The food system of Zhejiang Province, a major coastal province in China, includes a wide variety of products, such as canned foods, aquatic products, vegetables, fruits, and tea, all of which may serve as potential sources of tin (Sn) exposure. However, no systematic study has assessed the distribution and dietary exposure risk of Sn across food categories in the province, and a compound-specific evaluation of organotin compounds is lacking. Therefore, we investigated the occurrence of Sn in commonly consumed foods and assessed dietary exposure risks among different age groups in Zhejiang Province. In total, 2014 samples from five major food categories-fresh vegetables, fresh fruits, tea, fresh aquatic products, and canned foods-were collected using a multistage stratified random sampling strategy. The Sn concentrations were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, with non-detection replaced by half the detection limit. Dietary intake data were derived from the 2015-2017 Nutrition and Health Surveillance using a 3-day, 24 h recall. The estimated daily intake and total hazard quotient (THQ) were calculated for age-specific risk assessments under multiple exposure scenarios. Fresh vegetables, fruits, tea, and most aquatic products had low Sn concentrations, whereas canned foods, particularly fruits, fungi, and meat products, had higher Sn concentrations. THQ values remained well below 1 across all food categories, indicating minimal health risks under typical consumption patterns, although lifetime exposure estimates suggested that canned foods could approach toxicological benchmarks earlier under high-consumption scenarios. A supplementary assessment of organotin compounds, which are highly toxic even at low fractions of total Sn, used a reverse dietary risk approach and probabilistic modeling. Canned foods and fresh aquatic products exhibited the lowest minimum conversion rates (0.16% and 0.37%, respectively), indicating that they are the most susceptible to organotin risk, whereas fresh fruits (7.77%) and tea (18.67%) required much higher proportions. Due to limited literature, further scenario- and probabilistic-based assessments focused on fresh aquatic products, revealing that typical exposure levels are generally safe, but children ≤ 6 years of age are the most vulnerable. Although overall Sn exposure is low, intake of highly processed foods, particularly canned products, should be limited in young children's diets. These findings highlight that even small shifts in Sn speciation within high-risk food categories can lead to excessive tolerable daily intakes. This study provides a scientific reference for dietary Sn risk assessment and food safety management.

Food-borne diseases caused by pathogens are a global public health concern. The positive detection rate (%) and arithmetic mean of seven pathogens in common foods were collected by the China National Foodborne Diseases Surveillance Network from 2019 to 2023, and the number of cases and population incidence were calculated by combining the pathogen concentration and food consumption data of 10,753 people in 20 townships in Zhejiang Province using a swift quantitative risk assessment model. The estimated case number was 1,504,937, and the incidence rate was 0.03 episodes per person-year. The pathogen-food product combinations with the highest number of cases were Vibrio parahemolyticus-marine fish, Staphylococcus aureus-cooked meat products, and Vibrio parahemolyticus-marine shellfish. Marine fish, Chinese salads, and cooked meat products were the top three high-risk food types. Vibrio parahemolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus were the dominant pathogens. Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) method presented more informative pathogen-food combinations ranking compared to the sQMRA model. Vibrio parahaemolyticusaureus-marine fishes, Vibrio parahaemolyticusaureus-fresh water products, and Vibrio parahaemolyticusaureus-marine shellfish were ranked as the top combinations. These results demonstrate that there should be a greater focus on improving the active surveillance system and quantitative risk assessment methods of related food-pathogen combinations in formulating scientific public health policy.

BACKGROUND:Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exhibit reproductive toxicity and environmental endocrine-disrupting effects, yet their impact on pubertal development and endocrine hormones in girls remains unclear. OBJECTIVES:To explore the impact of prenatal and adolescent exposure to PFAS on pubertal development and endocrine hormones in girls. METHODS:Girls from the Sheyang Mini Birth Cohort Study were recruited for the present study. A total of 53 PFAS concentrations in cord serum and adolescent serum at the ages of 14 and 15 years were measured. Thyroid hormones and steroid hormones were measured in adolescent serum. Pubertal assessments were carried out using both the self-assessed pubertal development score (PDS) and the age of menarche, along with Tanner stages evaluated during clinical visits. Generalized Estimating Equations and Cox regression analyses were performed to estimate the associations between PFAS and PDS, and between PFAS and the age at menarche, respectively. Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) was employed for PFAS mixtures. RESULTS:Girls with higher prenatal exposure to PFOA (OR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.24) and PFOS (OR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.26) were more likely to exhibit advanced breast development stages. Consistently, cord serum PFOA concentration was significantly associated with earlier menarche (HR = 1.065, 95% CI: 1.010, 1.122). Prenatal PFAS were associated with increased T4 level, while adolescent PFAS were associated with elevated TSH and reproductive hormone levels. CONCLUSIONS:Our findings revealed long-term endocrine disruption effects and alterations in pubertal maturation resulting from prenatal PFAS exposure.

Background Metal(loid)s exposure is known as endocrine disruptors affecting hormone levels. However, a comprehensive understanding of overall hormonal changes in cord serum and sex-specific effects of prenatal exposure to metal(loid)s needed to be investigated. Methods We quantified 17 metal(loid)s in maternal urine and 12 hormones in cord serum. To investigate the impacts of individual and combined metal(loid) exposures, we applied Generalized Linear Models (GLMs) and Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) models. Sex-stratified analyses were also conducted to assess potential sex-related disparities. Results In GLMs, each IQR increase in V, Zn and Cd exposure was associated with 1.09% to 3.26% changes in total triiodothyronine (TT3); Rb corresponded to a 2.36% change in total thyroxine (TT4); Cr, Zn and Rb with 1.43% to 1.94% change in free thyroxine (FT4). Conversely, one-IQR increase in Rb corresponded to a -2.25% change in free triiodothyronine (FT3); as well as Zn and As with -9.76% and -7.85% change in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). In BKMR models, the metal mixture showed a positive relationship with adiponectin (APN), TT3 and FT3. Sex-stratified analyses revealed metal mixture with higher TT3 but lower TSH, thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) and estradiol (E2) in males, and elevated brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and APN in females. Essential trace elements (Cr, Zn, Ni) were the main contributors. Conclusions Prenatal exposure to metal(loid)s was linked with cord blood hormonal homeostasis changes and the disruption might be sex-dependent.

Foodborne diseases impose a major global public health burden, yet existing surveillance systems remain largely reactive. This study develops a multidimensional machine learning framework for predicting disease risks associated with animal products in Zhejiang Province, China. Drawing on 175,803 patient surveillance records collected between 2014 and 2023, supplemented by diverse meteorological, environmental, and socioeconomic indicators, we constructed a systematic feature engineering pipeline. We comprehensively evaluated seven predictive models, including algorithms based on decision trees and classical time series approaches. Ultimately, a hierarchical Stacking ensemble approach, integrating XGBoost, LightGBM, and Random Forest with a Ridge regression secondary algorithm, demonstrated superior predictive performance on the independent testing set. This optimal ensemble recorded a Mean Absolute Percentage Error of 11.30\%, alongside a Mean Absolute Error of 218.90 and a Root Mean Square Error of 273.65, significantly outperforming all individual baseline models. Furthermore, an integrated SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis identified three critical predictive dimensions: annual seasonality, spatial heterogeneity across prefectures, and specific food source contexts. Within these contexts, catering venue types and bulk processing methods emerged as the strongest predictive indicators. These findings definitively demonstrate that integrating advanced ensemble learning with explainable artificial intelligence can transition epidemiological surveillance from reactive monitoring to proactive risk stratification, providing a highly scalable template for proactive food safety governance.

This article assesses per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure levels, distribution, bioaccumulation characteristics, and health risks in freshwater fish from Zhejiang Province, China. A total of 240 market-sourced fish samples (covering carnivorous, omnivorous, and herbivorous species) collected between 2022 and 2024 were analyzed for 24 PFAS congeners, including four emerging alternatives. The results revealed widespread PFAS contamination, with a detection frequency of 77.5% and median total PFAS (Σ24PFAS) concentration of 2.95 ng/g. Hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) were the most frequently detected congeners. PFOS exhibited the highest median concentrations in carnivorous and omnivorous fish, whereas PFUnDA was the dominant contaminant in filter-feeding and herbivorous fish. No significant difference in Σ24PFAS concentrations was observed among fish with different feeding habits, but highly significant spatial variation was found. Long-chain PFAS concentrations were significantly higher than those of short-chain PFAS and emerging alternatives, with their proportion decreasing at lower trophic levels. The estimated daily intake of Σ24PFAS and Σ4PFAS for freshwater fish consumers averaged 0.14 and 0.042 ng/kg bw/day, respectively, with approximately 0.16% of the assessed individuals exceeding the recommended threshold. This study provides critical data to support food safety management and risk mitigation strategies.

Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) is an important foodborne pathogen. In this study, 41 sporadic listeriosis cases were collected during 2016-2022, including 92.7% of invasive cases and 56.1% of pregnancy-associated cases. The age of cases ranged from 0 days to 88 years, with the majority occurring in individuals aged 20 to <30 years. Serotype 1/2 b was most prevalent among 43 L. monocytogenes isolates, followed by 1/2 a, 4 b, and 3a. Sixteen clonal complexes (CCs) were determined. CC87 occupied the top slot. Genome sequencing-based phylogeny results indicated that Chinese CC1, CC8, and CC87 isolates mostly clustered in clades separating from isolates from other countries. Meanwhile, a few Chinese isolates participated in cocirculating CC1, CC8, and CC87 in Asia, Europe, Africa, South America, North America, and Oceania. All isolates harbored LIPI-1 while LIPI-2 was absent. LIPI-3 and LIPI-4 exhibited an apparent relationship with lineage and CCs. It was notably that CC4, CC224, and CC619 carried both LIPI-3 and LIPI-4. inlB, inlC, inlH, inlK, ipeA, srtA, dltA, lap, ami, fbpA, stp, oatA, intA, prsA2, lgt, hpt, iplA1, bsh, mdrT, mdrM, and brtA existed in all isolates. The percentages of inlA, inlF, inlJ, aut, vip were 97.7%, 97.7%, 97.7%, 83.7%, and 83.7%. A premature stop codon mutation of position 1474(C→T) was detected, resulting in a truncated InlA with 491 aa. High susceptibility to penicillin (100%), ampicillin (100%), gentamicin (100%), erythromycin (100%), daptomycin (100%), meropenem (100%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (100%), vancomycin (97.7%), tetacycline (97.7%), chloramphenicol (97.7%), and ciprofloxacin (90.7%) was demonstrated. lin and fosX were present in 93.0% of the isolates, respectively. tetM and ermB were also detected. This comprehensive study enriched the understanding of listeriosis cases and diversity of clinical isolates, meanwhile, indicated the spread characteristics of CC1, CC8, and CC87 in China based on phylogeny analysis, providing fundamental data for developing targeting food safety interventions to prevent listeriosis.

To understand the epidemiological characteristics and patterns of mushroom poisoning in Zhejiang Province from 2012 to 2023, and to overcome the limitations of previous descriptive studies in precise early warning and spatial identification, this study explored the feasibility of identifying spatial distribution characteristics and high-risk spatiotemporal clusters. First, descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted on 2276 cases from the Foodborne Disease Case Surveillance System and 408 outbreaks from the Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System reported over the 12-year period to clarify the basic characteristics and trends of poisoning. Subsequently, spatial autocorrelation analysis (Moran’s I) was employed to reveal spatial dependence and clustering patterns. Finally, spatiotemporal scan statistics (SatScan) were used to precisely identify high-risk spatiotemporal clusters, systematically analyzing the spatiotemporal distribution and clustering patterns of mushroom poisoning cases. The results showed a distinct summer–autumn seasonal peak (June–October), attributed to the subtropical monsoon climate with high temperatures and abundant rainfall, which is conducive to mushroom growth. Farmers were the most affected population (47.93%), and homes were the primary poisoning locations (71.7%), reflecting widespread foraging habits and insufficient risk awareness in rural areas. Chlorophyllum molybdites (36.27%) and Russula japonica (10.05%) were the dominant poisoning mushroom species, with gastrointestinal symptoms being the predominant clinical manifestation (84.07%). Spatial analysis revealed significant spatiotemporal clustering of mushroom poisoning in Zhejiang Province. The global Moran’s I index showed significant positive autocorrelation in some years (p < 0.05), with local hotspots mainly distributed in western Zhejiang counties. This pattern is driven by a dual model of environmental suitability and behavioral risk, resulting from the high forest coverage and humid climate of the western Zhejiang mountainous areas providing suitable habitats, combined with long-standing foraging habits among local residents. Retrospective spatiotemporal scanning identified high-risk clusters for each year from 2018 to 2023, with the Lishui area in 2023 being the most significant cluster (Relative Risk (RR) = 15.44, Log-Likelihood Ratio (LLR) = 114.49). The results confirm that mushroom poisoning in Zhejiang Province exhibits a stable and identifiable spatiotemporal clustering pattern, providing a quantitative basis for precise health education and targeted prevention and control in high-risk counties of western Zhejiang during June–October, thereby shifting the approach from passive reporting to targeted intervention.

Purpose The Sheyang Mini Birth Cohort Study (SMBCS) aimed to assess the impact of prenatal and postnatal environmental factors on children's development.Participants SMBCS was established in Sheyang County, Jiangsu Province, China. Between June 2009 and January 2010, 1303 healthy pregnant women residing in Sheyang for at least 1 year were recruited along with their 1312 newborns. By 2025, the SMBCS had completed 11 follow-up rounds covering children ages 1-16, with a total of 4696 postnatal visits. Questionnaire interviews, physical examinations, neurodevelopmental and pubertal assessments and biological sample collection were conducted at each follow-up. A series of analytical methods were applied to determine contaminants including pesticides, phenols, polyfluoroalkyl substances, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, metals and metabolites in biological samples.Findings to date SMBCS reported widespread exposure to multiple environmental contaminants, with exposure levels varying across developmental stages. Both individual and combined exposure effects were observed on physical, neural and pubertal development. Several studies have also identified potential metabolic, monoamine and hormonal pathways underlying these adverse health effects.Future plans The SMBCS will continue to pay attention to the impact of environmental pollutants on children's health. As children grow older and with the advancement of new technologies, the focus of SMBCS will shift from the early life health effects of long-term, low-dose environmental pollutant exposome on the health status and developmental outcomes during adolescence and adulthood.

Foodborne diseases represent a significant public health challenge worldwide. This study systematically analyzed the temporal dynamics, key predictors, and seasonal patterns of pathogen-specific foodborne diseases using a dataset of 56,970 cases from Zhejiang Province, China, spanning 2014 to 2023. A comprehensive set of 91 candidate variables was constructed by integrating epidemiological, environmental, socioeconomic, and agricultural data. Lasso regression was employed to identify 41 important predictors. Based on these variables, supervised machine learning models (Random Forest and XGBoost) were trained and evaluated, achieving training set classification accuracies of 86% and 87%, respectively, demonstrating robust performance. Feature importance analysis revealed that patient age, food type, climate policy, and processing methods were the most influential determinants, highlighting the combined impact of host, exposure, and environmental factors on disease risk. The results demonstrated significant shifts in the pathogen spectrum over the past decade, including a steady decline in Vibrio parahaemolyticus, an increase in Salmonella after 2016, and persistent seasonal peaks in Norovirus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus during warmer months. Seasonal ARIMA modeling and time-series decomposition further confirmed the critical role of seasonal and trend components in bacterial incidence. Overall, this study demonstrates the value of integrating machine learning and time-series analysis for pathogen-specific surveillance, risk prediction, and targeted public health interventions.

Foodborne diseases are a growing public health problem worldwide, and chemical foodborne disease outbreaks (FBDOs) often have serious consequences. This study aimed to explore the epidemiological characteristics of chemical FBDOs in Zhejiang Province, China, and propose targeted prevention and control measures. Descriptive statistical methods were used to analyze chemical FBDO data collected from the Foodborne Disease Outbreaks Surveillance System in Zhejiang Province from 2011 to 2023. From 2011 to 2023, 74 chemical FBDOs were reported in Zhejiang Province, resulting in 461 cases, 209 hospitalizations, and one death. In contrast to other types of FBDOs, the percentage of hospitalized cases in chemical FBDOs was the highest (45.34%) (chi-square = 1047.9, p < 0.001). Outbreaks caused by nitrite accounted for the largest percentage (56.76%), followed by lead (17.57%). Outbreaks caused by nitrite occurred mainly in households (27), followed by restaurants (6), street stalls (5), and work canteens (3). Among all nitrite-related outbreaks, 59.52% (25/42) were caused by cooking food where it was used as a common seasoning, 26.19% (11/42) by eating pickled vegetables, 7.14% (3/42) by eating cooked meat products, and 4.76% (2/42) by eating grain products. Outbreaks caused by the misuse of nitrite in cooking mainly occurred in households (68%, 17/25), street stalls (16%, 4/25), work canteens (8%, 2/25), and restaurants (8%, 2/25). Outbreaks caused by eating pickled vegetables occurred mainly in households (90.91%, 10/11), and one outbreak occurred in a work canteen. Outbreaks caused by lead (n = 13) occurred in households, and liquor was involved in 12 outbreaks where they were caused by residents consuming yellow rice wine stored in tin pots. In view of the frequent outbreaks of chemical foodborne diseases in our province from 2011 to 2023, a variety of prevention and control measures were proposed based on the research results of the temporal and regional distribution, food and food establishments involved, and the etiological agents of the chemical FBDOs. However, the effectiveness of these recommendations needs to be further verified and studied. In general, public health institutions should further strengthen the surveillance and health education of the population. Individuals should store toxic chemicals, such as nitrates, pesticides, and rodenticides correctly to avoid poisoning by ingestion. In view of the chemical FBDOs caused by food in the catering and distribution links, relevant departments should strengthen targeted supervision.

Exposure to multiple endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) may have some adverse impacts on child health; yet, little data is available on the body burdens, co-exposure patterns, health risks, and possible sources of a broad range of EDCs in school-age children. A total of 33 chemicals including 3 non-specific pyrethroid pesticide metabolites, 2 specific organophosphorus pesticide metabolites, 5 chlorophenols, 4 phenols, 5 parabens and 14 toxic and essential elements were quantified in urine. A 24-hour dietary recall survey was conducted to collect dietary information, and seven food categories were classified accordingly. Multivariable linear regression models were applied to estimate associations of dietary information and drinking water types with urinary EDC concentrations. A total of 31 chemicals were detected in more than 50 % of urinary samples. The number of 10 (2.44 %), 32 (7.80 %), 4 (0.98 %), 20 (4.88 %), and 3 (0.73 %) children who experienced exposure levels of over 75th percentiles was found, for pesticides, phenols, parabens, selected toxic elements and these chemical mixtures, respectively. The consumption of dairy products was positively associated with urinary 2,4,6-trichlorophenol concentrations. Meat and meat products and vegetable consumption predicted higher urinary concentrations of methyl- and ethyl-paraben, respectively. Cereal intakes were positively associated with urinary cadmium, arsenic and cobalt levels, and the consumption of aquatic products was in relation to increases of urinary lead and cadmium concentrations. Children who mainly drank filtered water had lower urinary concentrations of chlorpyrifos metabolite and bisphenol A, while those with bottled water as the main drinking water source had higher 2,4-dichlorophenol concentrations and lower selenium levels in urine, compared to those who mainly drank tap water. Our findings suggested that children in this area were widely exposed to multiple classes of EDCs, and diet and drinking water were potential exposure sources of the analyzed chemicals.

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a leading cause of seafood-associated gastroenteritis, posing increasing public health challenges globally. We conducted a large-scale molecular epidemiological analysis of 7932 clinical isolates collected from seafood-associated diarrheal patients in 69 sentinel hospitals across 11 prefecture-level cities in Zhejiang Province between 2016 and 2023. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed on 1261 representative isolates, supplemented by 11,555 publicly available genomes. We analyzed temporal serotype dynamics, antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), virulence factors, and pangenomic diversity, with an emphasis on the globally prevalent ST3 lineage. Notably, the O10:K4 serotype emerged as the second most common within ST3, increasing in prevalence from 40.0 % to 65.6 % over the study period. O10:K4 isolates exhibited a significantly higher frequency of tdh (96.3 % vs. 78.2 %) and complete T3SS2 effector gene clusters. Nearly all isolates harbored tet(35) and blaCARB-22, indicating widespread resistance. Comparative pangenome analysis revealed O10:K4-specific acquisitions in chemotaxis and LPS synthesis (e.g., per, mcpQ, fcl) and loss of key polyamine metabolism genes (aguA, puu operon). These findings suggest that the emergence and clonal expansion of the O10:K4 serotype represent a significant epidemiological shift characterized by enhanced virulence and multidrug resistance. Sustained genomic surveillance is imperative to guide seafood safety management and clinical interventions.

In this study, we aimed to investigate the occurrence of rare earth elements (REEs) in commonly consumed foods and assess the dietary exposure risks among different age groups in Zhejiang Province. The results showed that tea and shrimp had the highest REE detection rates, reaching 100%. Of all the food categories examined, tea exhibited the highest REE concentrations, significantly exceeding those in other foods. This may be attributed to differences in moisture content, root absorption mechanisms, and processing methods. The concentration pattern of REEs in all samples occurred in the following order: cerium > lanthanum > yttrium > neodymium > neodymium > scandium > praseodymium > gadolinium > dysprosium. The light REEs/heavy REEs (HREEs) ratio was consistently > 2 but remained lower than the ratios observed in the soil and sediments, indicating a potential risk of HREE enrichment. Dietary exposure assessments revealed that the total REE intake among Zhejiang residents was below the established safety threshold (51.3 µg/kg BW/day), with children experiencing the highest exposure (3.71 µg/kg BW/day), primarily due to their lower body weight. In the assessment of individual rare earth elements, Ce exposure in children aged ≤6 years exceeded the toxicological reference value. However, this threshold was established based on studies in pregnant and lactating populations and might not be directly applicable to young children. Therefore, overall dietary exposure to individual REEs remains within safe limits. REE exposure from tea consumption did not pose a health risk, even for habitual tea drinkers. These findings underscore the importance of continuous monitoring of REE accumulation in food and additional research on the potential long-term health effects, even though the current exposure levels of REEs are below the established safety limit. This is especially important considering the bioaccumulative nature of REEs and the limited paucity of toxicological data, particularly in vulnerable populations.

This study aimed to assess the prevalence of four Alternaria toxins (alternariol [AOH], alternariol monomethyl ether [AME], tenuazonic acid [TeA], and tentoxin [TEN]) in various foods and assess the risk of Alternaria-toxin exposure in Zhejiang Province, China. A total of 325 samples were collected in this study, and at least one type of Alternaria toxin was detected in 53.85% of the samples. Wheat flour had a high detection rate of 97.41%, and TeA was the most prevalent compound in terms of concentration and detection rate. Assessment of Alternaria toxins using the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) method showed that the majority of the population had a low exposure risk. Population-wide dietary exposure assessment suggested a potential health risk for some residents with 95th percentile (P95) assessment values 0.0038, 0.0128, and 0.0047 µg/kg b.w. for AOH from wheat flour and AOH and AME from Coix rice, respectively, exceeding the TTC value of 0.0025 µg/kg b.w. Probabilistic assessment showed that the mean exposure of children aged ≤6 years to AOH via wheat flour for P92 and of those aged 7–12 years for P93 were both 0.0025 µg/kg b.w. Exposures to TeA and TEN were within the acceptable limits (below the TTC value of 1.5 µg/kg b.w.). Age-group probabilistic and point assessments indicated that children aged ≤6 and 7–12 years are at higher exposure risk. This study provides a useful reference for developing limiting values and legislation for Alternaria toxins in food.

This study investigated the occurrence, sources, and health risks of 21 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in commercially available shellfish and crustaceans from Zhejiang Province, China. Among the 306 samples analyzed, 87.9% contained at least one detectable PFAS. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was the most frequently detected PFAS (64.7%), followed by perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) (53.8%), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) (52.9%), and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) (50.0%). The total PFAS in shellfish and crustaceans ranged from ND to 0.86 to 173 ng/g wet weight, with a median of 4.11 ng/g ww; the median concentration of total PFAS followed this order: marine crustaceans > fresh-water crustaceans > bivalves. Estimation of the human intake of adult consumers, the estimated daily intake (EDI) of Σ21 PFAS ranged from 0.01 to 15.7 ng/kg bw/day; 0.31% of the adult study population had Σ4PFAS exposure levels resulting in Hazard Quotient (HQ) values > 1, which may represent a potential public health concern for these individuals. Long-term exposure risks for specific PFCAs such as perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUdA) and perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrDA) merit concern.

BACKGROUND:Prenatal exposure to pesticides may affect neurodevelopment, while limited studies explored the combined effects of multiple exposure to pesticides on the long-term process of neurodevelopment. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the individual and combined effects of prenatal multiple exposure to pesticides on neurodevelopment trajectory. METHODS:A total of 675 mother-child pairs from SMBCS were included. Five groups [organophosphate (OPP), organochlorine (OCP), pyrethroid (PYR), neonicotinoid (NNI) and carbamate], including 25 pesticides and their metabolites were measured in urine samples of pregnant women. Development quotient (DQ) z-scores were utilized in latent class trajectory modeling (LCTM) to identify neurodevelopment trajectories. Logistic regression model and hierarchical probit Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were conducted to explore the associations between single and multiple exposure to pesticides and the risks of being allotted to different trajectories. Sex-stratified analyses were conducted to explore the sex-specific effects. RESULTS:OPP, OCP, PYR and carbamate metabolites were detected in > 90 % of urine samples, except for NNI. LCTM identified low-score trajectory group (n = 43, 6.37 %) and high-score trajectory group (n = 632, 93.63 %) of neurodevelopment trajectory. Increase in urinary cis-DCCA and trans-DCCA concentration was associated with higher odds for low-score trajectory group (cis-DCCA: OR = 2.20, 95 %CI:1.17-4.15; trans-DCCA: OR = 2.09, 95 %CI:1.12-3.89). Multiple exposure to pesticides showed significant combined effect on trend of low-score trajectory group, with PYR group (groupPIP = 0.964) as the predominant group and trans-DCCA (condPIP = 0.532) as the primary factor. These mentioned adverse effects were more pronounced in boys. CONCLUSION:Prenatal multiple exposure to pesticides, may impair early-life neurodevelopment, with boys showing greater susceptibility.

Neonicotinoid insecticides (NNIs) are globally pervasive, and toxicological evidence indicates potential adverse effects from low-dose exposure in non-targeted organisms. Humans may be exposed to NNIs through multiple pathways, such as ingestion and inhalation, with dietary intake recognized as the dominant exposure route. However, longitudinal evidence characterizing evolving exposure patterns in rural children remains scarce. We evaluated temporal trends and dietary determinants of NNI exposure among 643 children at ages 7, 10, and 14 years in the Sheyang Mini Birth Cohort Study. Twelve NNIs and six metabolites in urine samples were measured using UPLC-HRMS; estimated daily exposure doses and hazard index (HI) were calculated, and linear mixed models were used to evaluate dietary determinants of NNI exposure. Widespread exposure was observed (ΣNNIs detection: 98.8–100%), and although cumulative risks remained below safety thresholds, both medians and upper bounds of HI increased with age (0.0007 to 0.0074; 0.2045 to 0.4054). Notably, exposure composition shifted, with declining imidacloprid and emerging dominance of clothianidin (CLO) and thiamethoxam (THM). Fruit and vegetable intakes were positively associated with ΣNNIs, whereas cereals, poultry, and eggs showed inverse associations, with more pronounced effects observed in boys. These findings indicated persistent yet evolving exposure risks in school-aged children, highlighting fruits and vegetables as major contributors. Although current toxicological risk appears low, the transition toward CLO and THM—compounds with limited chronic toxicity data—underscores the need for continued biomonitoring and targeted exposure mitigation.

Bacterial foodborne disease outbreaks (FBDOs) pose significant public health risks. This study aimed to assess the risk of food-pathogen combinations in bacterial FBDOs in Zhejiang Province using Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) to inform targeted prevention and control strategies. Data from the Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System (FDOSS) between 2010 and 2022 were analyzed, focusing on outbreaks with identified food-pathogen combinations. DALYs were calculated for bacterial FBDOs and specific food-pathogen pairs. Over the 13-year period, 405 bacterial FBDOs involving 118 distinct food-pathogen combinations were reported, resulting in 112.32 (95 % CI: 110.42-114.51) DALYs. The top ten food-pathogen combinations, associated with 161 outbreaks, accounted for 110.36 (95 % CI: 109.22-111.71) DALYs. The DALYs caused by the same or different food-pathogen combination FBDOs varied across different outbreak settings. By integrating outbreak case numbers (representing risk likelihood) and DALYs (representing risk severity), this study identified high-priority food-pathogen combinations and their predominant outbreak settings. This study provides a relative risk basis for regulatory priority ranking, which will help prevent and reduce the occurrence of certain food-borne pathogen outbreaks.