Candida albicans (C. albicans) is one of the most prevalent opportunistic fungal pathogens, closely associated with high morbidity and mortality rates, posing a particularly severe threat to immunocompromised populations. In this work, an ssDNA-based electrochemical sensor based on laser-induced graphene (LIG) and cysteaminefunctionalized zinc oxide (Cys-ZnO) was developed. To overcome the bottlenecks of poor electrical conductivity and difficulties in constructing biological interfaces for biomass-derived carbon materials, a one-step direct laser writing (DLW) technique was employed to achieve graphitization of CMC/GO precursors and the in situ doping of zinc species. This strategy induced the formation of an edge-defect-rich graphitic structure, which provided abundant active sites and accelerated the electron transfer rate. Subsequently, amino-rich Cys-ZnO nanoparticles were introduced as an interfacial linker layer, providing abundant and stable covalent anchoring sites for the directional immobilization of ssDNA probes. Based on a target capture-induced "signal-off" mechanism, the proposed sensor exhibited a reliable linear response over a broad range from 101 to 106 CFU/mL, with a remarkably low limit of detection (LOD) of 1.8 CFU/mL. Furthermore, the sensor demonstrated in simulated and diluted biological matrices, including artificial saliva, diluted human serum, and artificial urine (recoveries ranging from 96.4% to 104.6%). The integrated laser manufacturing and interfacial functionalization strategy presented in this work provides a novel avenue for constructing low-cost, green, showing potential as a disposable fabricate-on-demand diagnostic platform.

The development of starch-based environmentally friendly sizes is crucial for the sustainable development of the textile industry. However, a single modified starch cannot meet the sizing requirements of blended yarns. The mechanical blending of acetate starch (AS) and sodium alginate (SA) is prone to phase separation and difficult to form a stable network structure. In this paper, different ratios of AS/SA composite size were prepared using ultrasonic blending, and the effects of different size formulations on the properties of sized film, sizing solution and sized yarn were investigated through multiple tests. The blending mechanism was elucidated combination with molecular dynamics simulations. The results indicated that: the size with a mass ratio AS/SA of 7:3 has the best performance. Compared to pure AS, it has demonstrated a 36.2% increase in the adhesion force, 43.7% reduction in the hairiness index, 26.04% improvement in yarn breaking strength, 101.61% increase in abrasion ratio, and 15.2% decrease in sizing add-on, achieving "enhanced performance with reduced sizing add-on". At this ratio, the carboxylate (-COO-) of SA and the hydroxyl (-OH) of AS formed a strong hydrogen-bond network, while, Na+ constructs stable ionic channels through charge shielding to suppress electrostatic repulsion of -COO-.

Jute fiber composites have weak interfacial bonding and poor hygrothermal stability. This paper proposes a new method for engineering a tough organic interfacial layer on jute fiber surfaces using Reactive Black 5 (RB5) dye. RB5 molecules formed stable covalent ether bonds with jute fibers through Michael addition reaction, improving the thermal stability of the fibers (with a slightly lower onset degradation temperature but enhanced main-stage resistance) and making them exhibit "low polarity, high dispersion" characteristics (polar component 1.8mN/m, dispersion component 30.2mN/m). Unidirectional (0 degrees) and cross-ply (90 degrees) structure composites were prepared with epoxy resin matrix, generating strong van der Waals forces and potential pi - pi interactions. The results show that the CP (90 degrees) RB5 composite presents a uniform black color. The constructed tough interfacial phase substantially improved the thermal stability and load transfer efficiency of the composite. The initial decomposition temperature (T5%) increased by 26.39 degrees C while the main degradation (T20% and Tmax) shifted to a slightly lower temperature. The interfacial shear strength (ILSS) increased by 39.98%, tensile strength increased by 40.31%, flexural strength increased by 123.89%, showing a "fiber-resin aggregate" ductile failure mode with no acetaldehyde release. After hygrothermal aging, the performance of the CP (90 degrees) RB5 composite was stable. Although the hue shifted, it still maintained a uniform black color. Compared with the untreated sample, T5% increased by 12.31 degrees C while the main degradation temperature (T20% and Tmax) also decreased slightly, the tensile strength retention rate was as high as 105.26%, the flexural strength retention rate was 56.65%, and the VOC emission was the lowest, with no formaldehyde or acetaldehyde release. It exhibits significant potential for applications in automotive interiors and rail transit interiors, where stringent mechanical performance and resistance to hygrothermal aging are required.

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) increasingly constrains the development of flexible and multifunctional electronics materials, yet asymmetric structural design and functional integration remain limited. Here we report a Janus hierarchical membrane, liquid metal@polydopamine-MXene/Fe3O4@cellulose polyacrylonitrile nanofibers (LM@PDA-MXene/Fe3O4@CPNF), fabricated by electrospinning a Fe3O4-doped cellulose/Polyacrylonitrile nanofiber scaffold and vacuum-assisted assembly of MXene intercalated with core-shell LM@PDA nanoparticles. The multiscale architecture couples three loss pathways: a percolated MXene network for conductive loss, LM@PDA spacers that suppress restacking and form microcapacitors for interfacial and dipolar polarization, and a porous magnetic entrance that improves impedance matching. In the X-band, a single 70 μm layer achieved an average EMI shielding effectiveness (SET) of 45.1 dB and a thickness-normalised specific shielding effectiveness (SSE/t) = 8.87 × 103 dB cm2 g-1, stacking four layers raised SET to 70.8 dB. The membrane also provided orientation-dependent thermal functions, this ultrathin, eco-friendly, and lightweight membrane integrates absorption-dominant EMI shielding with bidirectional thermal management in a single platform, offering a practical route toward electromagnetic protection and infrared control in next-generation wearable electronics.

Pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) represents a prolific but largely untapped lignocellulosic agricultural byproduct. Despite its commercial potential, a transition toward integrated biorefinery strategies is required to harness PALF for high-value applications, particularly in sustainable textiles. This review evaluates the conversion of raw PALF into functional woven and non-woven architectures, framed within the paradigms of cleaner production and waste valorization. We analyze how fiber morphology, chemical/enzymatic pretreatments, and bonding density dictate the final physicochemical characteristics of the textile. A comparative assessment reveals that while woven PALF mats provide superior mechanical tensile strength and dimensional stability for structural composites, non-woven mats offer enhanced thermal/acoustic insulation and scalability for bioleather and filtration media. Furthermore, this study addresses critical bottlenecks in the PALF value chain, including fiber quality variability and the environmental footprint of treatment residues. By integrating Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) perspectives, this review establishes a roadmap for the industrial adoption of PALF-based materials, aligning with global circular bioeconomy strategies and green manufacturing pathways.

Influenza A (H1N1) virus transmits person-to-person, posing a significant epidemic threat. In this work, we report the use of hydroxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-OH) as an ultrasensitive antibody-recognition-based immunosensor for the detection of the H1N1 hemagglutinin protein. Moreover, it is compared with a sensor based on the same carbon-based material graphene oxide (GO). To address the shortcomings of conventional three electrodes that are not suitable for portable carry-over testing. A screen-printed carbon electrode based on polyethylene terephthalate material is selected. It not only perfectly solves the above problem, but also significantly reduces the cost. Immunosensors detect immune responses using changes in electrical potential caused by specific reactions between antibodies and hemagglutinin proteins. The electrical signal is detected using differential pulse voltammetry and the limit of detection is calculated using the 3 N method. The results show that the MWCNT-OH immunosensor is highly sensitive and specific with a very low detection limit (0.058 fg/mL) and a good linear range (5-5 & times;106 fg/mL). The detection limit (0.083 fg/mL) and linear range (50-5 & times;105 fg/mL) of the GO immunosensor are slightly inferior to those of the MWCNT-OH immunosensor. This is due to MWCNT-OH's larger surface area, pore volume, and defects, which provide more active sites. This suggests carbon nanotube-based sensors could be developed into practical clinical screening tools.

Since the dynamic and static scenarios of women's loungewear involve multiple parts of bodies, it becomes a major factor in the assessment of comfort to measure dynamic pressure in loungewear. This study established a mathematical model for intelligent prediction of clothing pressure with 14 parameters based on fabric properties and shape size. Combining major influencing factors of clothing pressure, this model measures the clothing pressure exerted on the elbows, waist, buttocks, and knees in three scenes and seven postures, to study the predictive performance of support vector regression (SVR), backpropagation neural network (BPNN), and genetic algorithm (GA)-BPNN for dynamic pressure in women's loungewear. According to the results, the accuracy of the three machine learning algorithms in the prediction of clothing pressure in loungewear, in descending order, is GA-BPNN, BPNN, and SVR. With complex influencing factors and limited sample sizes, the average relative errors of GA-BPNN for predicting the pressure on four body parts are 2.87%, 3.55%, 3.36%, and 4.35%, respectively, which can yield a science-based reference for the assessment of comfort in women's loungewear.

Currently, the wet-chemical analysis method is primarily used to detect the components of hemp fiber. However, this method is time-consuming and not environmentally friendly. This paper presents a study on the detection of the main components of hemp using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and their determination through wet chemical analysis. The relationship between chemical analysis data and NIR spectral data was established using the partial least squares (PLS) and principal component regression (PCR) methods. Based on the corrected and predicted root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE), it can be concluded that PCR is a more effective quantitative method than PLS. The constructed main component regression prediction models for cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin had RMSE values of 2.24

The phenomenon of manipulated water transport demonstrated by insects and plants in natural biological systems has significant research implications for biological survival as well as for the development of advanced science and technology. It allows the penetration of minute quantities of liquid in one direction only, while blockage is achieved in the opposite direction, and it plays a key role in the field of intelligent liquid management. Although a great deal of research has been devoted to facilitating directional liquid transport by constructing bilayer hydrophilic/hydrophobic materials, the presence of hydrophobic regions limits the realization of continuous water transport. How to realize self-driven unidirectional flow within hydrophilic porous systems remains a pressing challenge. Herein, we developed fully hydrophilic micro-nanoporous gradient materials with directional liquid transport effects. The structural force difference between the contact interfaces is formed by depositing a hydrophilic nanoscale fiber membrane on the surface of a superhydrophilic micrometer-scale hydroentangled layer. The capillary force effect of the composite material is utilized to realize the directional transport of liquid and solve the limiting effect of the hydrophobic region. Through experimental verification and theoretical analysis, the mechanism of the directional water transport of the structure and its influencing factors are investigated. The proposed fully hydrophilic micronano porous gradient composite material shows promising applications in the field of sustainable textiles for directed sweat transport and biodegradable water collection devices, and is expected to be promoted in the development of other lipophilic diodes.

This study presents an aptamer-free electrochemical sensor, based on a multilayered reduced graphene oxide and silver nanoparticle (ML-rGO/AgNPs) composite, for the detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). P. aeruginosa is a major opportunistic pathogen responsible for severe nosocomial infections and poses a significant threat to public health due to its high antibiotic resistance; therefore, developing rapid and sensitive detection methods is crucial for timely clinical intervention. The sensor, fabricated via layer-by-layer printing, demonstrates improved portability, reusability, and cost-efficiency. To optimize the electrode composition, a series of ML-rGO/AgNPs composites with precisely controlled AgNPs content were systematically synthesized and evaluated. An integrated characterization approach-utilizing X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR)- combined with electrochemical assessments via cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)-demonstrated the superior performance of the ML-rGO/AgNPs-15 composite. Designed specifically for pathogen detection, the sensor displays a linear detection range spanning 10-1-106 CFU & sdot;ML-1 and achieves a remarkably low detection limit of 0.176 CFU & sdot;ML-1, highlighting its high sensitivity. This efficient, cost-effective platform is ideal for environmental and clinical applications, offering a reliable solution for detecting P. aeruginosa without aptamer dependency. By circumventing the need for aptamers, this platform addresses the growing demand for advanced and accessible diagnostic technologies.

In this study, an electrochemical sensor for the specific detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) was developed using an F23 aptamer-functionalized nitrogen-doped multi-walled carbon nanotubes (N doped-MWCNTs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) composite. Systematic optimization of the Ag/C ratio revealed that a 1:10 composition delivers superior electrochemical performance, owing to synergistic effects between highly dispersed AgNPs and efficient nitrogen doping. Then a biosensor was constructed based on a three-electrode system, featuring a screen-printed electrode (SPE) modified with optimized N-doped MWCNTs/AgNPs-10/F23 aptamer as the working electrode. The structural and compositional characteristics of the sensor materials were systematically characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The electrochemical performance was evaluated through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to assess the conductivity and charge transfer properties of the electrode materials. The sensor exhibited a wide linear detection range from 10-1 to 106 CFU·mL-1 and the limit of detection is 0.0798 CFU·mL-1, demonstrating high specificity and sensitivity for P. aeruginosa. This study demonstrates a novel strategy for developing cost-effective, portable biosensors with exceptional selectivity for bacterial pathogen detection, offering significant potential for real-time environmental monitoring and point-of-care diagnostic applications.

Natural fibers are regarded as ideal reinforcements for fiber-reinforced composites due to their high specific strength and biodegradability. In this study, three-dimensional orthogonal woven sisal/flax yarn hybrid biobased epoxy resin composites (3DOWSBCs) were firstly employing a novel three-dimensional orthogonal weaving technique, and their mechanical properties were experimentally examined, and compared with those of traditional lamination composites. Secondly, a finite element model (FEM) was constructed to predict and analyze the shear behaviors of 3DOWSBCs in order to elucidate the strengthening mechanisms of Z-yarns. Additionally, the thermal and acoustic properties also discussed. The results suggested that the flexural strength and shear strength of 3DOWSBCs (141.15 MPa, 22.80 MPa) were 37.9 % and 86.9 % higher than the laminates, respectively. The FEM results demonstrated a strong correlation with the experimental data and revealed that the impact of Z-yarns on the mechanical properties in out-of-plane direction was more significant than that in inplane direction. Furthermore, 3DOWSBCs had low thermal conductivity (0.29 W/m & sdot;K) and high sound transmission loss (63 dB). The environmentally friendly and excellent-performance 3DOWSBCs are a promising semistructural industrial composites with great potential to alleviate energy consumption and promote sustainable industry development.

To maintain the versatility of a hydrogel, extensive modifications are necessary, particularly to overcome the daunting mechanical trait of this material. In agriculture especially, achieving the desired balance between strength and high water absorption ability with this polymer is a significant challenge. Therefore, this study used and evaluated both carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) mesofiber (CMCF) and CMC-chitosan mesofiber (CMC/CHF) as a reinforcing agent at varying concentrations in the widely known regenerated cellulose hydrogel. These fibers were fined and revamped as mesofiber before being integrated into the cellulose solution for crosslinking and formation stages. The hydrogel filled with 2 wt% mesofiber, especially CMC/CHF exhibited the highest storage modulus value (3300 Pa), compression strength (0.315 MPa), and thermal stability, showing the resistivity of this composite towards external pressure. Morphologically, the distribution of smaller pores within the mesofiberreinforced hydrogel improved along with the water absorption ability. The composite hydrogels, however, demonstrated lower transparency compared to the plain hydrogel due to the high loading of CMCF and complex CMC/CHF. The utilization of CMC/CHF is especially successful and effective in enhancing the resulting composite's mechanical strength and hydrophilicity. Thus, it is expected to be beneficial as a planting medium that provides both functionality and vitality.

The proliferation of electronic devices has made electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding increasingly critical for both device performance and human health protection. Here, we demonstrate a hierarchical composite film that achieves exceptional EMI shielding through the synergistic integration of magnetic nanofibers and MXene nanosheets. By combining electrospinning and layer-by-layer assembly, we fabricate a composite structure where Fe3O4-loaded cellulose/PAN nanofibers alternate with Ti3C2Tx MXene layers, creating multiple heterogeneous interfaces for enhanced electromagnetic wave attenuation. The engineered architecture promotes multiple electromagnetic loss mechanisms through interface polarization, magnetic losses, and multiple internal reflections. The optimized composite exhibits remarkable performance metrics: achieving a thickness-specific shielding efficiency of 118 dB/mm at just 0.18 mm thickness, significantly surpassing current commercial standards. At 0.64 mm thickness, the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness reaches 33.2 dB, effectively blocking over 99.9 % of electromagnetic radiation. Notably, the composite demonstrates exceptional mechanical durability, retaining 96.8 % of its shielding effectiveness after 300 bending cycles. The integration of renewable cellulose and magnetic components with highly conductive MXene not only enhances electromagnetic wave attenuation but also promotes environmental sustainability. This combination of ultra-thin profile, superior shielding performance, and mechanical flexibility, coupled with eco-friendly material selection, provides a promising pathway for EMI protection.

Bio-based polyamide 56 (PA56), a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based polyamide 66 (PA66), exhibits a slow crystallization rate that poses a significant challenge to its broader application. The modification of SiO2 using 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) can markedly enhance its dispersion and interfacial compatibility, thereby improving the mechanical interlocking effect of the material. In this study, unmodified nano-SiO2 (UMS)/PA56 and APTES modified nano-SiO2 (AMS)/PA56 composite materials were synthesized through melt blending technology. The non-isothermal and isothermal crystallization kinetics of PA56 composites were analyzed by x-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry, and the effects of different SiO2 addition ratios on the crystalline properties were investigated. Experimental results indicate that as the proportion of UMS increases, the crystallization behavior of the composite material gradually weaks; conversely, the addition of AMS results in an enhanced crystallization behavior. Notably, at a cooling rate of 10 degrees C/min, the crystallization rate (Z(t)) of AMS and UMS composites increased by 135% and 122%, respectively, compared to pure PA56, while the semi-crystallization time (t(1/2)) decreased by 24.4% and 23.6%, respectively.

In response to environmental concerns associated with synthetic fiber-reinforced materials, plant fiber-reinforced composites are increasingly recognized as a more sustainable alternative. However, predicting the mechanical properties of these composites remains challenging due to the unique microstructure of plant fibers. This study proposes an optimized Tsai-Hill failure criterion that incorporates the microfibril angle (MFA) and fiber orientation to enhance failure predictions. The MFA of hemp fibers was measured using X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the failure mechanisms of unidirectional hemp fiber composites under off-axis tensile stresses were thoroughly analyzed. Experimental results reveal a 10.69 % increase in tensile strength at a 5 degrees off-axis angle compared to the fiber direction. As the off-axis angle increases, the failure mode transitions from fiber fracture and pull-out to matrix tearing and interlayer shear failure. For angles above 10 degrees, the failure stress aligns with both the maximum stress and Tsai-Hill criteria. For angles below 10 degrees, integrating MFA into the Tsai-Hill criterion significantly improves prediction accuracy. These findings offer critical insights for optimizing the tensile performance of hemp fiber composites and predicting their behavior under off-axis loading conditions. Consequently, this study can support the use of hemp fiber composites in a broader range of applications.

In the realm of garment comfort of wearing clothing for healthcare workers, advancements have been made in the development of materials with waterproof breathability and moisture permeability properties. Nevertheless, the breathability and moisture permeability metrics may not adequately address the comfort needs of individuals engaged in high intensity dynamic activities. This paper introduces a three-layer degradable composite material comprising of polylactic acid (PLA) spunbond, PLA meltblown, and PLA/viscose hydroentanglement layer. The resultant composite material exhibited good waterproofing and moisture permeability characteristics, achieving a water pressure resistance of 2.52 KPa and a moisture permeability of 5821 g/(m(2)d), achieving a balance between protection and comfort. Based on this, the time of dopamine hydrophilic modification on meltblown and spunbond layers was regulated to create a vertical direction wettability gradient by layering hydroentangled, meltblown, and spunbond layers with varying degrees of wettability difference. The resulting material exhibited directional water transport capability, with a positive accumulative one-way transport capacity of 607.8. However, it also showed reduced hydrostatic pressure resistance. Generally, the directional water transport material has the potential to enhance the comfort of medical protective clothing when applied in noncritical areas such as the axillary and dorsal regions.

It is extremely difficult to separate salts and dyes from high-salinity printing and dyeing wastewater. In this study, modified montmorillonite (EPTAC-CD-MMT) was obtained by intercalation of 2,3-epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride (EPTAC) modified cyclodextrin (CD). PI/EPTAC-CD-MMT membrane was prepared by blending EPTAC-CD-MMT with polyimide (PI). The addition of EPTAC-CD-MMT could inhibit the motion of PI molecular chains and increase the solvent resistance of the membrane. Additionally, EPTAC-CD-MMT exhibited spontaneous "internal drive" during the phase transition and segregated to the membrane surface. The pore structure of the membrane was adjusted to a well-developed "side pore" structure. Thus, solvent-resistant membranes for dye/salt separation with high flux were finally obtained. The successful modification of MMT was demonstrated by FTIR, XRD, TGA and XPS. EDX and SEM were used to characterize the surface segregation phenomena and well-developed pore structures of the membranes. When EPTAC-CD-MMT was added at 3 wt%, the membranes showed a significant increase in pure water flux (138.0 Lm(-2)h(-1)bar(-1)), high dye rejection (>98.5 %), low salt rejection (<10.0 %), and good solvent resistance in six organic solvents. This demonstrated the potential of PI/EPTAC-CD-MMT separation membranes for the treatment of dye wastewater containing sophisticated organic solvents.

Ramie composites have been widely used in automobiles, daily necessities, aerospace, ships, cruise lines, etc., but their flame retardant properties are relatively poor, which is difficult to meet the flame retardant performance requirements of composites for rail transit. In order to improve the properties of ramie reinforced composites, flame retardant treatment is necessary. In this paper, phosphorus flame retardant phytic acid (PA) was used to modify ramie fabric, and then the composites were prepared. The flame retardancy and mechanical properties of ramie reinforced composites were investigated. It was found that the flame retardancy of ramie composites was improved after flame retardant modification with phytic acid, but the mechanical properties were decreased. In order to improve the mechanical properties of PA ramie composites, two kinds of layered PA ramie/glass fiber hybrid composites were prepared by replacing part of ramie with glass fiber. The results show that the addition of glass fiber can improve the mechanical properties and flame retardancy of composites.