从节能减排目标出发,依据安徽省2005-2013年县域农业发展的相关数据,分析了安徽省农业碳排放的空间分布规律,并计算了不同碳源对农业碳排放的贡献率,最后利用STIRPAT模型,分析了农业碳排放的影响因素,结果显示:安徽省近年来农业碳排放逐年增加,年均增速3.44％,而农业碳排放强度增加缓慢,年均增速0.15％;农业碳排放各碳源的贡献率依次为:化肥使用＞农业灌溉＞农药施用＞薄膜使用＞农机使用＞翻耕,且薄膜使用和农药使用对农业碳排放的贡献空间差异较大;农业人口总数、人均GDP、产业结构状况对农业碳排放影响比较显著,而农业技术水平与农业固定资产投资对碳排放影响较小.

Based on the monthly precipitation data from 126 precipitation stations during the period of 1956-2005 in Guangdong Province,the spatial characteristics of drought events defined by standardized precipitation index technique were studied using the Empirical Orthogonal Function method.The results indicate that drought episodes occurred in specific regions though the Guangdong Province is relatively humid as a whole.Besides,evident regional differences can be found in the occurrences of drought events.Specifically,drought severity in spring is usually enhancing from the west to the east and from the north to the south parts of Guangdong Province;spatial distribution of occurrences of drought events in autumn however shows adverse patterns when compared to that in spring,i.e.the drought events in autumn are intensifying from the east to the west and from the south to the north parts of the Guangdong Province.Furthermore,slight uneven spatial distribution of drought events can also be identified in the middle parts of the Guangdong Province.The results of this study may be of practical and scientific merits in terms of effective water resources management and also for scientific management of agricultural activities across the Guangdong Province.

For the existence of well-shaped canals in the flood diversion and storage area, considering the different characteristics of flow inside and outside of the canals, based on the existing planar 2-D water flow mathematical model for flood diversion and detention area, the new planar 2-D water flow mathematical model is established to simulate the flood evolution in the flood diversion and detention area with wellshaped canals. Through the calculation of the generalized terrain region, the results show that the flow velocity in well-shaped canals is faster than the other districts; and the flow will travel the dike to the adjacent region while the well-shaped canals are filled with water. The water movement is in line with the law,which shows that the model is feasible not only in theory but also in methods. This method can be used for simulating the flood evolution in flood diversion and detention area with well-shaped canals, which can provide a reference for flood control operation.

A two-dimensional horizontal model is applied to simulate flow and sediment transport in the Tianxingzhou reach of the Yangtze River. The model is calibrated and verified by field data. The variation features of water distribution, water lever and flow are simulated by using different discharges under different relative distances from the bifurcation of the braided river. The results indicate that the water distribution, water level and velocity in main channel increase firstly and then decrease with the increasing distance from the bifurcation of the braided river in the same conditions. As typical flow and sediment year,the year 2004 is also used to forecast the sediment change of the reach and the sediment re-silting efficiency in the sand mining areas after sand mining, the total volume of sediment decrease firstly and then increase with the relative distance of bifurcation, while the sediment re-silting efficiency has the other way. The results can provide scientific reference for the feasibility and the planning of sand mining.

A 2-D horizontal model with generalized curvilinear coordinates was applied to simulate flow and sediment transports in the Tianxingzhou reach of the Yangtze River.The model was first calibrated and verified using field data.The variations in the velocity distribution and water surface level were then simulated for the conditions of different flow discharges and different depths of sand mining.The model was also used to forecast the change of the reach and the sedimentation efficiency in mining areas after sand mining through selected typical flow and sediment conditions.The results provide necessary information for quantifying effects of sand mining at different scales.

For there is no high accuracy to simulate the issues of canals boundary in flood diversion and detention area, the diagonal Cartesian method is proposed to solve the issues of canals boundary which are disposed along the diagonal mesh line in flood diversion and detention area, which expands the functions of the mathematical model of the two-dimensional water flow in Cartesian coordinate system and improves the flaws of poor simulative precision in saw-tooth boundary with Cartesian coordinate method. Through the calculations of two generalized models, it is proved that the model is feasible in theory and methods. It can solve the issues of poor precision of canals which are disposed along the mesh line in flood diversion and detention area in the past, so that the flow next to the canals boundary become more reasonable. This method can be used for simulating the flood routing in flood diversion and detention area that contains canals and embankments so as to provide a reference for flood control operation.

One and two dimensional coupled mathematical model for flood routing is presented.The one dimensional model is applied to the river course of the lower reach of the Beijiang River,and the two dimensional model is employed in the flood diversion area.The roughness of the one dimensional model is estimated and validated using the measured landform in 1999 and the water level data in hydrologic stationis which cover different frequencies along the Beijiang River.The simulation results of flood routing by adopting the one-dimensional model are satisfactory.The effectiveness of different hydraulic projects in flood control of the lower reach of the Beijiang River are systematically analyzed,including the Feilaixia Hydraulic Project,Lubao floodway and Pajiang,Datang,Dawang,Qingdong,Qingxi flood diversion area.

As the population grows and the economy develops in flood detention areas,the landform in flood detention areas becomes complicated,which brings difficulties in simulating the flood flow in flood detention areas.Function of the 2-D flow numerical model is extended to simulate flood flow in flood detention areas existing inter-crossing line-type structures,like canals and roads.Exchanges of flow between the land surface and line-type structures are considered.Finally,two cases are given and the numerical results show that the new model can simulate the flows reasonably in the flood detention areas existing inter-crossing line-type structures.

In order to raise the train speed at Hu-Han-Rong Railway line,the department of railway plans to build the Xin'andu bridge at the Lunhe River on Han-Dan Railway line.Building a bridge at Lunhe River will influence the natural water level and velocity near the project.For analyzing the influence of Xin'andu bridge on flood control,the paper builds a 2-D non-orthogonal curvilinear coordinate flow mathematical model which applied to the Lunhe River.The computational results show that there is no obvious influence on water level and velocity in the Lunhe River after the construction;so the project will not bring disadvantageous influence on flood control basically.

In underground construction,to ensure the engineering safety,it is very necessary to carry out the advanced geological exploration.However,it is very difficult to obtain an accurate prediction due to the complexity of geological body.In the research of drilling that is commonly used at present in the advanced geological exploration,monitoring on the parameters such as impact force,propulsion force,torque,etc.,was made in combination with the sensor information treated by multi-sensor data fusion technique,which has eliminated the deficiency of using only the single parameter of penetration speed and thus improved the prediction accuracy and efficiency of the drilling in real time advanced geological exploration.The method has been proven rational and can achieve the aim of reducing the emission or error in pre-alarming.