Wood-inhabiting fungi are key decomposers in forest ecosystems, but the diversity of corticioid fungi in the Qinling Mountains remains insufficiently explored. During surveys of macrofungi in Zhashui County and Shangzhou District in the Qinling Mountains, several specimens representing three undescribed taxa of corticioid fungi were collected. Based on detailed morphological examinations and phylogenetic analyses of combined ITS+nLSU datasets by using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference methods, three new species, viz. Hymenochaete zhashuiensis , Hyphoderma brevicystidiatum and Steccherinum shangzhouense , are described and illustrated. Hymenochaete zhashuiensis is characterized by effused-reflexed basidiomata with a reddish to rust-brown, cracked hymenial surface, abundant dark brown hymenial setae, the presence of dendrohyphidia, and ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid basidiospores (4–5.6 × 2.8–3.5 µm). Hyphoderma brevicystidiatum is distinguished by resupinate, basidiomata white to cream with hymenial surface, clamped generative hyphae, short cylindrical to subcylindrical cystidia, subclavate to clavate basidia, and ellipsoid to subcylindrical basidiospores (6.2–10 × 2.7–4.2 µm). Steccherinum shangzhouense is characterized by resupinate and membranaceous basidiomata, a white to cream, tuberculate to slightly grandinioid and cracked hymenial surface, simple-septate generative hyphae, the absence of cystidia and skeletocystidia, and broadly ellipsoid to oblong ellipsoid basidiospores (5.2–7.9 × 2.5–5 µm). These findings enrich the wood-inhabiting fungal diversity in the Qinling Mountains and indicate that this region remains underexplored for wood-inhabiting fungi.

Ganoderma is a group of macrofungi with significant economic and medicinal values. In this study, two new species, Ganoderma ficuum and G. fijiense , are described based on morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic analyses. Ganoderma ficuum is characterized by imbricate and highly umbonate pilei, with relatively coarse radial sulcations, circular to angular pores (6–8 per mm), ellipsoid and distinctly truncated basidiospores, and from Guangdong, China. Ganoderma fijiense is characterized by reddish brown to dark brown pilei, with usually obtuse margins, circular pores (5–7 per mm), narrowly ellipsoid basidiospores, with the endospore wall bearing densely spinulose ornamentation, and from Nadi, Fiji. In addition, multi-gene phylogenetic analyses showed that G. fijiense and G. ficuum formed two independent lineages with well supports based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-α gene ( TEF1-α ), and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II ( RPB2 ) genes using Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI) methods. The morphological descriptions and illustrations for two new species are also provided.

Abstract Preparing room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials via biological growth processes presents an attractive yet rarely explored strategy. Herein, we report a facile and sustainable biological growth self-assembly strategy for preparing mycelia of Trametes pubescens (MTP) that exhibit RTP. During fungal growth, sulfonic acid chromophores (SACs) with various degrees of π conjugation are readily internalized into mycelial pellets through hydrogen bonding and confinement interactions, thereby suppressing non-radiative decay to enable highly efficient RTP. The afterglow color can be modulated from blue to red by altering the degree of chromophore conjugation. MTP and the chromophores exhibit synergistic growth behavior since SACs serve as nutrients that promote fungal growth. The resulting RTP MTP exhibits a minimal environmental footprint, not only degrading safely in nature but further enhancing soil fertility to promote plant growth. This strategy can facilitate the development of highly eco-friendly RTP materials to expand the potential of fungi for functional optical applications.

As a vital component of the boreal forest, Larix gmelinii forests face severe threats from frequent wildfires. Soil microorganisms play a key role in forest ecosystems by participating in biogeochemical cycles and maintaining a close association with plants. To elucidate the effects of wildfires on soil microorganisms in L. gmelinii forests, we collected soil samples from burned and unburned forests in Northeast China during both summer and winter for amplicon sequencing. The results showed that wildfires significantly increased soil microbial diversity and markedly altered soil microbial community structure. Soil pH was the most important factor influencing microbial community diversity and composition. Compared with unburned networks, the burned networks were much less complex and stable, with a significantly higher proportion of fungus-related correlations. Additionally, the relative importance of deterministic processes in forming both bacterial and fungal communities was lower in the burned forest than in the unburned forest within the same season. Our study illustrated the effects of wildfire on soil microorganisms from the perspectives of community structure, networks and assembly process, and demonstrated the crucial role of soil fungi in post-fire restoration of ecological functions. As frequent wildfires pose a serious threat to Larix gmelinii forests, this study investigates their effects on soil microbial community structure, diversity, co-occurrence networks, and assembly processes, thereby informing strategies for post-fire forest ecosystem recovery. (sic)(sic):(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(Larix gmelinii)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic):1)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)pH(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).2)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).3)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)3(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).

Hydnum species are called “hedgehogs” or “tooth fungi” because of their spinose hymenophores. Considering its edible and ectomycorrhizal nature, Hydnum has been found to possess high economic and ecological values. In the present study, a multi-gene (ITS-nLSU-tef1α) phylogenetic analysis and detailed morphological observations of the genus Hydnum were carried out. Based on the distinctive morphological characteristics and the phylogenetic evidence, two new species were described: H. flosculoides sp. nov. and H. robustum sp. nov. from China. Moreover, ITS is the most frequently used DNA region for identification of Hydnum species, but its effectiveness is uncertain. A total of 1,293 ITS sequences of Hydnum could be attributed to six subgenera and four clades with uncertain position (Clade Insulana and Incertae sedis 1, 2, 3), representing 84 morphologically and phylogenetically identified species, 14 putatively new phylospecies and 17 singletons. Furthermore, two new species were described and provided with illustrations. The morphological characters, phylogenetic delimitation, geographic distribution and habitat preferences of Hydnum were discussed, and the effectiveness of the ITS region was also evaluated to enhance rapid identification.

Ischnoderma resinosum, a species within the family Ischnodermataceae, is a nondomesticated edible fungus that possesses both wood-decaying properties and medicinal value. Despite its potential, a lack of related genomic studies has significantly limited the understanding of its evolutionary biology and practical applications. In the present study, the full genome of I. resinosum was sequenced and assembled. The final high-quality assembly comprised 34.15 Mb and contained 9418 protein-coding genes distributed across 25 contigs, with a contig N50 of 3.10 Mb. Genome analysis revealed the presence of 577 genes encoding a total of 634 carbohydrate-active enzymes. Additionally, numerous genes were implicated in the biosynthesis of terpenoids and polysaccharides. The annotated data and comparative analysis underscore that I. resinosum possesses substantial wood-decaying capacity, medicinal potential, and promising applications in food industry.

Sanghuangporus species are white-rot basidiomycetes of notable ecological and economic importance, playing critical roles in wood decomposition and medicinal applications. However, comprehensive genus-level mitochondrial genome analyses for Sanghuangporus remain limited, which constrains understanding of mitochondrial genome evolution within this lineage. The second- and third-generation sequencing alongside comparative genomic approaches, we analyzed the mitochondrial genomes of five Sanghuangporus species (S. weigelae, S. lonicericola, S. alpinus, S. sanghuang, and S. vaninii). Genome sizes ranged from 97,345 to 116,792 bp, with GC contents between 23.21

Deadwood serves as a vital carbon sink in forest ecosystems, fostering diverse microbial communities. pH shapes microbial community structure and metabolism in deadwood, especially in mid-to-late decomposition stages with strong pH gradients. In fallen Quercus liaotungensis logs, the variation in pH was closely related to changes in available nutrients and the activity of lignocellulolytic enzymes, particularly involved in cellulose degradation. These changes reflect a successional transition in microbial community structure and function, as revealed by ITS and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Specifically, low pH (< 4.5) suppressed lignocellulosic enzyme activity but showed higher microbial diversity and greater modularity in fungal-bacterial co-occurrence networks, while bacterial communities also exhibited niche differentiation, suggesting distinct ecological strategies employed by fungi and bacteria in response to pH changes. Moreover, the abundance of major functional fungal groups and specific bacterial functional taxa varied with pH. Co-occurrence network analysis identified the bacterial order Micrococcales as a core taxonomic group associated with high-pH environments. This study elucidates how pH regulates microbial nutrient utilisation in a self-contained decomposing system and provides a basis for understanding how pH-driven microbial metabolic adjustment promotes nutrient transformation during deadwood decomposition.

Water availability and soil microbes critically influence plant survival and health in extreme desert ecosystems. Here, we investigated the dynamic changes in soil microbial traits associated with healthy and unhealthy Populus euphratica trees at varying distances from the river, while also examined the assembly mechanisms and ecological relationships between biotic and abiotic drivers. The results revealed nonlinear responses of microbial traits—including diversity, composition, functions, and network structure—to river proximity, exerting stronger effects than tree health status. Dominant and key taxa, as well as functions, differed between healthy and unhealthy trees. Mycorrhizal fungi were enriched in healthy stands, peaking at 4 km, while saprotrophic and parasitic fungi were more abundant in unhealthy stands, peaking at 6 km. Both healthy and unhealthy trees exhibited enrichment in primary bacterial functional categories—metabolism, environmental information processing, and cellular processes; however, differed in tertiary functional composition. Fungal networks were less complex than bacterial networks, though both were dominated by positive interactions. Community assembly for both fungal and bacterial communities was primarily driven by stochastic dispersal limitation. Soil available phosphorus, pH, grass cover, and litter cover were identified as critical ecological factors, regulating fungal and bacterial traits via distinct pathways. Biotic and abiotic interactions accounted for 42

Laetiporus ailaoshanensis is a fungus within the Laetiporaceae family that causes brown rot in wood through its ability to degrade lignocellulose. However, the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of members of the genus Laetiporus has not been extensively investigated. After complete sequencing and assembly, we annotated and characterized the mitogenome of L. ailaoshanensis and selected Polyporales species for comparative analyses, including gene composition and number, AT/GC content, and skew, codon usage, genetic distance, nonsynonymous and synonymous substitution rates (Ka and Ks), intron dynamics, and phylogenetics. The mitogenome of L. ailaoshanensis was found to contain 117,203 bp and 15 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, 25 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and 12 introns. Phylogenetic analysis based on mitogenomes further confirmed its phylogenetic relationships within Polyporales. Two Laetiporus species were grouped together with Wolfiporia cocos on the same branch and had a high level of support. This study represents the first report on the mitogenome of L. ailaoshanensis, filling an important gap in the mitogenome database of the Laetiporaceae and providing a cornerstone for comparative genomics within this clade. Additionally, in phylogenetic analysis, the highly supported topological structure clearly placed Laetiporus and Wolfiporia on the same branch, which laid a solid foundation for further clarification of taxonomic classification.

As ectomycorrhizal fungi, the species in Hydnellum can form a mutualistic symbiosis with plant roots to promote the restoration of forest vegetation and the stability of forest ecosystems. Some Hydnellum fungi also have edible and medicinal values generating considerable economic benefits. In this study, a new species of Hydnellum collected from Hangzhou, eastern China, was described by utilizing morphological and phylogenetic analyses. Morphologically, Hydnellum hangzhouense was characterized by its light-colored and relatively thick pileus, simple septated generative hyphae, and subglobose to ellipsoid basidiospores. The phylogenetic analysis was conducted based on the combined sequences dataset (ITS + nLSU + nSSU + rpb2). The results indicated that H. hangzhouense formed an independent lineage which is closely related to H. crassipileatum and H. chocolatum. The detailed description, illustrations and phylogenetic tree for demonstrating the taxonomic positions of H. hangzhouense were provided.

The unique ecological environment and minimal human interference in Medog County endow it with abundant and distinctive macrofungi resources. But in the past, there have been few research reports on the investigation of macrofungi in Medog County. In this study, we systematically investigated macrofungi in forests of different altitudinal gradients in Medog County and collected some specimens, especially those growing on wood. Morphology and phylogenetic analysis were used to study the specimens which could not be identified as species. Phylogenetic analysis was based on DNA sequences including the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS) and the large subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nLSU). Based on morphological characterisation and molecular data, this study identified 192 macrofungi species in the Basidiomycota and Ascomycota from Medog County, belonging to 15 orders, 62 families, and 123 genera. Among these species, 12 new species belong to eight genera, four families within Marasmiineae were recognised, viz. Collybiopsis incarnatus, C. medogensis, C. salmonea, C. submenehune, Crustomyces subisabellinus, Gymnopus subfoetidus, Marasmiellus medogensis, M. subgregarius, Marasmius medogensis, Mycetinis rhododendri, Oudemansiella nivea, and Pusillomyces tropicalis. Basidiomata and microscopic structure diagrams and detailed morphological descriptions of the novel species are provided.

Thelephorales is an important order of macro-fungi belonging to Basidiomycota. Species in this order play an essential role in the biogeochemical cycle in forest ecosystems and bring an essential economic value in developing and utilizing edible and medicinal fungal resources. In this study, the classification system of Thelephorales was revised based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses. The DNA sequences of multiple loci, including the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, the large subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nLSU), the small subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nSSU), and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II gene (RPB2) were used to construct phylogenetic relationships and infer the divergence time of Thelephorales. The phylogenetic analyses revealed that six clades at the family level were obtained in Thelephorales with high supports. The ancestor of Thelephorales split at about 269.07 Mya, and the mean stem ages of the families of Thelephorales were centralized differentiation in 145.95– 269.07 Mya. Combined with morphological studies, Thelephorales were confirmed to comprise six families, including four new families: Lenzitopsidaceae, Polyozellaceae, Sarcodonaceae, Tomentellopsidaceae, and two existing families: Bankeraceae and Thelephoraceae. There are twelve identified genera viz. Amaurodon, Boletopsis, Corneroporus, Hydnellum, Lenzitopsis, Neosarcodon, Odontia, Sarcodon, Phellodon, Polyozellus, Thelephora, and Tomentellopsis. Furthermore, 20 new species were described, and 4 new combinations were proposed. Illustrated descriptions and scanning electron micrographs of the basidiospores of the new species were provided. Keys to Thelephorales and the accepted families, and the notes of the accepted genera in Thelephorales were also provided.

We here present a novel method to prepare mixed mycelium composite materials without destroying the substrate structure, using a fungal mycelial inoculum as a natural binder. This strategy involves mixing the mycelial inoculum with lignocellulosic byproducts, followed by a one-step drying and molding process. During this process, water-soluble components (e.g., polysaccharides and proteins) in the mycelium act as adhesion factors, forming a dense cross-linked network within the biomass interface. Compared with conventional incubated mycelium composites, which require fungal colonization on lignocellulosic materials for at least 10 days, the mixed mycelium composite preserves the substrate structure while simplifying preparation and significantly reducing the production time, making it suitable for industrial scaling. The mixed mycelium composite possessed high porosity and thus low density, strong mechanical properties, good thermal properties, and satisfactory sound absorption capability with a compressive strength of 0.48 MPa, cushioning coefficient of 4.7, energy absorption of 46 kJ m-3, and thermal conductivity of 0.055 W m-1 K-1. This mixed mycelium composite has significant potential for applications in construction and packaging. Overall, the proposed strategy demonstrates promise for converting biomass resources into sustainable, high-value products at an industrial scale.

Daedaleopsis sinensis is a crucial wood-decaying fungus with significant lignocellulose-degrading ability, which plays a vital role in the material cycle and energy flow of forest ecosystems. However, the mitochondrial genome of D. sinensis has not yet been revealed. In the present study, the complete mitochondrial genome of D. sinensis was assembled and compared with related species. The mitochondrial genome spans 69,155 bp and has a GC content of 25.0%. It comprises 15 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 26 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes and one DNA polymerase gene (dpo). Herein, we characterised and analysed the codon preferences, variation and evolution of PCGs, repeats, intron dynamics, as well as RNA editing events in the D. sinensis mitochondrial genome. Further, a phylogenetic analysis of D. sinensis and the other 86 Basidiomycota species was performed using mitochondrial genome data. The results revealed that four species, D. confragosa, D. sinensis, D. nitida and Fomes fomentarius, were grouped in a closely-related cluster with high support values, indicating that a close phylogenetic relationship existed between Daedaleopsis and Fomes. This study reported on the initial assembly and annotation of the mitochondrial genome of D. sinensis, which greatly improved the knowledge of the fungus. These results contribute to the limited understanding of the mitochondrial repository of wood-decaying fungi, thereby laying the foundation for subsequent research on fungal evolution and ecological functions.

Macrofungi are a group of fungi with important ecological functions and economic value in forest ecosystems. In this study, the species diversity and community composition of macrofungi in different areas, vegetation types, and elevation gradients from the Lingshan Natural Scenic Area and Xiaolongmen National Forest Park of the Dongling Mountains, Western Beijing were investigated. A total of 1379 specimens were collected. All specimens were identified by morphological and molecular methods, resulting in the identification of 311 species belonging to two phyla, four classes, 18 orders, 74 families, and 147 genera. The alpha diversity analysis indicated that the alpha diversity was significantly different among different vegetation types. The Betula spp. and Populus davidiana of the Lingshan Natural Scenic Area, and Quercus liaotungensis of Xiaolongmen National Forest Park had higher macrofungal alpha diversity. The difference in alpha diversity between the two areas was not significant. The principal coordinate analysis indicated a significant difference in macrofungal community composition among different vegetation types. The fungal community composition of the two areas was also significantly different. The fungal species richness and unique species tended to increase and then decrease with increasing elevation. The species composition of neighboring elevation gradients was more similar. The macrofungal species richness and the number of unique species were not significantly affected by elevation gradient. The vegetation types with higher fungal alpha diversity in the Dongling Mountains were Betula spp., Populus davidiana, and Quercus liaotungensis, and there were abundant fungal species in deciduous broad-leaved mixed forests. Macrofungal diversity and community composition was significantly affected by vegetation type. To better protect the macrofungi, the protection of these four vegetation types in the Dongling Mountains should be strengthened in the future.

The Pleurotus djamor complex is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions and is known for its more or less reddish pileus. Phylogenetic analyses of the P. djamor complex were carried out using multiple loci, including the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS), the translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene (tef1α), and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb2). In this study, a new species of Pleurotus, P. sinensis, is described based on morphological characters and molecular evidence. Pleurotus sinensis is characterized by a pileus that is white to pinkish buff or flesh-pink, flabelliform to petaloid, with inflexed and sometimes wavy margins. An illustrated description of the novel species is provided.

The development of ecofriendly organic room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials with full-color afterglows is challenging. Inspired by fungal bioluminescence, this study introduces an innovative approach to developing sustainable RTP materials using the mycelia of Trametes pubescens (MTP) as substrates. Leveraging the active hydroxy groups in mycelia polysaccharides, arylboronic acid chromophores with various pi conjugations are readily anchored to MTPs via B - O covalent bonding. The rigid networks of mycelia polysaccharides can effectively promote the triplet-state population and suppress nonradiative transitions, achieving exceptional phosphorescence performance. The optimized RTP MTP exhibits a long lifetime of up to 1.97 s with an 11 s afterglow duration, and the afterglow color can be modulated from blue to red by changing the degree of chromophore conjugation. Due to the formation of various emissive species, the smart RTP MTPs show excitation-dependent afterglows. Different from conventional RTPs, RTP MTPs are biodegradable in soil and also enhance soil fertility after degradation. Exploiting the advantages of biocompatibility, ultralong lifetime, and full-color tunable afterglows, the RTP MTPs demonstrate significant potential for delayed lighting, information storage, anticounterfeiting, and multilevel information encryption. This study provides valuable insights into the design and fabrication of bio-based RTP materials and broadens the high-value utilization of mycelia.

Phenolic pollutants have aroused much public concern due to their association with a broad range of diseases and disorders. Enzymatic degradation with laccase is considered a green chemical technology for the removal of phenolic pollutants from aqueous media. In this study, a monomeric 51-kDa laccase (Gllacc-II) from Ganoderma lingzhi was purified using a three-step method and subsequently immobilized onto Fe3O4@polyaniline-chitosan (Fe3O4@PANI-Chit) nanofibrous composites fabricated by electrospinning coupled with glutaraldehyde as a crosslinking agent. This novel biocatalyst was then applied for the elimination of phenolic compounds. The results showed that Fe3O4@PANI-Chit-Gllacc-II exhibited significant removal efficiencies against 20.0 mg/L phenol, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (reaching 95.97 %, 80.71 %, 96.75 %, and 97.33 %, respectively) under the optimum conditions of pH 7.0 and 50 degrees C during 24 h, compared to 55.97 %, 53.62 %, 56.09 %, and 63.34 % for its native counterpart. Based on the identification of intermediate products and toxicity assay, the pathway for the removal of phenolic pollutants involved dehydrogenation, the formation of reactive radical intermediates and oligomers/polymers, self-coupling, dehalogenation, and ring-opening reactions, conferring less toxic and susceptible biodegradative intermediate products. In addition, the constructed biocatalyst maintained more than 66.59 % and 60.01 % of its original activity after 30 days of storage and 14 cycles, suggesting improved enzymatic stability and reusability. The robust characteristics of Fe3O4@PANI-ChitGllacc-II indicate its great potential for numerous industrial and environmental applications.