The expansion of modern agriculture has profoundly altered land use, topography, and hydrology in many regions, and such anthropogenic modifications may increase the susceptibility of landscapes to seismically induced landslides. To better understand how sustained irrigation practices influence the occurrence of seismic landslides, this study examines the highly mobile earthflows triggered by two major earthquakes: the 2018 Palu earthquake (Jono Oge, Petobo, Sibayala, and Lolu flows) near Palu City, Indonesia, and the 2023 Jishishan earthquake (Caotan earthflow) in Gansu Province, China. These seismic earthflows occurred on very gentle slopes (3°–5°) within intensively irrigated farmlands, where long-term irrigation has substantially elevated soil moisture content in shallow layers. Under strong seismic shaking, the saturated soils underwent liquefaction, leading to unconfined earthflows with exceptional hypermobility. The measured height-to-length (H/L) ratios—0.026 (Caotan), 0.013 (Jono Oge), 0.021 (Petobo), 0.027 (Sibayala), and 0.011 (Lolu)—are remarkably low and rarely achieved by other landslide types. Key triggering conditions include proximity to tectonically active areas, the presence of loose surface soils, persistent gentle slopes with ample space for deformation, and prolonged irrigation. Minor variations in the liquefaction process were also observed, likely due to local environmental factors. Overall, seismic earthflows on gently sloping, irrigated alluvial terrains represent a previously underrecognized but significant hazard, warranting greater attention and further investigation.

The formation mechanism of the broadly NNW-trending Liantang trough, developed along the rear margin of a platform terrace within the Baihetan Hydropower Station reservoir area (Qiaojia County), remains debated. Resolving its formation mechanism is critical for understanding the evolution of the Jinsha River drainage system and for assessing the geotechnical stability of the Liantang resettlement zone. We employed an integrated approach combining field surveys, ultra-deep drilling (> 700 m), wide-field electromagnetic profiling, soil radon measurements, and geochronology to investigate the trough. Our results indicate that: (1) the trough is an eastward-convex tectonic subsidence feature formed after the linkage of the Xiaojiang and Zemuhe Fault; (2) its basement comprises dammed-lake sediments of the Qiaojia pull-apart basin, overlain by debris-flow alluvial and colluvial deposits; (3) subsidence initiated at ~ 290 ka and ceased by ~ 20 ka, with a cumulative fault displacement of ~ 37.5 m. This study establishes a genetic model linking trough development to regional strike-slip faulting and pull-apart basin evolution.

The eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is renowned for its deep gorges and significant tectonic activities, which makes it a region prone to the formation of natural dams. However, there are limited studies focusing on the stable natural dams in this area. To elucidate the distribution of stable natural dams and the factors contributing to their long-term stability, we established an inventory of stable dams with the aid of remote sensing mapping and detailed field investigations. The findings indicated that there are at least 348 stable natural dams within the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, comprising 294 current natural dams and 54 paleo natural dams. The origins of these stable natural dams included rock avalanches (36.5%), rock slides (7.7%), rock falls (23%), and moraine (32.8%). We summarized six types of stable dam geomorphometry. The origin types contributing to the formation of stable landslide dams include rock avalanches, landslides, and glacial moraine damming events. This leads to the formation of dam structures categorized as follows: inverse grading from high-speed long-runout landslides, slipped or seated pseudo-bedrock structures from short-runout landslides, boulder-dominated architectures from proximal avalanche river-blocking events, and soil-rock matrices resulting from damming by interbedded soft-hard rock sequences or heterogeneous deposits. The structural configuration of the dam plays a critical role in ensuring the long-term stability of landslide dams.

Landslide dams are natural barriers formed by dynamic processes such as landslides and rock avalanches, which block river channels. Due to their loose structure and heterogeneous material distribution, they are highly susceptible to failure, posing significant hazards downstream. However, in the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, there exists a widespread type of coarse-grained landslide dam formed by rock avalanches. Composed of massive boulders, these dams can maintain long-term stability, yet they have received little research attention. This study conducted flume tests on three representative types of coarse-grained landslide dams-the coarse particle group (T1, d₅₀ = 24.0 mm), the medium particle group (T2, d₅₀ = 8.9 mm), the relatively fine particle group (T3, d₅₀ = 1.3 mm) and performed a field investigation on a typical coarse-grained landslide dam (Mugecuo, Kangding City, Sichuan Province). The experiment results indicate that the coarse particles within the coarse-grained structure play a crucial role in the dam’s stability. During the initial formation stage, the large internal voids allow river water to pass relatively easily through the dam from upstream without causing overtopping. In the seepage stage, the massive boulders on the downstream slope are difficult to be entrained by the river flow at a given velocity, ensuring the overall stability of the dam. Under long – term fluvial scouring, the formation of a coarsened layer and a step-pool system by the large boulders resists intense fluvial erosion, thereby enabling the coarse-grained landslide dam to maintain long-term stability.

IntroductionThe Back Slope Effect (BSE) describes the tendency of slopes facing seismic wave propagation (back slopes) to suffer more landslides than slopes facing the opposite direction (front slopes). Despite its importance in seismic hazard assessment, quantitative verification and mechanical interpretation of BSE remain limited. Using the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake as a case study, this paper combines field investigation with 3D numerical simulation to confirm the existence of BSE and analyze its underlying mechanism.MethodsThe study area lies in Yinxing Village, Wenchuan County, a high-mountain valley terrain underlain primarily by gabbro. Landslide distribution and geological characteristics were mapped through remote sensing interpretation and field survey. A 3D geological model of the B01 landslide zone was built in FLAC3D. Seismic input was derived from records at the Wolong monitoring station, with dominant frequencies restricted to below 20 Hz and Rayleigh damping set at 5%. Eighteen pairs of monitoring points were installed across the back and front slopes to capture and compare dynamic responses.Results Simulations show consistent amplification on the back slope. Acceleration and stress values at the majority of monitoring points exceed those on the front slope; specifically, 13 out of 18-point pairs record higher x-direction acceleration. Plastic zone analysis reveals more extensive shear failure development on the back slope. Amplification is elevation-dependent and nonlinear: acceleration peaks in the middle-lower slope (1020-1080 m), whereas displacement and stress amplification in the y and z directions become pronounced at higher elevations, with z-direction stress maximizing at 1860 m. Field measurements validate the numerical outcomes: landslide linear density on the back slope reaches 0.0013 m-1, markedly higher than on the front slope.DiscussionThese results establish BSE as a key control on seismic landslide distribution. The observed nonlinear amplification, i.e., mid-to-lower slope acceleration concentration combined with upper-slope stress buildup, explains why back slopes experience higher failure rates under seismic loading. The quantified amplification patterns offer direct support for risk zoning and early-warning system design in back-slope areas.

A slope model features an irregular step-like topography, characterized by a broad upper valley and a lower steep canyon, commonly observed in the deep-cutting gorges of southwestern China. Its complex geological conditions, with surficial soil overlaying bedrock and bedding planes, make it highly susceptible to failure under earthquake loading. To systematically investigate the seismic response and failure mechanism of this kind of slope, a large-scale shaking table test was conducted. Results showed that in the elastic state, the peak ground motion acceleration (PGA) amplification in horizontal direction (AAF-X) reached a peak value of 3.0 at the upper gentle slope and 2.5 at the upper part of the lower steep slope, while PGA amplification in vertical direction (AAF-Z) reached a value of 1.5 at the slope break. The AAF-X along the slope surface increased first when the amplitude was less than 0.2 g, and then decreased as the amplitude increased, indicating a nonlinear dynamic response. Due to the spatial heterogeneity in shear wave velocity, high-frequency seismic components were primarily amplified at the inner slope and lower steep slope surface, while middle to low-frequency components were more significantly amplified at the upper gentle slope and slope break. Significant acceleration amplification and incoherent seismic forces contributed to the failure of the rock mass at the slope break. The failure mode was identified as tension-shear sliding and can be divided into four stages: minor deformation (Stage I), crack propagation (Stage II), crack coalescence (Stage III), and shear-slipping failure (Stage IV). Reinforcement measures, such as anti-slide piles and rock-socketed anchors, can be implemented at slope breaks and key structural interfaces in engineering practice. These findings highlight that the critical influence of complex geological conditions on seismic amplification and failure evolution of the slope, offering important insights for seismic stability assessment of slope in active tectonic gorge regions of southwest China.

As a globally renowned alpine gorge region and seismically active zone, the eastern margin of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) is highly prone to landslide dam formation. Considering unstable landslide dams often pose catastrophic risks to downstream areas, current research on landslide dams along QTP primarily focuses on the breach mechanisms of unstable dams, while studies on the formation mechanisms of stable landslide dams—which can provide multiple benefits to downstream regions—remain limited. This paper selected the Conaxue Co landslide dam on the eastern margin of the QTP as one case example. Field investigation, sampling, numerical simulation, and comprehensive analysis were carried out to disclose its formation mechanisms. Field investigation shows that the Conaxue Co landslide dam was formed by a high-speed long-runout landslide blocking the river, with its structure exhibiting a typical inverse grading pattern characterized by coarse-grained rock overlying fine-grained layers. The inverse grading structure plays a critical role in the stability of the Conaxue Co landslide dam. On one hand, the coarse, hard rock boulders in the upper dam mitigate fluvial erosion of the lower fine-grained sediments. On the other hand, the fine-grained layer in the lower dam acts as a relatively impermeable aquitard, preventing seepage of dammed lake water. Additionally, the step-pool system formed in the spillway of the Conaxue Co landslide dam contributes to the protection of the dam structure by dissipating 68% of the river’s energy (energy dissipation rate η = 0.68). Understanding the formation mechanisms of the Conaxue Co landslide dam can provide critical insights into managing future landslide dams that may form in the QTP, both in emergency response and long-term strategies.

On September 5, 2022, at least 10,855 landslides had been triggered by a magnitude Mw 6.7 (Ms 6.8) earthquake on the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Unfortunately, a detailed analysis of the spatial patterns of landslides in the eastern margin of the Baryan Har block is lacking. The observations show that the highest landslide concentrations are distributed along the seismogenic fault (Moxi fault) and Dadu River valley, coinciding with the effects of the hanging wall and microepicenter. Seismogenic tectonics controlled the regional distribution of new landslides, and the local topography influenced the detailed positions on the slopes. The total landslide mass wasting volume was 223.1 × 106 m3, and the maximum occurred in the Wandong Basin (value of 74 × 106 m3). Thirty landslide dams were temporarily existing. Although some local collapses occurred at the toe of the Hailuogou glacier, seismic shaking had no obvious influence on the overall stability of the glacier. A post debris flow assessment indicates that some large basins contained much loose material and that some steep small basins had high debris flow susceptibility. On the eastern margin of the Bayan Har block, the landslide-triggering thrust and strike-slip events both follow the distributions of the hanging wall.

Objective In the southwest region of China, where canyons are deeply incised and water flows are turbulent, disasters frequently occur. The accumulated masses are widely distributed, and understanding the mechanisms and evolutionary processes of riverbank slopes composed of these masses under dynamic water scour, such as dam collapses and reservoir flood discharge, is of significant practical importance for hydropower, road construction, and urban development. Methods Building upon previous research, this study qualitatively analyzes the progressive deterioration of riverbank slopes under flood conditions. The development mechanisms of erosion grooves on both straight and concave riverbank slopes under dynamic water scour are theoretically derived. Furthermore, the multistage sliding process of the Ganhaizi landslide in Danba County, triggered by rising water levels, was simulated using Geo-studio software. Results A function describing the extent of erosion in straight riverbank slopes over time, considering factors such as water flow shear stress, slope shear strength, and initial shear stress was established. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses of the sliding process under dynamic water scour conditions show that erosion begins near the water surface and progresses inward, leading to traction landslides at the rear edge of the erosion groove. This is followed by erosion at the slope foot, resulting in continuously changes in slope morphology and multistage traction landslides. The Ganhaizi landslide experienced multiple traction stages due to a 15-meter rise in water levels and extended erosion time. Even currently stable bank slopes of accumulated masses remain vulnerable to large-scale sliding disasters under extreme hydraulic conditions. Conclusion This study offers a novel theoretical framework for analyzing riverbank collapse and provides guidance for preventing downstream disasters in water conservancy projects, such as reservoirs.

Ancient dammed lake deposits, developed in tectonically active mountainous areas, record high-resolution changes in paleoclimate and paleoseismicity. This paper reports a massive ancient dammed lake, the "Aniangzhai paleolandslidedammed lake", newly discovered in the upper reaches of the Dadu River on the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating showed that this lake formed prior to 15.7 + 1.9 ka and persisted for 7 ka. The basic properties of lacustrine sediments and abnormal fluvial deposits of the dammed lake were identified through field sedimentological investigation and use of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology. Through a literature review of reservoir siltation, several methods of estimating the dam surface elevation were summarized, and on this basis, the Aniangzhai paleolandslide and ancient dammed lake were reconstructed. The results indicated that the Aniangzhai ancient dammed lake extended for 79 km upstream, with a maximum sediment thickness of 128 m. The lake at one time held back an area and volume of water of 53.5 km2 and 5.74 x 109 m3, respectively. This study proposed the fluvial-dammed lake sedimentary zoning system of ancient dammed lakes based on changes in sedimentary characteristics among different sections: (1) deep-semi-deep lake; (2) shallow lake; (3) lakeshore; and (4) area of river-lake intersection. This study also discussed a general, but systematic and novel model under which ancient dammed lakes in mountainous areas evolve. It may provide new information on the evolution of the paleoclimatic environment in the eastern Tibetan Plateau after the Last Glacial Maximum. (c) 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Landslide dams, especially stable landslide dams, have been recognised as important contributors to regional geomorphological evolution. The eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau provides good conditions for the formation of stable landslide dams. To identify stable landslide dams on the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, the Google Earth Engine (GEE) was first used to map water surfaces in the study area. Then, stable landslide dams were identified using high-precision remote sensing images provided by Google Earth. A field investigation and a sampling of typical stable landslide dams were also adopted to characterise the landslide dams. The results show that 101 stable landslide dams are present in the study area, covering an area of 27.75 × 104 km2. There are four types of stable landslide dams, as follows: (1) landslides, (2) rock avalanches, (3) moraines, and (4) debris flows. The morphological parameters of a dam, which include dam height, dam width, dam volume, and catchment area, can be fitted with different relationship curves, with respect to the number of landslide dams. The source areas of landslide dams are generally located in the upper-middle and upper sections of adjacent mountains. The stability of a landslide dam is mainly controlled by the structure of the dam and the relationship between the dam volume and catchment area. Structurally, large rocks with large particle sizes are difficult to activate using river water and the large gaps between the rocks provide sufficient channels for the flow of river water. In regard to the relationship between the dam volume and catchment area, a river with a small catchment area in the study area is commonly blocked by a large dam volume. This study provides a unique opportunity to study the spatial distribution and clarify the factors influencing the stability of stable landslide dams.

A concentration of building damage and slope failure near the slope crest has been observed during numerous earthquakes. Documented researches have shown that the combination of topography and geological structure (joint) significantly affects the seismic response of the slope. To investigate this issue, a series of numerical simulation analyses are performed for a slope containing horizontal joints by varying normalized joint stiffness (K), the ratio of normal stiffness to shear stiffness (kn/ks), joint spacing, the slope height, slope angle, and loading frequency. The acceleration amplification factor in the horizontal direction (AAF-X) in the slope distributes fluctuation characteristics when K is less than 1. The AAF-X at the slope crest increases with the increase of kn/ks. Meanwhile, the AAF-X at the slope crest increases first and then decreases with the increasing joint spacing. The AAF-X of jointed slope shows fluctuation change law along the slope surface with the increasing slope height while the AAF-X generally increases for homogeneous slope. The AAF-X at the slope crest of the jointed slope is amplified for different slope heights. A complex interaction exists between the topographic and joint effects on the seismic response of the slope and the two effects cannot be easily decoupled.

In recent years, the frequent occurrence of intense seismic events in the mountainous regions of western China has led to numerous geological disasters, resulting in significant human casualties and extensive property damage. Understanding the seismic response of slopes is crucial for elucidating the failure mechanism of earthquake-induced landslides. The distribution of geological landslides and the seismic response of slopes in Lushan are examined through post-earthquake field investigations, landslides inventories, and comprehensive field monitoring. The landslides triggered by the earthquake were primarily concentrated along both banks of the Donghe River in Baoxing County, predominantly manifesting as rockfalls. Geological disasters are predominantly occurred along fault zones and water systems, where vulnerabilities are heightened near 1 km of these faults. The topographic features, lithological composition, and rock mass structure significantly influences the Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA). Notably, PGA experience a sudden increase in areas with slope breaks and loose soil layers, leading to initiation location of the landslide. In the monitoring profile, the PGA amplification factors increases significantly along the slope surface: PGA at the upper slope is 1 to 2 times greater than that of the hilltop reference point, and within the loose soil layer, it ranges from 1.5 to 3.0. Seismic waves in the 1–5 Hz frequency range are notably amplified in this profile, as evidenced by analysis of the Fourier spectrum and Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) curve. The monitoring profile data reveals that site conditions have a pronounced influence on the amplitude of the acceleration, surpassing the magnification effects of terrain and elevation. In disaster investigations, deviations in the development of disasters from the epicentral area are observed, especially in regions with complex geological structures like nappe tectonics. In such cases, it is crucial to emphasize the impact of both the macroscopic and microscopic epicentershaode. Additionally, more attentions should be paid to understanding the seismic response of slopes, particularly concerning earthquake-triggered landslides.

Landslides, especially large landslides, have been recognized as important contributors to regional geomorphological evolution. There is a large landslide group that includes 32 large landslides in the Danba reach of the Dadu River. These landslides have blocked the Dajinchuan River and Xiaojin River several times in history. And the residue deposit of the large landslides with high activity threatens the life and property of people. To reveal the typical characteristics and mechanism of such landslides, several methods are adopted: remote sensing interpretation; detailed field investigation, and drilling hole of the power station construe. The results show that the large landslides located on the west of the Jintang arcuate tectonic belt which controlled by the NW faults. The distribution of the large landslides includes the Ganhaizi-Suopo reach of the mainstream of the Dadu River, the Waba-Banglang reach of the Geshenzha River, the Aniangzhai-Eman reach of the Xiaojin River, and Erkazi-Gezong reach of the Donggu River and the linear density of the large landslides along the river arrives at approximately 0.56/km, 0.57/km, 0.44/km, and 0.24/km, respectively. The type of large landslides can be divided into 2 types: rock landslides and soil landslides. And the formation mechanism of the large landslides in the Danba reach is divided into 3 types: sliding and fracturing, bending and fracturing, and creepsliding and fracturing. In addition, most large landslides with high–speed characteristics blocked the river to infer that most landslides which were induced by earthquakes event.

One of the most severe geological hazards is caused by earthquakes. Revealing the rules about the geo-hazards triggered by earthquake plays an important role in managing them. Here, in-situ research is thoroughly carried out in the study area and neighboring area. Combining in-situ research with numerical simulating by FLAC3D, the effect is studied further. Our research suggests that: 1) The in-situ investigation shows that, the lithology and joint development of the rock mass on the front and back slopes are almost identical, and the back slope effect is obvious. 2) The back slope has a larger shear failure zone than the front slope. The model's monitoring results for acceleration, velocity, displacement and stress also reveal a sizable back slope amplification effect. 3) Acceleration and velocity both follow the same distribution rule for their amplification coefficients, which is that it tends to rise from the lowest part and peak at the middle-lower part. Stress and displacement’s strongest amplification effect is visible in their y and z direction components.

Weathered slopes are often severely damaged during earthquakes, posing challenges to the study of their dynamic response and damage characteristics. In this study, we conducted physical modelling tests using the wave impedance ratio to investigate the influence of weathering layers on slope dynamics through shaking table tests. Model A utilized unweathered rock as a reference, while models B, C, and D included different weathering layers distinguished by varying wave impedance ratios. By comparing the peak acceleration amplification factors (AAFs) of the four models, we found that the AAF increases with increasing wave impedance ratio on the slope surface. Slopes with wave impedance ratio layers exhibited strong dynamic responses above 2/3 of the slope height, with both wave impedance ratio layers and elevation effects playing crucial roles. Further analysis using the Hilbert–Huang transform revealed wider excitation frequency ranges at the top of models B, C, and D than at the top of model A, resulting in resonance effects and significant damage in the top regions of models with higher wave impedance ratios and lower damping ratios. Furthermore, different damage patterns were observed, with the homogeneous model exhibiting a vibration crack–slip mode, while slopes with wave impedance ratio layers experienced cracking, crushing, and debris slipping at the top. This study provides new insights into the dynamic response analysis and stability evaluation of weathered slopes in active tectonic zones.

Seismic site effects (topography, geology, internal fracture, et al.) and direction amplification are an important component in inducing a landslide during an earthquake. The evaluation of the dynamic response characteristics of a slope is the first and important step in earthquake engineering design and regional hazard assessment. To document the seismic response of an irregular slope, broadband seismic field monitoring seismometers were deployed along an earthquake-induced landslide Mogangling slope, on the one of important water systems in Sichuan, Dadu River. Field monitoring data reveal that ground motion is directionally amplified near 80° clockwise from North parallel to slope inclination when the frequency is between 3 and 4 Hz, at the crest of the Mogangling slope. During an earthquake, the peak ground acceleration of the M1 station (slope crest) is 5.3 times greater than the M3 station (near slope toe). The standard spectral ratio (SSR) of the slope crest/slope toe (M1/M3) reaches a value of 11.5 at 1.4 Hz, during the earthquake. A series of discrete element numerical models indicate that SSR of the field monitoring data can be reproduced considering the irregular geometry, surficial weak layer, and internal fractures. The recent Luding earthquake on 5 September 2022 with a magnitude of Ms 6.8 induced slope failure in the Mogangling slope reveals the seismic amplification effect again. Our findings can offer some important insights into the mechanism of earthquake-induced landslide and regional-scale landslide distribution.

During strong earthquakes, large landslide deposits may be reactivated and contribute to erosion. To obtain a better understanding of the seismic site responses of large landslide deposits, field investigations were carried out on the Xingwenping landslide deposits, and ambient noise recordings were analysed by using horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio methods to obtain site response characteristics, including resonance frequency, spectral ratio amplitude, and directional resonance. Furthermore, to determine the influence of material comparison and topography on site response, the parameters of the shear wave velocity profile were used to establish a three-dimensional numerical model. The results show that the numerical model and ambient noise have good consistency in resonance frequency and directional resonance, but the spectral ratio amplitude of the numerical model is much larger than that of ambient noise. At the same time, our results also prove that the multilayer accumulation of large landslides combined with topography plays a leading role in the dynamic response of the site. This study provides a new method for dynamic response analysis of large landslide deposits.

Earthquake-induced landslides, also called seismic landslides (SLs), are some of the most catastrophic natural hazards on the Tibetan Plateau (TP). They have frequently caused disastrous impacts on human society but are also important driving forces in regional evolution. The rapid development of multiple advanced techniques and more relevant studies have contributed to much progress in understanding SLs, but a synoptic survey that combines the insights of related studies to build a comprehensive understanding of SLs on the Tibetan Plateau is currently lacking. Here, we adopt recent SLs triggered by the 2005 Kashmir (Mw 7.6), 2008 Wenchuan (Mw 7.9), 2010 Yushu (Mw 6.9), 2013 Lushan (Mw 6.6), 2013 Minxian (Mw 5.5), 2015 Gorkha (Mw 7.8), 2017 Jiuzhaigou (Mw 6.5), 2017 Nyingchi (Mw 6.5), 2022 Lushan (Mw 5.8) and 2022 Luding (Mw 6.6) earthquakes on the TP to overview some advances in data preparation, spatial patterns and controls, landslide patterns and causes, movement and landslide damming, susceptibility, and long-term evolution. The study first summarizes worldwide seismic events that have triggered SLs since 2000 to confirm the TP is a SL-prone area and points out detailed SL-prone tectonic blocks on the TP. Based on landslide inventories of 10 adopted events, the study investigates the SL spatial distribution and finds tectonic and geomorphic controls of SL distribution. The landslide inventories also help us confirm the relationships of landslide sizes (SL number, SL area and SL volume) and magnitudes. Next, we summarize the landslide patterns and possible failure causes and highlight that seismic amplification could play an important role for SL occurrence on steep mountains. We use two important indicators, namely, landslide mobility (H/L) and landslide velocity, to reveal SL movement characteristics; we analyze the characteristics of SL damming, dam breaks and outburst floods; we analyze the SL susceptibility process and propose the most common landslide controlling factors (altitude, slope, PGA, seismogenic faults, rivers and stratigraphy) for SL susceptibility; we analyze postseismic evolution using two important indicators, namely, landslide activity and debris flow activity. Finally, we compare the results with other earthquakes worldwide and find that the TP is more sensitive to SLs; SL distribution laws of other worldwide seismic events are not fully consistent with those of the TP, including few seismic liquefaction landslides occur on the TP, while it is common for coastal earthquakes, and SLs on the TP require longer recovery periods.

2022 年9 月雅安市石棉县发生Ms4.5 级地震,布置在泸定冷竹关沟的强震监测仪记录到了地震数据,利用MATLAB进行小波变换后,得到时频图谱.分析结果表明:S波在穿越岩层到达地表后会分化成高频和低频两部分,但在时域上间隔很小;山体的山脊部位地震动响应强烈,S波低频携带能量更高,在发震时高频与低频能量会相互叠加,而低频叠加能量会更大;地震动响应规律存在方向性,东西向和南北向比垂直向的响应更加强烈;单薄山脊场地放大效应强于浑厚山体,原因为浑厚山体对地震波存在过滤作用.