Objective:To prepare and to compare the decellularized rat cricoarytenoid dorsalis muscle and gastrocnemius muscle scaffolds for providing a basis for tissue engineered cricoarytenoid dorsalis muscle.Method:Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into 6 groups with 10 rats in each group.The experimental groups were divided as 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10day groups after decellularization. Muscles were decellularized with 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate and observed by general observation, histological section with hematoxylin eosin staining and collagenous fiber staining, scanning electron microscope images with measurement of pore diameter and area, and DNA extraction and quantification. The control group was not decellularized.Result:The decellularized muscles in experimental groups showed a semitransparent appearance while in control group the fresh muscle showed a ruddy color.Muscle fibers were completely disappeared in cricoarytenoid dorsalis muscle after 4 days decellularization and in gastrocnemius muscle after 8 days decellularzation, the extracellular matrix reserved well and no DNA was detected. Scanning electron microscope revealed a different pore size between decellularized cricoarytenoid dorsalis muscle and gastrocnemius muscle,and the difference was statistically significant. The pore diameter in 4 days decellularized cricoarytenoid dorsalis muscle was larger than the one in 8 days decellularzed gastrocnemius muscle.Conclusion:Compare to gastrocnemius muscle,decellularized cricoarytenoid dorsalis muscle has advantages in pore form and size and more suitable as a scaffold for tissue engineered cricoarytenoid dorsalis muscle.

BACKGROUND:Cognitive remediation therapy (CRT) is one of the promising new non-drug approaches to reducing cognitive deficits of patients with schizophrenia that has not yet been fully evaluated in China.AIM:Assess the efficacy of CRT in improving the cognitive functioning, social functioning and insight of patients with chronic schizophrenia.METHODS:126 clinically stable inpatients with chronic schizophrenia were randomly allocated to an intervention group (with CRT) and a treatment as usual group (TAU) (which used standard occupational and recreational therapy methods). The treatment frequency and duration were the same for the two groups: five times per week for three months. The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) was used to evaluate before versus after changes in cognitive function, the Scale of Social Skills of chronic schizophrenia Inpatients (SSSI) was used to assess social functioning, and the Insight and Treatment Attitude Questionnaire (ITAQ) was use to assess insight.RESULTS:Four patients dropped out during the study leaving 60 in the CRT group and 62 in the TAU group in the final analysis. Both groups showed significant improvement in WCST measures over the three-month trial but the improvement in the CRT group was significantly greater than that for the TAU group on all of the WCST measures assessed. The total SSSI score improved significantly in both groups over the three months, but the improvement in the two groups was not significantly different. The total ITAQ score also showed significant improvement in both groups over the three months and the degree of improvement was significantly greater in the CRT group than in the TAU group.CONCLUSION:As an adjunctive treatment to antipsychotic medication, a three month course of CRT is more effective at improving the cognitive functioning and insight of hospitalized patients with chronic schizophrenia than routine occupational and recreational therapy.

Objective To observe the effects of monochromatic lights with similar luminance on the preditable changes in eye growth and expression of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide(VIP) in guinea pigs and to discuss the relative mechanism.Design Experimental study.Participants Thirty-six 1 week old British species of tri-color male guinea pigs.Method 36 guinea pigs were randomly divided into A,B and C groups,each with 12,which were respectively raised in red light(610 nm,long wave-length),bule light(430 nm,short wave-length) and white light(broad spectrum) with same luminance(200 lux).At the time of 0 w,3 w and 6 w of experiment,refraction and axial length were measured.Besides,4 guinea pigs of each groups were randomly selected to be removed eyes at the 6th w.The eyes removed were fixed 48 h in 4% Paraformaldehyde phosphate buffer solution,and then separated sclera from retina and choroids.Calculated dry weight of sclera obtained.While the left retina tissues were made into paraffin sections to HE staining and detect expression of VIP with immunohistochemistry(SP three steps).Main Outcome Measures Refraction,axial length,dry weight of sclera,counts of retina VIP-immunoreactive cells and the value of retina VIP integrated optical density(IOD).Results At the end of study,refraction of red,blue,and white light groups was respectively 2.696±0.171 D,5.139±0.151 D,and 3.161±0.122 D(F=605.169,P=0.000),whereas the corresponding axial length of three groups was repectively 8.273±0.165 mm,8.019±0.151 mm,and 8.161±0.120 mm(F=6.009,P=0.009).Average dry weight of sclera in each group was 0.609±0.088 mg,0.716±0.101 mg,and 0.680±0.041 mg with no statistic difference(F=2.292,P=0.126) yet,there was a significant variation between that of Group A and Group B(F=1.256,P=0.048).VIP was most expressed in inner plexiform layer,ganglion cell layer and nerve fiber layer of retina,with scattered expressed in inner nuclear layer and photoreceptor cells layer.In addition,the expression of VIP in retina was most in Group A,the number of retina VIP-immunoreactive cells and the value of retina VIP IOD were respectively 43.250±9.939 and 1.622±0.119;while that was least in Group B,corresponding results of the two measurements mentioned above were 27.500±4.928 and 1.273±0.127 respectively.There existed great difference among three groups(F=8.478,5.082;P=0.002,0.000).Conclusions Red light(long wave-length) could promote eye growth and myopia occurrence,while blue light(short wave-length) was on the opponent.VIP,a potential signal molecular,may be involved in the regulation of monochromatic lights on eye growth,by affecting scleral metabolism and morphological structure.

AIM:To investigate the effects of erythropoietin receptor antibody(EpoRA)on retinal neovascularization in mice.· METHODS:Seven-day-old neonatal C57BL/6J mice were exposed to(750±20)mL/L oxygen to establish models of vascular proliferative retinopathy.The right eyes of the mice received a vitreous injection of 2μL EpoRA one day before the mice exposed to high oxygen condition.The left eyes without EpoRA injection served as controls.The effects of EpoRA on retinal neovas-cularization were evaluated by counting the endothelial nuclei of new vessels extending from the retina to the vitreous in histological sections with HE staining.The ADPase histochemical staining was used for retinal flatmount to observe the changes of retinal vessels.Neonatal mice fed in normal conditions served as normal controls;and 8 model mice only received an intravitreal injection of physiological saline served as negative control group.· RESULTS:The number of the endothelial nuclei of new vessels extending from the retina to the vitreous was significantly less in the right eyes with EpoRA injection than that in the left eyes without EpoRA injection in the model(17.20±5.42 vs 23.47±8.43,P<0.01).In the retinal flatmounts,the density and abnormality of retinal new vessels were noted much less in the right eyes with EpoRA injection compared to that of the left eyes without EpoRA injection in the model group and negative control group.No obvious changes were found in normal control group.· CONCLUSION:Retinal neovascularization can be inhibited,to some extent,by intravitreal injection of EpoRA in this mouse model.