The development, importation, and reimbursement of drugs and medical devices for rare diseases have become critical issues within China's healthcare system. Since 2018, China has issued two national Rare Disease Lists, covering 207 diseases. As of December 2025, 223 drugs for rare diseases have been marketed domestically, with 136 (61.0%) included in the national list for reimbursement by basic medical insurance scheme. Advances have also been made in diagnostic technologies and treatment equipment. This article also examines the issues with and factors influencing the pharmacoeconomic evaluation of rare disease therapies. Additionally, over 100 registered patient organizations contribute substantially to care, education, research, and advocacy. China has piloted multilevel healthcare security system, including national and local healthcare security systems. The introduction of a list of innovative drugs covered by commercial insurance in 2025 further supplements this system. These measures have collectively expanded reimbursement coverage. Despite progress in drug development, insurance coverage, and evaluation of drugs in terms of health economics, continued efforts are needed to enhance treatment accessibility and equity. Key measures include putting forward rare disease legislation, promoting research on health technology assessment, improving health utility measurement, encouraging domestic orphan drug development, and strengthening international collaboration. China's experience offers valuable insights for global rare disease prevention and treatment initiatives.

Background:China is one of the countries with the largest number of patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH) in the world. Improving the quality of life and health outcomes for HoFH patients in China is of great importance. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess the quality of life of HoFH patients in China and to investigate the factors that influence quality of life. Methods:Data were obtained from a national epidemiological survey of HoFH patients conducted by Beijing Anzhen Hospital, affiliated with Capital Medical University, during 2017-2019. The questionnaire included patient demographic information, disease information, family economic status and health-related quality of life. Quality of life was assessed using the EuroQol five-dimension three-level (EQ-5D-3L) questionnaire. Data processing and statistic tests are performed using Python libraries. Results:This investigation incorporated a sample size of 53 patients diagnosed with HoFH, with an average age of 27.92 years. It was observed that 45.28% of these patients' families were subjected to catastrophic health expenditure. The mean and median health utility scores were calculated to be 0.849 and 0.875, respectively, a figure that is significantly lower when compared to the scores of the general population. Furthermore, it was noted that 52.83% of the patients exhibited some level of difficulty or extreme difficulty in at least one dimension of the EQ-5D-3L. Significant Factors negatively affecting the quality of life of HoFH patients include the presence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), hospitalisation in the past year, taking multiple medications, higher than average healthcare expenditure per capita, catastrophic healthcare expenditure and debt due to HoFH. After application of Benjamini-Hochberg method to minimize type 1 error, the occurrence of ASCVD and debt due to HoFH are likely to exert the most significant influence. Substantial relevance of the two factors are also evidenced by large effect sizes and adequate statistical power. Conclusions:Chinese patients with HoFH showed lower quality of life than the general population. Policy makers should consider the policy that improves early diagnosis, employment prospects, and the availability of HoFH-related interventions and provision of financial assistance for patients suffering from HoFH.

This study aimed to establish and apply a multicriteria value framework to determine the value of prophylaxis versus on‑demand treatment in adult patients with hemophilia A in China, which could enhance evidence-based care decisions. The framework was developed using key literature to identify dimensions and indicators for assessing the value of hemophilia A. We interviewed 21 stakeholders—including clinical experts, medical insurance experts, health economics and outcomes research (HEOR) experts, charity organization representatives, and patient advocacy organization representatives—to evaluate the relative importance of indicators. The interviewees also assessed the value of prophylaxis and on-demand treatments for adults, providing justification for their ratings. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was employed to calculate the weight of each indicator based on stakeholder ratings. A linear additive value function was used to calculate total value scores. The main outcomes of the study include the weighted indicators of the value framework and the comprehensive value scores for different hemophilia A care strategies. The primary indicators in the value framework were clinical value, economic value, patient value, and social value. These were further broken down into nine secondary indicators. Overall, interviewees rated patient value highest (32.88

The increasing incidence of prostate cancer (PC) in China leads to a significant disease burden. Although three novel androgen inhibitors (darolutamide, apalutamide, and enzalutamide) have been approved for patients with high-risk non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC), the economic evaluation of these novel treatments in China remains unknown. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the cost–utility of darolutamide combined with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), comparing with apalutamide + ADT and enzalutamide + ADT, in patients with high-risk nmCRPC from a healthcare system perspective in China. A partitioned survival model was developed to capture time spent by patients in three health states: nmCRPC, metastatic CRPC (mCRPC), and death. Clinical outcomes from the ARAMIS, PROSPER, and SPARTAN studies were obtained. In the absence of head-to-head studies, indirect treatment comparisons were conducted to capture the comparative effectiveness between darolutamide + ADT, apalutamide + ADT, and enzalutamide + ADT. The prices of apalutamide and enzalutamide were assumed to be the same as the initial launch price of darolutamide, since post-negotiation prices after national reimbursement drug list (NRDL) inclusion remain confidential. Other health resources costs, baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and utility were collected through literature or clinical expert interviews. Selected sensitivity analyses were also performed. For a 20-year time horizon, darolutamide + ADT was associated with lower cost per quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) than apalutamide + ADT and enzalutamide + ADT (202,897 Chinese yuan (CNY)/QALY vs. 228,998 CNY/QALY and 221,409 CNY/QALY, respectively) (exchange rate, 1 USD = 6.7871 CNY). Darolutamide + ADT had better health outcomes and lower total costs compared to both apalutamide + ADT (+ 0.22 QALYs and − 72,818 CNY) and enzalutamide + ADT (+ 0.09 QALYs and − 67,451 CNY). Across the modelled sensitivity analyses (including hazard ratios and drug costs), darolutamide + ADT remained dominant or cost-effective. This economic evaluation suggested that, in comparison with apalutamide + ADT and enzalutamide + ADT, darolutamide + ADT was a dominant or cost-effective treatment option for patients with high-risk nmCRPC in China.

Abstract Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) imposes a huge burden on patients, not only physically, due to progressive disability, but also financially, due to reduced productivity and high utilization of healthcare resources. Little is known about the costs associated with MS for patients in China. This study aimed to estimate the disease burden of MS in China and the economic impact of MS and its association with disability severity, thereby providing empirical data to inform public health decision-making. Methods This was a retrospective, cross-sectional study using a self-reported online survey. Data were collected from MS patients including demographic information, employment status, health-related quality of life, resource utilization, and associated costs. The severity of the disability status of MS patients was identified by a proxy question for the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Regression analysis was applied to estimate the association between costs and disease severity. Results A total of 477 MS patients were included in the study. The mean age was 34.5 years, and 65.6% were female. The employment rate was 50.3%. The average total annual costs for an MS patient were approximately 168,228 CNY (23,720 USD) in China. The mean utility value was estimated at 0.808 for patients with EDSS < 4, 0.437 at EDSS 4–6, and 0.017 at EDSS > 6. Total annual costs of MS were 154,673 CNY (21,809 USD) at EDSS < 4, 187,038 CNY (26,372 USD) at EDSS 4–6, and 235,390 CNY (33,190 USD) at EDSS > 6. This study further found a significant association between disability severity and indirect costs due to MS. Conclusions Our findings identified severe disease burden and costs among MS patients in China. Higher costs were imposed on MS patients as the severity of disability increased, and the increase in the economic burden of MS was mainly driven by a dramatic increase in indirect costs. This study highlights the importance of slowing the progression of MS to reduce indirect costs of MS patients and provides empirical data for further policy review and reform.

A hospital-based health technology assessment (HB-HTA) can provide the evidence needed to inform clinical decisions at the administrative level. With the implementation of a new round of medical and health care system reforms in China, such as the abolition of medical mark-ups, adoption of modern hospital management systems, reform of diagnosis related groups (DRGs) payment, and performance evaluations for public hospitals, medical institutions increasingly need HB-HTA. The development of HB-HTA in China can be divided into three phases: An initiation phase (2005-2014), a preliminary exploratory phase (2015-2017), and a rapid development phase (2018-present). HB-HTA has been used to manage medical consumables, medical devices, and medicines, but there are still problems and challenges in terms of concept recognition, the mode of development, and limited professionals and data. To promote and use HB-HTA in developing countries, we have identifies the development paths and recommendations for implementation based on a case study in China, which can be summarized as follows: enhancing the top-level design of HB-HTA, formulating HB-HTA guidelines, further promoting the main ideas of HB-HTA, concentrating on the training of evaluation personnel, establishing an HB-HTA network and paying attention to the flexibility of HB-HTA in the application process, and multi- stakeholder participation.

China has made substantial progress in using health technology assessment, but more effort should be made to improve the quality of evidence, strengthen capacity, and enhance transparency, say Wen Chen and colleagues

To evaluate the economic value of nivolumab versus docetaxel for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (aNSCLC) treatment after platinum-based chemotherapy in adults without epidermal growth factor receptor/anaplastic lymphoma kinase aberrations in China. Partitioned survival models evaluated lifetime costs and benefits of nivolumab versus docetaxel by squamous and non-squamous histologies from a Chinese healthcare payer perspective. Progression-free disease, progressed disease, and death health states were considered over a 20-year time horizon. Clinical data were derived from the CheckMate pivotal Phase III trials (ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers: NCT01642004, NCT01673867, NCT02613507); patient-level survival data were extrapolated using parametric functions. China-specific health state utilities, healthcare resource utilisation, and unit costs were applied. Sensitivity analyses explored uncertainty. Nivolumab resulted in extended survival (1.489 and 1.228 life-years [1.226 and 0.995 discounted]) and quality-adjusted survival benefits (1.034 and 0.833 quality-adjusted life-years) at additional costs of ¥214,353 (US31,829) and ¥158,993 (US23,608) versus docetaxel in squamous and non-squamous aNSCLC, respectively. Nivolumab was associated with higher acquisition costs, lower subsequent treatment costs, and lower adverse event management costs than docetaxel in both histologies. Drug acquisition costs, discount rate for outcomes, and average body weight were key model drivers. Stochastic results aligned with the deterministic results. Nivolumab yielded survival and quality-adjusted survival benefits at incremental cost versus docetaxel in aNSCLC. As a traditional healthcare payer perspective was applied, the true economic benefit of nivolumab may be underestimated as not all treatment benefits and costs of relevance to society were considered.

Purpose: Treatment process attributes can affect health state utilities associated with therapy. For intravenous iron, used to treat iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia, research into process attributes is still lacking. This study estimated utilities associated with process attributes for intravenous iron infusions. Methods: An online survey including seven health state vignettes and time trade-off tasks was administered to participants, who were not patients living with iron deficiency or iron deficiency anemia, from a Chinese online panel. Vignettes used an identical description of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia but differed in the annual number of infusions, infusion duration, and infusion-associated risk of hypophosphatemic osteomalacia. Disutilities and their rate of change as the number of infusions increased were examined using a power model. Results: The survey was completed by 1091 participants. The highest utilities were observed for one annual infusion of 15-30 minutes or 30- 60 minutes, without risk of hypophosphatemic osteomalacia (0.754 and 0.746, respectively). In comparison, more infusions and infusions with a risk of hypophosphatemic osteomalacia were associated with lower utilities. Utility continued to decrease, but at a diminishing rate, as the annual number of infusions increased, with utility decrements of 0.006 and 0.002, respectively, when going from zero to one and from four to five infusions per year. All marginal disutilities were small (values <0.01). Conclusion: This study suggested that treatment attributes of intravenous iron infusions affect health state utilities. Using intravenous iron formulations that allow for fewer and shorter infusions without the risk of hypophosphatemic osteomalacia can reduce the number of visits required and increase patients' quality of life. Plain Language Summary: A lack of iron in the body can be treated successfully using intravenous infusions of iron, but it is not yet known how different intravenous iron formulations affect patients' quality of life. Intravenous iron formulations differ in how often and for how long (per infusion) they need to be administered; for example, while one available intravenous iron formulation allows most iron deficits to be corrected in a single visit, others can require several visits. Formulations also seem to differ in the risk of complications relating to low phosphate and bone softening. This study presented descriptions of treatment options, differing in the number and duration of infusions as well as in risk, to more than 1000 Chinese respondents. Based on their answers, the differences between intravenous iron administration regimes could be valued and linked to quality of life. Intravenous iron treatment with fewer, shorter infusions and without risk of bone softening was found to come with a better quality of life. Each additional infusion reduced quality of life, but less so if treatment already involved several infusions. These findings can help patients and physicians to make clinical decisions that focus not only on efficacy and safety but also on the quality of life.

Two intravenous (IV) iron formulations, ferric derisomaltose (FDI) and iron sucrose (IS), are currently available for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in China. Clinical studies have demonstrated that FDI has an improved efficacy and safety profile versus IS, while requiring fewer infusions to correct iron deficits. Based on these findings, the present study evaluated the costs and benefits of FDI and IS for the treatment of IDA, from a healthcare system and societal perspective in China.A patient-level model was developed to project time to hematological response and incidence of cardiovascular adverse events and hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) associated with FDI and IS over 5 years. Costs included iron acquisition, administration, and adverse event/HSR treatment costs, based on published studies, fee schedules, and a physician survey. Health state utilities associated with adverse events, HSRs, and the number of infusions were obtained from the literature and a time trade-off survey.From a healthcare system perspective, FDI was associated with incremental costs of RMB 1,934 (purchasing power parity USD 462) and incremental quality-adjusted life expectancy of 0.078 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) versus IS, yielding an incremental cost-utility ratio of RMB 24,901 (USD 5,949) in the base case scenario. From a societal perspective, FDI was associated with reduced total costs and therefore dominant versus IS.Limitations included the absence of clinical data specific to China and insufficient data to model persistence with treatment.This was the first cost-utility analysis comparing FDI and IS for the treatment of IDA in China. Based on a patient-level model, FDI was found to improve quality of life and reduce administration and adverse events costs relative to IS. Using the 2020 Chinese gross domestic product per capita of RMB 72,447 (USD 17,307) as a cost-effectiveness threshold, FDI would be considered cost-effective in China.Ferric derisomaltose (FDI) was approved in February 2021 for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in China and allows for fast iron correction in one visit with a good safety profile. The current standard of care in China is iron sucrose (IS). Clinical and economic decision-making can benefit from having longer-term projections on the benefits and costs of new medications relative to the current standard of care, which is why we conducted the first cost-utility analysis of FDI and IS for China. We developed a patient-level model that captured the effects of the iron formulations on IDA, in addition to incidences of adverse events and hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) associated with either formulation. Costs of the iron formulations, their administration, and of treatments for adverse events and HSR were modeled alongside the quality of life effects of IDA, adverse events, HSRs, and iron infusions. We used published clinical data and Chinese cost data to inform our model. Our results show that FDI was associated with higher quality-adjusted life expectancy than IS, regardless of the perspective of the analysis, and higher total costs from the healthcare system perspective. From a societal perspective, FDI was associated with lower costs due to reduced travel and waiting time and smaller productivity losses given there were fewer appointments. These results imply that FDI is likely good value for money for the healthcare system and indeed cost-saving for society relative to IS, which has so far been the most widely used IV iron treatment in China.

Objectives This study aims to systematically review the studies on the cost-effectiveness of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods A systematic literature search was performed in databases from 2000 through April 2021. The search terms included 'economics,' 'cost,' 'cost effectiveness,' 'SBRT,' and all names for NSCLC. Two reviewers independently screened the titles, abstracts and full texts to determine the studies for the final sample. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Quality of Health Economic Studies checklist. Results Eleven studies were identified and included in our final review. SBRT was reported to be a cost-effective (5 of 5) option compared to conventional radiotherapy, radiofrequency ablation, and best supportive care for medically inoperable, early-stage NSCLC. However, the identified studies revealed that no single treatment was found to be more cost-effective than others between SBRT and surgical interventions. The key drivers of this cost-effectiveness were the cost of the treatment, utility value, and the rate of surgical mortality. Conclusions SBRT may be considered a more cost-effective strategy for medically inoperable, early-stage NSCLC. Considering the limited studies available, more related research should be conducted to further validate these results.

Abstract Background Long-term prophylactic therapy is considered the standard of care for hemophilia A patients. This study models the long-term clinical and cost outcomes of two factor VIII (FVIII) products using a pharmacokinetic (PK) simulation model in a Chinese population. Methods Head-to-head PK profile data of BAY 81–8973 (KOVALTRY®) and antihemophilic factor (recombinant) plasma/albumin-free method (rAHF-PFM, ADVATE®) were applied to a two-state (alive and dead) Markov model to simulate blood FVIII concentrations at a steady state in prophylactically-treated patients with hemophilia A. Worsening of the Pettersson score was simulated and decline was associated with the probability of having orthopaedic surgery. The only difference between the compounds was FVIII concentration at a given time; each subject was treated with 25 IU/kg every 3 days. The model used a lifetime horizon, with cycle lengths of 1 year. Results Cumulative bleeding events, joint bleeding events, and major bleeding events were reduced by 19.3% for BAY 81–8973 compared to rAHF-PFM. Hospitalizations and hospitalization days were also reduced by 19.3% for BAY 81–8973 compared to rAHF-PFM. BAY 81–8973 resulted in both cost savings and a gain in quality adjusted life years (QALYs) compared to rAHF-PFM. Conclusion Based on modeled head-to-head comparisons, differences in PK-properties between BAY 81–8973 and rAHF-PFM result in a reduced number of bleeding events, leading to reduced costs and increased quality of life for BAY 81–8973. These results should be used to inform clinical practice in China when caring for patients with severe hemophilia A.

目的 对典型国家和地区的阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)保障体系进行梳理,为完善我国保障体系提供借鉴.方法 结合各个国家和地区的老龄化程度、AD患病率以及数据可获得性,选择澳大利亚、欧盟和中国台湾地区作为典型地区,检索中国知网(CNKI)、万方、维普、pubmed等电子数据库,以及典型地区的政府、协会网站,综述其AD保障体系.结果 在法律政策方面,各个地区依托老年人相关法律法规对AD患者的福利、健康保健等权益作出规范,其他专项类法律作为补充;组织结构方面,由卫生部门系统引导AD保障体系建设,并由民间组织、学协会等提供支持;筹资支付方面,以现有医疗保险制度为主、专项资金提供支持;服务提供方面,依托现有卫生服务机构提供AD患者所需的医疗、照护等服务,社会服务作为补充.结论 为有效应对AD带来的严峻挑战,需建立有尊严、自主和包容的社会支持系统,建立多元化的筹资体系,同时在服务提供方面发展整合型服务.

目的 通过比较带量采购前后不同品牌经外周静脉穿刺置入中心静脉导管(PICC)的临床使用、医疗费用及培训服务情况,为优化临床决策及完善PICC带量采购规则提供参考.方法 选取已完成PICC带量采购的山东临沂-菏泽地区,基于关键知情人访谈和文献回顾收集不同品牌导管的临床使用情况,并搭建成本分析模型进行费用比较,纳入置管费用(PICC单价、置管相关耗材费用)、护理工时费用、维护费用及临床问题/并发症处理费用.结果 相比于A品牌(带量采购前使用品牌),B品牌(带量采购中标品牌)可留置时间短(12个月vs 6个月),置管中及置管后临床问题/并发症发生率提高,自动回血发生率增加8倍,抽不出回血发生率增加6倍.成本分析结果显示,对于所有需PICC留置患者,相比于A品牌,使用导管单价较低的B品牌,总费用反而增加0.05％;对于需留置6～12个月患者,B品牌总费用增加6.70％.培训服务提供情况显示,80％受访护士表示非常需要培训服务,然而B品牌厂家的培训内容及护士满意度较低,其中非基础理论培训尤其不足,仅为A品牌厂家的19％,A品牌厂家对培训投入更多、培训渠道更多元丰富.结论 PICC在临床使用上存在品牌转换风险,影响患者的血管安全;低价导管未带来整体医疗资源节约;厂家培训服务的不足亦不利于护理行业的长期发展.建议逐步完善PICC带量采购实施规则,根据医用耗材产品特性,建立多维度评估标准,落实"一品一策"常态化推进.

Background: Quality measurements in primary healthcare (PHC) have become an essential component for improving diabetes outcomes in many high-income countries. However, little is known about their implementation within the Chinese health-system context and how they are perceived by patients, physicians, and policy-makers. We examined stakeholders’ perceptions of quality and performance measurements for primary diabetes care in Shanghai, China, and analyzed facilitators and barriers to implementation. Methods: In-depth interviews with 26 key stakeholders were conducted from 2018 to 2019. Participants were sampled from two hospitals, four community healthcare centers (CHCs), and four institutes involved in regulating CHCs. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) guided data analysis. Results: Existing quality measurements were uniformly implemented via a top-down process, with daily monitoring of family doctors’ work and pay-for-performance incentives. Barriers included excluding frontline clinicians from indicator planning, a lack of transparent reporting, and a rigid organizational culture with limited bottom-up feedback. Findings under the CFIR construct "organizational incentives" suggested that current pay-for-performance incentives function as a "double-edged sword," increasing family doctors’ motivation to excel while creating pressures to "game the system" among some physicians. When considering the CFIR construct "reflecting and evaluating," policy-makers perceived the online evaluation application – which provides daily reports on family doctors’ work – to be an essential tool for improving quality; however, this information was not visible to patients. Findings included under the "network and communication" construct showed that specialists support the work of family doctors by providing training and patient consultations in CHCs. Conclusion: The quality of healthcare could be considerably enhanced by involving patients and physicians in decisions on quality measurement. Strengthening hospital–community partnerships can improve the quality of primary care in hospital-centric systems. The case of Shanghai provides compelling policy lessons for other health systems faced with the challenge of improving PHC.

China introduced a “volume-based procurement (VoBP)” policy for medical products to contain healthcare costs and improve patient access to cost-effective products recently. The VoBP of peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVCs) was piloted in Jiangsu, Shandong and Jiangxi provinces in late 2019. The bidding of PIVCs mainly focused on their prices, while the evaluation standard on clinical performance of PIVCs was less emphasized. In this study, we aim to understand the clinical impacts associated with the utilization of different PIVCs influenced by the implementation of VoBP policy in China. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nurses in Nanjing and Linyi, the pilot cities implementing VoBP. A total of 27 nurses who used a leading multinational corporation’s (MNC’s) PIVCs before VoBP and changed to China local brands’ PIVCs after VoBP were included as informants. In the first 15 interviews, all domains (PIVC placement, complications, product issues, and training) and corresponding concepts listed in conceptual framework were mentioned, indicating that sample size was sufficient. After the change from the MNC’s PIVCs to local brands, PIVCs used per patient increased from 2.0 to 3.5 and the average indwelling time decreased from 3.7 days to 2.1 days. Compared with the MNC’s PIVCs, those from local brands were associated with a 0.9-minute increase in PIVC insertion time and a 9% relative decrease in first stick success rate. Furthermore, increased complication rate, quality issues and hard catheter materials, and reduced product training after PIVC change were also mentioned by nurses. This study discloses that PIVC product change following the implementation of VoBP may result in unexpected issues. Therefore, establishing quality evaluation criteria and strengthening product monitoring mechanism are recommended for VoBP policy optimization on medical consumables.

目的 通过对比带量采购前后不同静脉留置针的临床使用情况及整体费用,为优化临床决策、完善医用耗材带量采购提供参考.方法 通过关键知情人访谈收集带量采购前后不同静脉留置针产品的临床使用情况,基于文献回顾及关键知情人访谈等构建模型对静脉留置针的整体费用进行分析.结果 对来自南京和临沂的16家医院的27位临床护士进行了访谈.与带量采购前使用X品牌留置针相比,带量采购后使用中标品牌留置针的平均留置时间由3.7 d降为2.1 d,单个患者留置针平均用量由2.0个上升为3.5个.穿刺平均耗时增加,首次穿刺成功率降低,导管堵塞、脱管、发红、皮下血肿、液体渗漏、静脉炎等并发症发生率上升,留置针穿刺及耗材费用、并发症治疗、产品破损及护士人工费等上升.以100例使用静脉留置针的住院患者为1个研究单位,总费用从7765.4元上升到9338.7元,增加了1573.3元.结论 带量采购后,静脉留置针的质量及临床使用出现一定的问题.尽管中标产品单价下降,但整体费用控制效果不如预期,甚至不降反增.建议逐步建立针对医疗耗材带量采购的质量和整体费用评价标准,加强对医用耗材带量采购事前、事中、事后的质量评估与临床使用监测,更全面地分析费用并进行决策.

梳理了健康、健康状况、生活质量的定义,阐述了大健康、全健康的新概念,论述了在"健康中国"理念指引下我国在疾病管理、构建健康联合体以及COVID-19疫情防控、医疗保险支付COVID-19疫苗费用、COVID-19疫苗免费接种方面的变化.结合我国卫生工作方针的历史演变,揭示出新时期我国卫生健康工作方针反映了"健康中国"的战略思想,将健康融入所有政策,坚持"人民至上、生命至上"的新时代健康理念,将为实现中华民族的伟大复兴、构建全球健康命运共同体做出贡献.