明清民国时期关中—天水地区城市供水的水源包括地下水(井泉水)、渠水、河水和雨水4类.尽管当时该地区城市地下水资源呈现明显的区域内部差异,但凿井浚泉汲取地下水始终是该地区城市最主要供水方式,具有区域普遍性特征.渭河平原地区至少有73％的城市曾开渠引水入城,其中渭河南岸十城均曾营建渠道引水入城,启示我们当前务必要做好秦岭北麓的植被保护工作.汲取河水、凿池聚雨和人工卖水均是明清民国时期该地区城市供水的重要补充方式,但不具有区域性特征.

传统工艺传承于百姓日常的生产生活实践之中,其历史缘起在民间流传过程中,往往存在被后人不断塑造的现象,芜湖铁画锻制技艺就是一个较为典型的案例.关于芜湖铁画锻制技艺历史缘起的文献记载、传说故事精彩纷呈,但史实与虚构杂糅.文章对芜湖铁画的历史缘起进行再次考证,发现:安徽博物院所藏铁字"晴联"可能并非芜湖铁画创始人汤鹏所锻制,而是后入托名伪制的.汤鹏与萧云从砥砺合作创造芜湖铁画的主流说法,是清乾隆之后汤鹏故事三种体系之一——"萧云从呵叱汤鹏催生铁画"体系的再塑造,汤、萧之间有无直接交往应当存疑.

The city site environment of Tianshui city, a famous historical and cultural city, was entirely consistent with humanistic thoughts about mountains and water and Feng Shui theory of site selection of ancient China cities. But the urban flood disaster was also very serious in Tianshui city during the historical periods. This paper reviewed the urban flood disaster of Tianshui city over the past 600 years, analyzed its characteristic, and discussed the response measures of urban flood disaster and their environmental effects. The response measures of Tianshui urban flood disaster mainly included two parts: riverway treatment of Luoyu River and construction of flood control embankments in the south of Tianshui city. These response measures had the important role for mitigating Tianshui urban flood disaster, and meanwhile had also resulted in the advantageous and disadvantageous environmental effects for Tianshui city, such as shaping of Guanquan water supply and withering of South Lake.

For the purpose of agriculture and astrology,the Astronomical Bureau of Qing Dynasty at-tached great importance to observing and recording of the first thunderstorm.Through investigation of vari-ous available historical documents in archives of Astronomical Bureau,Ministry of Rites,Factual Records of Qing Emperor and memorials to the throne with comments written in red of Qing Dynasty,1 21 records of the first thunderstorm were collected.This paper firstly summarized the reason why the Qing Dynasty em-phasized the observing of the first thunderstorm and discussed the reliability of those records.Based on this,this paper further sorted and analyzed the characteristics of the first thunderstorm in Beijing of Qing Dynasty.Finally,we found:(1 ) The average date of the first thunderstorm during AD 1 679-1 71 4 is close to the average date of AD 1 799-1 856,and the average date of the first thunderstorm during AD 1 71 6-1 768 is close to that of AD 1 884-1 901;However,compared with the latter two periods,the average date of the first thunderstorm during the former two periods is two weeks later.(2) The first thunderstorm main-ly occurred in the night and continued to the next morning,and its duration time was short.These charac-teristics were very similar with present.(3) Comparing the climate information reflected by the first thun-derstorm with results of historical climate science,It was found that these conclusions were highly consist-ent.Thus,these records of the first thunderstorm are very precious for the study of spring temperature in Beijing area of Qing Dynasty and even for the further understanding of the climate in Qing Dynasty and its variation characteristics.

Tianshui city was always the political, economic and cuhural center in Tianshui region since 2ta~ Al~, which had the advantage of the water and land transportation and was situated at the foot of a hill and beside a stream. Through collecting, researching and analyzing lots of historical materials, the characteristics of the natural disasters in Qinzhou region and the Qinzhou urban flood disasters during 1400 -1899 were investigated preliminarily. The results showed that drought, flood, hailstone and earthquake were the four main natural disasters in Qinzhou region over 1400 - 1899. In this period, Qinzhou region had suffered from totally 50 flood disasters, once every ten years on average, and Qinzhou city was repaired 10 times l once every 42 years on average. The causes of the urban flood disasters in Qinzhou included the geographic position and the climate of Qinzhou city, the low faculty of the urban flood discharge and the low intensity of the urban preventing flood.

Through collecting, researching and analyzing lots of historical materials, the frequency and the tem- poral and spatial distribution characteristics of the flood disaster in the upriver reaches of Weihe River from 1400 to 1899 were studied. We found that in those 500 years, the occurring frequency of the flood disaster in the up- river reaches of Weihe River took on the upward tendency, and the numbers of the flood disaster were increased gradually along the flow direction of Weihe River -from west to east. For the purpose of studying the relations between the vicissitude of the cities and the flood disaster in the upriver reaches of Weihe River, we compared the temporal change tendency of the frequency between the flood disaster and the repairing of the cities in this ar- ea, and compared respectively the number between the repairing and the flood disaster of every city. The result showed that in those 500 years, the change of the frequency between the flood disaster and the repairing of the cities were coherent. When the frequency of the flood disaster was very high, the repairing of the cities was also very frequent, but there was a time slot between them. Besides, when the flood disaster of one city was very fre- quent, the frequency of the reparing of the city was also very high. So, we thought that the flood disaster was the main reason of the vicissitude of the cities in the upriver reaches of Weihe River, and tried to analyze the coun- termeasures of preventing flood disasters in this area, which included reinforcing the circumvallation, building banks and planting willow trees, and even migrating the city.