpus callosum lesion. Here we present a case of a 58-year-old right-handed male patient, who first suffered a hemorrhagic stroke in the right thalamus, followed by a corpus callosum ischemic stroke about one week later. As the patient’s care-giver reported, in the first week after his hemorrhagic stroke, the patient’s language abilities were only mildly impaired. However, both his speech and writing abilities dropped dramatically one week later, and MRI scanning revealed acute infarction and lesion in the left genu and body of the corpus callosum. The patient was admitted to our department for further rehabilitation one month after his initial onset of hemorrhagic stroke. He still lacked any type of language expression at this point, but he was able to understand and follow simple oral instructions, such as “stretch out your hand”. His language skills were formally assessed by the Chinese version of Western Aphasia Battery, and the results indicated “global aphasia”, as he score only 2.5 for the listening comprehension subtest, and scored zero for all other subtests. In addition to aphasia, the patient also suffered unilateral neglect and severe left hemiplegia. After one month of speech therapy, the patient’s listening comprehension improved significantly. Although his oral expression also improved, it remained nonfluent, agrammatic, and telegraphic. This is a rare case of aphasia due to local left corpus callosum lesion, with a subacute right thalamus stroke. The pattern of the patient’s aphasia is similar to two aphasia cases previously reported (Ishizaki et al., 2012; Saba & Blum, 2014), both due to right corpus callosum infarction. However, the degree of the patient’s language deficits was more severe in our case. This may be due to the preceding thalamus hemorrhage, or because the patient’s corpus callosum lesion was bigger and located in the dominant hemisphere. References Ishizaki, M., Ueyama, H., Nishida, Y., Imamura, S., Hirano, T., & Uchino, M. (2012). Crossed aphasia following an infarction in the right corpus callosum. Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 114(2), 161-165. doi: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2011.09.009 Saba, S., & Blum, S. (2014). Aphasia due to isolated infarction of the corpus callosum. BMJ Case Rep, 12, pii: bcr2014204316. Keywords: unilateral neglect, case, Stroke, Corpus Callosum, Aphasia after stroke Conference: Academy of Aphasia 57th Annual Meeting, Macau, Macao, SAR China, 27 Oct - 29 Oct, 2019. Presentation Type: Poster presentation Topic: Not eligible for student award Citation: Yang Q, Cao Y, Chen Y, Wang T, Cao Z, Hu R, Wu J and Wu Y (2019). Aphasia due to local infarction of the corpus callosum after thalamus hemorrhage. Front. Hum. Neurosci. Conference Abstract: Academy of Aphasia 57th Annual Meeting. doi: 10.3389/conf.fnhum.2019.01.00080 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 06 May 2019; Published Online: 09 Oct 2019. * Correspondence: Prof. Yi Wu, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, wuyi@fudan.edu.cn Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Qing Yang Yue Cao Ying Chen Tingwei Wang Zuojun Cao Ruiping Hu Junfa Wu Yi Wu Google Qing Yang Yue Cao Ying Chen Tingwei Wang Zuojun Cao Ruiping Hu Junfa Wu Yi Wu Google Scholar Qing Yang Yue Cao Ying Chen Tingwei Wang Zuojun Cao Ruiping Hu Junfa Wu Yi Wu PubMed Qing Yang Yue Cao Ying Chen Tingwei Wang Zuojun Cao Ruiping Hu Junfa Wu Yi Wu Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Objective To measure the efficacy of combining motor imagery training ( MIT) with convention-al therapy in improving stroke patients′upper-extremity function. And to seek a cortical reorganization mechanism as-sociated with the improvement using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging ( rs-fMRI) . Methods Ten stroke survivors were selected as an experimental group. They were given motor imagery training for four weeks ( 30 minutes a day, 5 days a week) and conventional rehabilitation therapy ( 40 minutes a day, 5 days a week) . Another 10 healthy counterparts were the control group. Before and after the four weeks of treatment, both groups were as-sessed using the upper extremity Fugl-Meyer assessment ( FMA-UE) and the modified Barthel index ( MBI) . Moreo-ver, rs-fMRI was conducted to assess functional connectivity between cortical regions and the ipsilesional primary mo-tor cortex ( M1) before and after the intervention. The laterality index ( LI) of the primary motor or sensory cortex was also calculated. Results After the intervention, the average FMA-UE and MBI scores of the experimental group had increased significantly. After MIT and conventional therapy there was increased functional connectivity between the ip-silesional and contralesional M1 areas, and between the ipsilesional M1 and contralesional primary sensory cortex ( S1) and frontal lobe, the functional connection between the ipsilesional M1 and the ipsilesional paracentral lobule and the anterior cingutate was also increased. More specifically, the LI relating M1 and S1 decreased after the inter-vention, tending toward the normal level. LIMI decreased significantly. Conclusion The 4-week regimen of motor imagery training and conventional therapy resulted in functional improvement in the upper limbs and greater ability in the activities of daily living. The observed improvements may be due to cortical reorganization, including better func-tional connectivity between the bilateral M1 areas and increased connectivity between the ipsilesional M1 area and some non-motor areas. There is some recovery of symmetry in the bilateral primary motor cortex.

MOTIVATION:Rapid advances in single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) have produced higher-resolution cellular subtypes in multiple tissues and species. Methods are increasingly needed across datasets and species to (i) remove systematic biases, (ii) model multiple datasets with ambiguous labels and (iii) classify cells and map cell type labels. However, most methods only address one of these problems on broad cell types or simulated data using a single model type. It is also important to address higher-resolution cellular subtypes, subtype labels from multiple datasets, models trained on multiple datasets simultaneously and generalizability beyond a single model type. RESULTS:We developed a species- and dataset-independent transfer learning framework (LAmbDA) to train models on multiple datasets (even from different species) and applied our framework on simulated, pancreas and brain scRNA-seq experiments. These models mapped corresponding cell types between datasets with inconsistent cell subtype labels while simultaneously reducing batch effects. We achieved high accuracy in labeling cellular subtypes (weighted accuracy simulated 1 datasets: 90%; simulated 2 datasets: 94%; pancreas datasets: 88% and brain datasets: 66%) using LAmbDA Feedforward 1 Layer Neural Network with bagging. This method achieved higher weighted accuracy in labeling cellular subtypes than two other state-of-the-art methods, scmap and CaSTLe in brain (66% versus 60% and 32%). Furthermore, it achieved better performance in correctly predicting ambiguous cellular subtype labels across datasets in 88% of test cases compared with CaSTLe (63%), scmap (50%) and MetaNeighbor (50%). LAmbDA is model- and dataset-independent and generalizable to diverse data types representing an advance in biocomputing. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION:github.com/tsteelejohnson91/LAmbDA. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

OBJECTIVES:To observe the effects of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) in improving motor functions and self-care abilities in children with cerebral palsy in their early childhood.DESIGN:A preliminary, prospective, cohort study.SETTINGS/LOCATION:Multicenter.SUBJECTS:Children aged 2-6 years old.INTERVENTIONS:Twenty-three children were included in the study and randomly assigned to a control group ([CG] N = 11) or a therapeutic group ([TG] N = 12). In the TG, children were treated with TEAS (Shousanli [LI10] and Waiguan [SJ5]) plus the exercise therapy, while in the control group, they were treated with sham TEAS plus exercise therapy. Therapies were performed five days per week for eight weeks.OUTCOME MEASURES:The Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) and the Functional Independent Measurement for children (WeeFIM) were used to evaluate motor functions and self-care abilities before and after the therapies.RESULTS:Greater improvements were observed in the TG concerning all the measurements, although without statistical differences. The increments of the GMFM score and the WeeFIM motor, self-care and total scores were 36.08 ± 18.34 (26%), 16.17 ± 8.21 (33%), 7.67 ± 3.42 (40%) and 20.33 ± 10.08 (28%) in the TG, while 22.73 ± 16.54 (17%), 9.09 ± 9.43 (19%), 5.64 ± 6.73 (29%) and 12.82 ± 11.77 (18%) in the CG, respectively. No statistically significant correlations were shown between functional improvements and the demographics in the TG or the CG. The GMFM improvement was not statistically correlated with the improvements of the WeeFIM motor, self-care or total scores. However, the WeeFIM motor, self-care and total score were significantly positively correlated with one another in both groups (P < 0.01). No adverse effect was recorded during the study.CONCLUSION:TEAS may be effective in improving motor functions and self-care abilities in children with cerebral palsy, in addition to conventional exercise therapy. Larger samples are required to confirm the efficacies.

Objective:To investigate the treatment of visual impairment and ataxia after excision of recurrent cerebellar space occupation.Methods:One pediatric patient had visual impairment and ataxia after excision of recurrent cerebellar space occupation. After clear diagnosis and etiology analysis, comprehensive rehabilitation treatment was applied, including physical therapy, speech training, swallowing training, balance function training, etc. Clinic effect was observed.Results:The pediatric patient had ataxia (cerebellar) with dysarthria, left eye vision loss, and right eye temporal field defect after excision of recurrent fourth ventricle cerebellar hair cell astrocytoma. The decrease in visual acuity could be caused by ischemic optic neuropathy caused by ischemia-reperfusion, or by optic atrophy caused by intracranial hypertension. After comprehensive rehabilitation treatment, the swallowing function, speech function, balanced function and the daily life function improved significantly, while the improvement of vision loss was not obvious.Conclusion:Comprehensive rehabilitation therapy is effective for the treatment of visual impairment and ataxia after excision of recurrent cerebellar space occupation. It mainly improves the balance motor function, while the improvement of vision is not obvious.

Objective: To investigate how family members' attitudes toward functional regain, and patients' knowledge and intention of independence influence poststroke rehabilitation.Design: Cross-sectional study.Setting: Three rehabilitation inpatient settings.Participants: Younger (n=79) and older (n=84) poststroke patients, along with their family members (spouses, n=104; children, n=59).Interventions: Not applicable.Main Outcome Measures: Custom-designed questionnaires were used to tap into the patients' knowledge about rehabilitation (Patient's Rehabilitation Questionnaire Knowledge About Rehabilitation) and intention of independence (Patient's Rehabilitation Questionnaire Intention of Independence), and family members' attitudes toward patients in performing basic activities of daily living (BADL) (Family Member Attitudes Questionnaire BADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (Family Member Attitudes Questionnaire instrumental activities of daily living). The rehabilitation outcomes included gains in motor, cognitive, and emotional functions, and self-care independence, measured with common clinical instruments.Results: The Family Member Attitudes Questionnaire BADL predicted cognitive outcome and the Patient's Rehabilitation Questionnaire Intention of Independence predicted motor outcome for both groups. Differential age-related effects were revealed for the Patient's Rehabilitation Questionnaire Intention of Independence in predicting emotional outcome only for the younger group, and self-care independence only for the older group.Conclusions: Patients' intention of independence positively affected motor recovery, while family members' positive attitudes promoted cognitive regain. The findings suggested plausible age-related differences in how patients' intentions affect emotion versus self-care independence outcomes. Future studies should explore strategies for promoting positive attitudes toward independence among patients and family members during poststroke rehabilitation. (C) 2016 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine.

目的:观察经皮穴位电刺激(TEAS)对脑卒中患者患侧下肢运动功能和日常生活能力的影响.方法:将33例脑卒中患者随机分为观察组(n=16)和对照组(n=17).2组均给予常规康复治疗,观察组在此基础上增加下肢TEAS治疗.分别于治疗前后采用Fugl-Meyer量表下肢部分(FMA-LE)、Holden功能性步行分级(HFAC)、改良Barthel指数(MBI)进行评定.结果:治疗4周后,观察组FMA-LE、HFAC、MBI评分均较治疗前明显提高(P＜0.05),对照组仅MBI评分较治疗前明显提高(P＜0.05),治疗后观察组FMA-LE、MBI评分均优于对照组(P＜0.05),HFAC评分差异无统计学意义.结论:TEAS能进一步促进脑卒中患者下肢运动功能恢复,提高患者日常生活活动能力.

目的:观察镜像疗法对早期脑卒中后肩手综合征患者疼痛的影响.方法:采用随机数字表将22例早期脑卒中偏瘫患者分为镜像组(n=11)和对照组(n=11).两组患者均接受常规康复治疗,在此基础上,镜像组增加30min动作观察训练,一周5次,共4周.在治疗前和治疗2周、4周后采用休息状态视觉模拟评分(R-VAS)、被动运动视觉模拟评分(P-VAS)、Fug1-Meyer量表上肢部分(FMA-UE)、运动活动日志患手使用频率(MAL-AOU)和贝克抑郁量表(BDI)对两组患者进行评估.结果:治疗2周后,镜像组R-VAS 、P-VAS和BDI评分均较治疗前明显改善(P＜0.05),但FMA-UE和MAL-AOU评分与治疗前比较差异无显著性意义(P＞0.05);对照组各评分与治疗前比较差异均无显著性意义(P＞0.05).组间比较显示,镜像组R-VAS和P-VAS评分均较对照组明显降低(P＜0.05),但FMA-UE、MAL-AOU和BDI评分与对照组比较差异无显著性意义(P＞ 0.05).治疗4周后,镜像组R-VAS、P-VAS和BDI评分均较治疗前进一步改善(P＜0.01),FMA-UE和MAL-AOU评分也较治疗前明显提高(P＜0.05);对照组除BDI评分外(P＜0.05),其余评分与治疗前比较差异均无显著性意义(P＞ 0.05).组间比较显示,镜像组R-VAS和P-VAS评分较对照组明显降低(P＜0.01),FMA-UE、MAL-AOU和BDI评分也较对照组明显改善(P＜0.05),差异均有显著性意义.结论:基于镜像神经元理论的动作观察能减轻早期脑卒中后肩手综合征患者的疼痛和促进上肢运动功能的恢复.

Objective To explore the effect of a multimodal electroencephalogram ( EEG) data visualiza-tion system on the motor imagery ability of stroke survivors. Methods Twenty stroke patients were randomly di-vided into an experimental group and a control group, each of 10. Both groups were provided with brain-computer interface-based motor imagery ( MI) training. At the same time, the experimental group was monitored and guided using an online, multimodal EEG data visualization system developed in our department. The classification accuracy ( CA) and event-related desynchronization ( ERD) of the 2 groups′ motor imagery were compared before and after the treatment. Results Before the treatment, no significant differences in the average CA of MI were found be-tween the experiment group (50.92±2.08) and the control group (49.35±4.20)(P>0.05). After the treatment, however, the experimental group′s average CA had increased to (64.52±5.27), significantly higher than that of the control group (51.18±5.02). When the stroke patients imaged affected upper extremity movements, obvious ERD was observed in the α frequency around the bilateral central motor regions of both groups, especially in the experi-mental group, but without significant differences between the two groups. However, no significant changes were found in the ERD of theβwaves of the two groups( P>0.05) . Conclusion The proposed online multimodal elec-troencephalogram data visualization system can help stroke patients imagine movements actively. It is worth sprea-ding in clinical practice.

The Cognistat is widely used to measure the cognitive profile of neurological patients. This study aimed to further obtain evidence on the construct and discriminative validity of the Putonghua version of the Cognistat (Cognistat-P) on poststroke patients with specific brain lesions. Cognistat-P was administered to poststroke patients (n = 98), as well as healthy elderly (n = 40) and adult (n = 34) participants as the control groups. Poststroke patients were further categorized into 4 lesion groups using standard brain slice templates. Exploratory factory analysis reflected a 2-factor structure for the Cognistat-P that resembles that for the original English version. The Construction, Similarities, and Judgment subtests were found to differentiate patients with frontal or parietal lesions from those with subcortical lesions (p < .01, R(2) = .48). The Construction subtest, tapping the "fluid" ability, was the most useful for differentiating patients with parietal lesions from those with subcortical lesions. The Similarities subtest together with the Construction subtest was the most useful for differentiating patients with frontal lesions from those with subcortical lesions. This study established the validity of the Cognistat-P for differentiating poststroke patients with specific brain lesions. Future studies should replicate the results on a larger sample size and test the clinical significance of the Cognistat-P profiles.

Purpose: This study aimed to qualify the improvements of modified constraint-induced movement therapy (m-CIMT) on the lower limb of stroke patients via assessing the centre of mass (COM) displacement and the basic gait parameters.Methods: A total of 22 hemiplegic patients after stroke with first-time clinical cerebral infarction or haemorrhagic cerebrovascular accident were included in this study from May to December, 2014. The patients were randomly divided into m-CIMT group and the conventional therapy group (control group), and received corresponding training for five days/week for four weeks. The COM displacement and gait parameters were assessed by three-dimensional segmental kinematics method in pre-intervention and post-intervention therapy.Results: After four weeks of m-CIMT, the COM displacement on sagittal plane of paretic leg during stance phase was increased (pre: 91.04 +/- 4.39 cm, post: 92.38 +/- 4.58 cm, p<0.05) and swing range of frontal plane was remarkably decreased (pre: 10.15 +/- 3.05 cm, post: 7.83 +/- 1.90 cm, p<0.001). Meantime, the normalised swing range of COM in m-CIMT was superior to that in control group. Moreover, the gait parameters, including velocity (0.27 m/s), step width (0.10 m), step length (0.22 m) and swing time percentage (29.80%), were significantly improved by post-interventions of m-CIMT (p<0.05).Conclusion: The m-CIMT intervention improves the COM displacement in sagittal and frontal plane, as well as gait parameters. These suggest that m-CIMT intervention may be feasible and effective for the rehabilitation of hemiplegic gait.

Objective To explore the feasibility of applying electrical stimulation (ES) based on a braincomputer interface (BCI) for upper limb rehabilitation after stroke.Methods Five stroke patients were treated with one session of BCI-based ES.They were tested for classification accuracy (CA) during motor imagery (MI) and event-related desynchronization (ERD) before and after the treatment.Results The patients' average CA increased from 50.70％ before the stimulation to 58.94％ afterward.Two of the patients showed ERD in the bilateral central motor cortex before the stimulation,and it was enhanced afterward.ERD was more obvious in the affected central motor cortexes than in those unaffected.One stroke patient showed no ERD in either central motor cortex before treatment but exhibited ERD in the affected cortex after the stimulation.Two other patients showed no obvious ERD in either central motor cortex before or after the treatment.Conclusions BCI-based ES is useful for upper limb rehabilitation after stroke.