目的 针对诸如消防员等着封闭/密闭服装工作时人的生命安全监控一直是此类行业关注的一个重点,人的体核温度与人的体能状态及生命安全密切相关.本研究旨在探究人体在舒适及高温高湿条件下着封闭服装行走时生命体征的安全阈值、耐受阈值以及体表温度与体核温度的相关性.方法 选择16名某部士兵作为志愿者,让其穿着防护服(封闭),设定的试验环境条件为温度23℃、湿度45％和温度35℃、湿度60％两种环境条件,志愿者在跑步机上以5 km/h的速度运动1小时.基于ISO 9886-2004对于皮肤温度测试点的要求,试验时在颈部、肩部、手部、腿部贴上温度传感器,测试人体的表皮温度,同时志愿者口服胶囊温度传感器来测试其体核温度.结果 人体穿着封闭/密闭服装时的体核温度的安全阈值为38.5℃,耐受极限为39.4℃.人体体核温度与颈部、肩部、手部、腿部温度的平均值存在较好的相关性,得出了回归曲线;并通过体核温度与四个部位温度的拟合,发现两种环境状态下,基于手部温度的拟合效果最好,拟合的R2分别为0.923和0.950.结论 着封闭服装作业条件下,人体体核温度与平均皮肤温度的相关性很强,可根据体表温度对体核温度进行预测.本论文的研究结果可以为着封闭/密闭服装的作业人员的作业安全监测和人体体核温度的分析提供参考.

为改善呼吸器、头盔等头面部防护用品的适配性能,基于10 325名中国青年男子样本的头面部尺寸分布特征,分析现有3种分栏方法(美国洛斯阿拉莫斯实验室分栏、美国国家职业安全卫生研究所分栏和我国汉族人头面部分栏)对中国青年男子的适用性,并提出适合中国青年男子的专用分栏.结果 表明:现有3种分栏对中国青年男子头面部特征的覆盖率分别为87.9％、98.74％、95.4％,且均匀性不足,不适用于中国青年男子群体;文中提出的中国青年男子专用分栏包括10个型,总覆盖率为97.28％,且样本在各型之间分布较均匀.

为确定适宜的服装宽松量,提升透气型核生化(NBC)防护服的热湿舒适性,设计了穿着实验.在温、湿度可控制的气候室内,借助出汗暖体假人和三维扫描技术,观察常温、静止状态下5套不同松量服装的热湿传递性能,探讨衣下空气层对NBC防护服热阻和湿阻的影响.研究结果表明:衣下空气层体积与平均厚度的增量变化相似,不同松量服装的衣下空气层对服装总热阻和总湿阻有显著影响;随着透气型NBC防护服松量的增大,服装总热阻随着衣下空气层的增加呈现先增后减的变化趋势,服装总湿阻随着衣下空气层的增加呈现逐渐增大的变化趋势.

从民用设施和军用装备的设计和评价需求出发,提出一种以大样本人体尺寸数据和大样本人体三维点云数据为基础,综合参数标准差和相关性分析结果,采用参数回归技本构建三维工效虚拟人的建模方法.该方法对于人体各部位或者整体的分号型建模具有普适性,可在号型较少的条件下,提高虚拟人模型的总体覆盖率,使其所得到的三维虚拟模型有较好的代表性,而且回归技术建立的工效虚拟人在外部形态上细节丰富,真实性强.以该方法为基础,采用Qt为主要框架开发了一个用户可交互的建模平台,在该建模平台上,以服装用工效虚拟人需求为例,选用服装设计常用的12个参数,构建了服装工效虚拟人系列,包括13个标准体号型,覆盖率达到96.8％.

It is very important to clarify the geometric characteristic of human body segment and constitute analysis model for ergonomic design and the application of ergonomic virtual human. The typical anthropometric data of 1122 Chinese men aged 20 similar to 35 years were collected using three-dimensional laser scanner for human body. According to the correlation between different parameters, curve fitting were made between seven trunk parameters and ten body parameters with the SPSS 16.0 software. It can be concluded that hip circumference and shoulder breadth are the most important parameters in the models and the two parameters have high correlation with the others parameters of human body. By comparison with the conventional regressive curves, the present regression equation with the seven trunk parameters is more accurate to forecast the geometric dimensions of head, neck, height and the four limbs with high precision. Therefore, it is greatly valuable for ergonomic design and analysis of man-machine system.

Objective To establish the operating force database of Chinese young males and provide basis information for the design of operating force in working place.Methods Anthropometric parameters of 843 Chinese young males from northeast,north,northwest,southwest,southeast,central and south China were collected,including the back force,hand twisting force,arm forces in four exerting directions and with various elbow angles.The data were statistically analyzed and compared with related researches in China and abroad.Results For arm forces in four exerting directions,the pushing force was greater than the pulling force,and the inward force was greater than the outward force.The pushing force was the largest and the outside outward force was the smallest.With the increase of the elbow angle,the pushing and pulling forces were increased significantly,while the inward and outward forces were decreased significantly.A significant correlation existed among the operating forces.There was significant correlation between the operating force and body weight,while weak correlation was found between the operating forces and anthropometric parameters.Operating forces of Chinese young males were relatively smaller than those of the Westerns.Conclusions By sampling on a national scale,the operating force database was established for Chinese young males.This study provides the basic data for the design of operating force in man-machine system and could be also used as reference for ergonomics researchers,occupational health workers and rehabilitation researchers.

工效虚拟人在人-机系统工效学设计与分析中具有十分重要的意义.首先明确了工效虚拟人概念,归纳并分析其目前研究的主要内容以及拟解决的关键技术问题.在此基础上,提出在深入应用中需要重点关注的研究方向.最后,总结了几点看法以供讨论.

Fatigue is believed to be a major contributory factor to occupational injuries in machine operators. The development of accurate and usable techniques to measure operator fatigue is therefore important. In this study, we used a novel method based on surface electromyography (sEMG) of the biceps brachii and the Borg scale to evaluate local muscle fatigue in the upper limb after isometric muscle action. Thirteen young males performed isometric actions with the upper limb at different force levels. sEMG activities of the biceps brachii were recorded during the actions. Borg scales were used to evaluate the subjective sensation of local fatigue of the biceps brachii after the actions. sEMG activities were analyzed using the one-third band octave method, and an equation to determine the degree of fatigue was derived based on the relationship between the variable and the Borg scale. The results showed that the relationship could be expressed by a conic curve, and could be used to evaluate muscle fatigue during machine operation.

为评价操作者完成施力操作后上肢肌肉疲劳状态,提出了一种基于上肢肱二头肌的sEMG信号-疲劳程度主观感受的肌肉施力疲劳评价方法.为此,设置不同的拉/伸操作力,选取13名青年男性志愿者参加测试,记录其上肢肱二头肌操作至疲劳状态下的表面肌电信号sEMG;对于上肢肱二头肌局部疲劳的主观感受的评分,则采用通用的Borg量表来分级,由受试者完成操作后进行问卷而获得.然后,运用1/3倍频程分析方法对sEMG进行频域处理后,完成了sEMG-Borg分值的曲线拟合,得出上肢肌肉疲劳评价模型.根据数据分析结果,建立的二次曲线评价模型最为理想,它将为监测实际操作任务时人的疲劳状态并进行操作任务设计与分析提供依据与手段.