近年来，特别是党的十八大召开以来，全国各地在推进文化科技创新、加强文化与科技融合上竞相发力，“文化与科技融合创新”已成星火燎原之势。笔者以潍坊市为例，对文化与科技融合发展情况进行探究，形成本报告。<br>　　一、潍坊市文化与科技融合发展的现状<br>　　一是把握新兴文化产业业态特点，抓好项目建设。根据新兴文化产业发展规律，潍坊市在推动项目建设中重点做好了三项工作。首先，加强服务。调动社会各方面力量，为新兴文化产业发展提供政策、信息、技术、资金和管理等方面的服务。其次，加大资金投入。通过多种方式，支持新兴文化产业重点项目建设，特别是支持各类新产品、新技术、新品牌的开发和建设。近年来，潍坊市实施重大项目带动战略，进一步优化文化产业项目建设服务机制，优先发展了一批文化和科技融合度较好的骨干新兴文化产业项目。再次，积极引导民营资本和其他社会资本有序进入新兴文化产业领域，努力形成全社会关心、支持、参与和服务新兴文化产业发展的良好氛围。

Prior to the allotriploid induction,the feasibility of fertilization between Crassostrea hongkongensis(Lam and Morton,2003) eggs and C.gigas(Thunberg,1973) sperm had been verified before.Results showed that cleavage rate of(24.40±3.79) % of the interspecific hybrid can be received with the eggs immersed in 25℃ seawater for 1.5h.The zygotes treated for 25 min with a hypotonic solution of 10 salinities at 20min after fertilization can yield the highest triploidy rate of 68.65%,and the hatchery rate of 12.71%.No statistical advantages of growth rate and survival rate were found in allotriploid group compared with control group.The survival rate and shell length of allotriploid group were(0.116±0.023)% and(103.50±0.85)μm at the 9th day after insemination.However,the survival rate and shell length of control group were(42.17±2.74)% and(123.25±8.60)μm.All allotriploid hybrid larvae died before metamorphism.

Interspecific hybridization is a useful tool in genetic improvement of agriculture and aquaculture species. The Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and the Hong Kong oyster (Crassostrea hongkongensis) are both important aquaculture species in China. To determine whether these 2 species can hybridize and produce viable offspring, we conducted 2 x 2 factorial crosses between them. Asymmetry in fertilization was observed when C. hongkongensis eggs were fertilized readily by C. gigas sperm, but the reciprocal cross resulted in no fertilization. Embryos from C. hongkongensis female x C. gigas male crosses developed normally without noticeable defects, although their survival rate to D-stage was less than embryos of the two intraspecific crosses. From D-stage to metamorphosis, larvae of hybrid crosses had slower growth and a lower survival rate than that of intraspecific crosses. Nevertheless, 0.57% of hybrid D-larvae survived to spat stage at day 90. Hybrid spat had good survival (78.9%) to 1 y of age, but were significantly (P < 0.001) smaller than oysters of intraspecific crosses. Gonadal development was absent or retarded in most hybrids at 1 y of age, although some hybrids (39.2%) produced mature gametes. Our results show that hybridization between C. gigas and C. hongkongensis is possible in one direction. Some hybrids are viable, partly fertile, and can be used potentially for gene introgression between these two species.

Performance of induced and hybridized triploid Pacific oysters(Crassostrea gigas) was studied and compared for traits such as fertilization and hatching success,survival,larval and juvenile growth.The results showed that hybridized triploids were superior over induced triploids,and the difference in hatching success and D-larval size was significant(P<0.05).Larval survival of the hybridized triploids was significantly higher than that of induced triploids.Juvenile shell height and shell length of hybridized triploids were larger than that of induced triploids,showing their superiority in growth.Flow cytometry analysis showed that the hybridized group contained 100% triploids,and the induced group had only(51.0±11.8)% triploids.It is evident that hybridized triploids are superior over triploids induced by chemical treatment.Our study shows that mating diploids and tetraploids is an ideal approach to triploid production and is extremely valuable for large-scale production of triploid oysters.

The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas is a major aquaculture species in China and around the world.A serious problem in Pacific oyster farming is the occurrence of summer mortalities.Heavy summer mortalities have been observed in cultured Pacific oysters in US,China and France.While the causes for the summer mortality are not well understood.The production and use of triploid oysters may help to reduce summer mortalities.The goal of this study is to determine if heterosis exists between US and China populations of the Pacific oyster and if the interstrain hybrid triploids have greatly improved performance compared to diploids.Hybrid crosses of Pacific oysters between diploids from China and diploids as well as tetraploids from America were conducted.Four groups were produced:Chinese diploid ♀×Chinese diploid ♂,American diploid ♀×American diploid ♂,Chinese diploid ♀×American diploid ♂ and Chinese diploid ♀×American tetraploid ♂.Heterosis and triploid advantage of experimental groups were studied for traits such as fertilization and hatching success,survival,larval and juvenile growth.Our results show that heterosis in diploid hybrid progeny varied among traits and developmental stages:1.21% for larval growth,34.47% for larval survival and 20.39% for juvenile growth.The triploid advantage was significant for all traits and stages,except D larval size(5.19%)and larval growth(4.00%).Triploid advantages for larval survival,larval growth and juvenile survival were 19.92%,30.18% and 54.43%,respectively.The highest triploid advantage(202.96%)was observed in wet weight of juveniles at Day 200.Heterosis and the triploid advantage were stronger at juvenile stages than at larvae stages.Our results suggest that the hybrid triploid Pacific oysters between Chinese diploid females and American tetraploid males have greatly improved growth and survival compared to all diploid groups.Production of triploids through interstrain crossing may be the best way for producing triploids for aquaculture.However,at Day 200 when the triploid advantage was 202.96% in growth and 73.6% in survival,the diploid heterosis was only 3.75% and-26.25%,respectively.This finding suggests that the superior performance of the triploids may not be caused by the same heterosis observed in diploids.It is possible that heterosis in triploids is different from heterosis in diploids.We did not have pure-line triploids as controls in this study.Further studies are needed to determine to what degree that heterosis contributes to the superior performance of hybrid triploids.

Triploid Pacific oysters(Crassostrea gigas) were induced by inhibiting polar body Ⅱ(PB2) releasing with hypotonic treatment.Different hypotonic treatments,including salinity(4,6,8,10,12,14 and 16),initial treatment time(at the time when the first PB1,30 percents of PB1,40 percents of PB1,50 percents of PB1 and the first PB2 were observed) and duration time(10,15,20 and 25 min) were tested at 23-25℃ water temperature.Flow cytometry analysis showed that the highest triploidy rate was(89.16±1.39)% when the fertilized eggs were treated for 15 min with hypotonic solution with salinity of 8 at the time when 40 percents of PB1 appeared.The results also showed that shell height of triploids were larger than that of diploids.And triploid larvae appeared much superiority in growth.Then four different triploid induction methods were compared including hypotonic treatment,cold shock(2 ℃),heat shock(32 ℃) and 6-DMAP(450 μmol/L) treatment.The triploids induced by hypotonic treatment were superior over those by cold shock,heat shock and 6-DMAP,and the difference in hatching success and D-larval size was significant(P0.05) The induction ratio of 6-DMAP treatment was higher than that by hypotonic treatment,but the difference was not significant(P0.05).General evaluation index(Ie) of hypotonic treatment is superior over those of other three triploid induction treatments.Because of the low price,the high induction ratio of triploids and security,it is feasible and worthwhile to induce triploid by hypotonic treatment.

Hypotonic treatment was used in triploid induction in Chlamys farreri by inhibiting polar body Ⅱ(PB2) releasing.Different hypotonic treatments,including salinity(8~20),initial treating time(15~40 min after fertilization),and duration time(10~25 min),were tested at 20 ℃ water temperature.Triploid group and diploid group were designed to imestigate the growth of larva.Four different triploid induction methods were compared including hypotonicity,6-DMAP,cold shock and heat shock.The Results indicated that the optimal hypotonic treatment was 30 min after fertilization,which can resulted in the highest triploidy rate which was up to(92.36±2.41)%,(49.78±6.51)% cleavage rate and(61.82±1.63)% hatchery rate.The triploid group showed obvious growing advantage in the larvae stage(P<0.01),the growing speed of triploid larvae was rapid,and the shell length was longer than diploid larvae when it growed to metamorphosis.Comparison of triploidy rate showed no significant difference between the treatment of hypotonicity and 6-DMAP,while there was significant difference between the treatment of hypotonicity and temperature shock.