Background HIV/AIDS remains a major global health issue, and young students are a key affected group. Conventional interventions have overlooked students’ psychological and behavioural differences, reducing their impact. This study will identify specific psychosocial factors that drive college students to get HIV testing.Methods We surveyed 4451 college students in various regions in China from December 2022 to March 2023. Analysis occurred in two steps. First, we used partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) to test linear causal relationships among psychosocial constructs. Second, we used fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to pinpoint combinations leading to high willingness for HIV testing.Results In PLS-SEM, lower HIV stigma (β=0.352, 95% CI 0.311 to 0.391) and higher condom-use self-efficacy (β=0.087, 95% CI 0.056 to 0.120) were associated with stronger safe-sex intention, which was associated with higher testing willingness (β=0.067, 95% CI 0.053 to 0.081). FsQCA identified five distinct pathways leading to high HIV testing willingness (coverage=0.788, consistency=0.790). The main types were (1) students with strong condom use intention; (2) students with low HIV stigma and supportive environments; (3) students with high risk perception and preventive actions; (4) students with high self-efficacy and HIV knowledge and (5) students confident in risk management and willing to test despite risk. These findings show there are multiple clear ways students reach a high willingness for HIV testing.Conclusion Using a dual analytic approach, we found that lower HIV stigma and higher condom-use self-efficacy were associated with greater safe-sex intention, which in turn was associated with higher HIV testing willingness. fsQCA further suggested multiple psychosocial configurations linked to high willingness. These findings may inform a combined universal-plus-tailored approach to campus HIV testing promotion, while longitudinal and intervention studies are needed to test causality.

HIV self-testing (HIVST) has been shown to complement existing facility-based testing services and promote regular HIV testing among men who have sex with men (MSM). However, HIVST uptake among Chinese MSM remains suboptimal, with existing studies reporting a testing rate below 50

This cross-sectional study investigated long-acting injectable pre-exposure prophylaxis (LAI-PrEP) perceptions and attitudes among 1,545 Chinese men who have sex with men (MSM) in December 2023. Of participants, 66.5% met PrEP eligibility criteria, 53.7% expressed willingness to use LAI-PrEP within 6 months, and 77.9% were PrEP naïve. Current oral PrEP users showed higher LAI-PrEP willingness (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.23, 95% CI [1.44, 3.44]) than the PrEP naïve group. Condomless anal intercourse (AOR = 1.32, 95% CI [1.08, 1.61]) and recent sexually transmitted infection diagnosis (AOR = 1.84, 95% CI [1.15, 2.95]) were positively associated with willingness. Structural equation modeling revealed distinct predictors: for PrEP naïve group, LAI-PrEP willingness was influenced by outcome expectancies, HIV risk perception, self-efficacy, and subjective norms (p <.05), while the PrEP-experienced group relied more on outcome expectancies. Tailored interventions addressing group-specific cognitive factors are critical to optimize LAI-PrEP adoption.

PURPOSE:We estimated the association between maternal sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and the risk of specific birth defects among live singleton births in the United States (US). METHODS:We conducted a population-based study using data from birth certificates for 14,602,822 live singleton births occurring from 2016 to 2019 in the US. We used logistic regression to estimate the associations between three maternal STDs (chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis) and the risk of four specific birth defects (gastroschisis, cleft lip with or without cleft palate, spina bifida, and hypospadias), adjusting for socio-demographic and pregnancy-related factors. RESULTS:Maternal chlamydia infection was associated with a higher risk of gastroschisis (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.23; (95 % CI: 1.03, 1.46), cleft lip with or without cleft palate (aOR, 1.26; 95 % CI: 1.08, 1.47), and hypospadias (aOR, 1.26; 95 % CI: 1.08, 1.47). It was not associated with an increased risk of spina bifida. These associations were consistent across subgroups defined by maternal age, race and ethnicity, education, body mass index, and infant sex. We found no evidence of an association between gonorrhea or syphilis infections and the studied birth defects. CONCLUSIONS:Among live singleton births in the US, maternal chlamydia infection may be associated with increased risks of gastroschisis, cleft lip with or without cleft palate, and hypospadias.

OBJECTIVE:To explore the factors influencing dietary patterns and blood glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes based on the health action process approach (HAPA) model. METHODS:Patients with type 2 diabetes were selected in 11 community health centers affiliated to Dongcheng Hospital of Dongying City, Shandong Province. The glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level was detected by venous blood collection, and general data questionnaire, food frequency questionnaire, the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities measure and HAPA scale were used to collect information. The dietary patterns of the patients were divided into different types by factor analysis. The effects of various dimensions of HAPA model on dietary patterns and blood glucose control of the type 2 diabetes patients were analyzed by structural equation model. RESULTS:A total of 819 patients with type 2 diabetes were enrolled in the study, and the overall HbA1c level was 7.1%±1.1%. The overall diet management scores of the study subjects were 5.0 (1.0, 7.0), and the specific daily diets were divided into medium/low glycemic index (GI) dietary pattern, meat dietary pattern, fruit dietary pattern, high GI and starch dietary patterns, and egg and milk dietary pattern. Structural equation model results showed that positive outcome expectancies (β=0.417, P < 0.001), negative outcome expectancies (β=-0.239, P < 0.001) and perceived risk severity (β=0.075, P=0.036) affected dietary management behavior intention. Beha-vioral intention of diet management affected action planning (β=0.531, P < 0.001) and coping planning (β=0.228, P < 0.001). Action planning influenced overall diet management behavior (β=0.183, P < 0.001). The overall diet management behavior affected medium/low GI dietary pattern (β=0.133, P < 0.001), fruit dietary pattern (β=-0.103, P=0.003), high GI and starch dietary pattern (β=-0.110, P=0.002) and egg and milk dietary pattern (β=0.076, P=0.031). Medium/low GI dietary pattern (β=-0.086, P=0.013) and meat dietary pattern (β=0.084, P=0.015) affected the level of HbA1c. In addition, action self-efficacy can affect behavior intention (β=0.384, P < 0.001), action planning (β=0.122, P=0.006) and coping planning (β=0.146, P=0.001). Maintenance self-efficacy affected action planning (β=0.170, P < 0.001), coping planning (β=0.408, P < 0.001), and overall diet management behavior (β=0.265, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION:There were differences in dietary patterns among the participants with type 2 diabetes, and the weekly diet management behavior was not good enough of the patients with type 2 diabetes, because HAPA model could explain the dietary patterns and blood glucose control level of type 2 diabetes patients. In the future, targeted dietary interventions can be developed based on the HAPA model to improve the overall diet management level of patients and promote patients to develop a healthy diet pattern with low GI, thus controlling blood sugar level and improving quality of life.

Tooth loss, often considered as an inevitable result of ageing, is one of the most frequently stated problems with older adults worldwide, which entails a negative impact on physical and mental health, as well as quality of life. However, there is urban-rural gap among older adults in both oral health condition and dental service utilization. The study focused on the urban-rural gap in Chinese older population, aiming to describe their tooth loss and denture use status, and explore the associated factors, hoping to provide insights into improving the oral healthcare system in China and other developing countries. This cross-sectional study used data collected from May to September in 2020. A stratified, multi-stage cluster sampling design was used to produce nationally representative samples of 2709 adults aged 60 years and older. The dependent variable was denture use of the participant. Determinants included demographic characteristics, health status, social support, oral health knowledge and health service utilization. Descriptive analysis was conducted to describe the sample characteristics, and Generalized Linear Mixed Model was used to identify independent factors associated with denture use among older adults in rural and urban China respectively. There were significant urban-rural differences in tooth loss, denture use and health service utilization among Chinese older adults. Urban participants’ denture use was associated with oral health knowledge (OR = 1.29, 95

What is already known about this topic?:The proportion of elderly living alone in China is approximately 10%. Living away from family poses enormous challenges for older adults. What is added by this report?:Compared to those living with family, elderly individuals living alone exhibit a lower registration rate with general practitioners and have less social support. What are the implications for public health practice?:While the current health service system for elderly people living alone is working relatively well, there is a need for additional programs to enhance social support and improve their social well-being.

Background: Influenza poses a substantial health burden, especially among older adults in China. While vaccination is one of the most effective preventions, influenza vaccine uptake rates among Chinese older adults remain low. This study examines the individual and combined effects of behavioral interventions based on the Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills (IMB) model and economic incentives in promoting influenza vaccine uptake among older adults living in China. Methods: The study will recruit 640 older adults living in eight communities that have not been covered by the free influenza vaccination policy. These eight communities (as clusters), stratified by urban and rural, will be randomized to four parallel arms, including a usual care arm, an IMB-based behavioral intervention arm, a conditional economic incentive arm, and a combined behavioral-economic arm. The interventions will start from the beginning of the flu season and last for about one month. Specifically, the IMB-based behavioral intervention encompasses health education brochures, healthcare provider-led lectures, interactive quizzes, and personalized consultations. The exact number of economic incentives is conditional on the timing of vaccination (a higher amount for early immunization) and the number of people within a household to be vaccinated at the same appointment (a higher amount for more people). The primary outcome is the influenza vaccination rate. Data will be gathered through vaccination records and questionnaires covering IMB-based vaccination cognitions. Mixed-effects models will be used to analyze the outcome of vaccination rate, reporting difference-in-differences estimates with 95% confidence intervals. Conclusions: The results of this study have the potential to inform influenza vaccination program scaleup among older adults who are not yet covered by the free influenza vaccination policy. Ethics and dissemination: Ethics approval has been granted by the ethics commission of Peking University Health Science Centre (IRB00001052-24090). Participants will be required to sign a written consent form. Findings will be reported in conferences and peer-reviewed publications in accordance with the recommendations of the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials. Registration number: This study was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2400090229).

The introduction of the undetectable equals untransmittable (U = U) statement significantly reduces HIV stigma and provides an empirical basis for achieving “zero transmission.” U = U messaging has gained increasing support and is well-developed in several countries. However, the current status of accurate knowledge of U = U and its associated factors among men who have sex with men (MSM) in China remians unclear. We conducted a cross-sectional survey among MSM recruited in Chengdu, China, from March to May 2022 to investigate the percentage of those who knew U = U accurately and to explore associations between sexual risk behaviors, HIV testing, socio-behavioral measures, and accurate knowledge of U = U. Of 497 MSM included in our study, 23.4

BACKGROUND:Health behaviors developed in the college years tend to persist in adulthood. However, distinct changing patterns of food choices and physical activity (PA) and their predictors are still less clear among college students. The current study sought to explore changes of food choices and PA, as well as the effects of personal and interpersonal factors. METHOD:Two-wave longitudinal data was collected from a sample of 431 Chinese college students (Mean baseline age = 19.15 ± 0.61 years; 45.7% male). A validated self-reported food frequency questionnaire was used to assess the frequency of food choices. The Chinese revised version of physical activity rating scale was used to assess physical activity. Latent profile analysis, latent transition analysis, and multinomial logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the data. RESULTS:Two profiles of food choices, i.e., Avoiding staples (5.1% at Time 1) and Varied diet (94.9% at Time 1), were identified at both timepoints. 90.9% remained the same profiles over time, 63.6% participants in the Avoiding staples profile shifted to the Varied diet profile, and only 6.3% of those in the Varied diet profile shifted to the Avoiding staples profile. Negative body shape-related belief was related to the translation from the Varied diet profile to the Avoiding staples profile. Further, four profiles of PA, i.e., Inactives (51.0% at Time 1), Low activies (26.0% at Time 1), Moderate activies (15.3% at Time 1), and Activies (7.7% at Time 1), were identified at both timepoints. 50.8% remained the same profiles over time, 38.6% Inactivies shifted to the other profiles, and 48.5% Activies shifted to the other profiles over time. Participants with higher self-efficacy showed an increase in PA over time, and those with lower self-efficacy and lower peer support showed a decrease in PA over time. CONCLUSIONS:Overall, most of college students remained the same food choices profiles, and body shape-related belief contributed to changes in food choices profiles. About half of college students experienced changes in PA, and the predictors of such changes were peer support and self-efficacy. The findings extend the understanding of the personal and interpersonal predictors of health behaviors among college students from a dynamic perspective.

The aim of this study was to analyse the policymaking process of Beijing tobacco control regulations based on a multiple streams framework to provide a reference for other cities, at the national level and for the international community to promote the development of tobacco control policy. Twenty-one documents related to tobacco control in Beijing were collected, nine informants were interviewed and the interview data were analysed by a thematic framework method. It was found that indicators, feedback and a focus event in the problem stream drew the attention of policymakers and the society for tobacco control. In 2011, Ying Songnian, a representative of the Beijing Municipal People's Congress, put forward tobacco control legislation, which was just in time for the legislative reform of the Congress. The proposal was studied by the Congress, and a strategy of 'social co-governance' was founded. In the political stream, the government actively promoted tobacco control and social organizations extensively participated in it. In 2013, the General Office of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party and the General Office of the State Council issued a notice on matters related to leading cadres taking the lead in banning smoking in public places, which opened a policy window for decision-makers who were hesitatant. The issue of tobacco control was successfully put on the policy agenda and contributed to the introduction of the Beijing Municipal Regulations on Smoking Control. Development of the factors in problem stream, policy stream and political stream promoted the setting up of the tobacco control policy agenda in Beijing. It is suggested that more cities should learn from the experience of Beijing, seize the opportunity of the ideological change of the ruling party, actively identify the problems, mobilize and advocate for representatives and introduce the concept of 'social co-governance' to promote tobacco control legislation.

Objective:To explore the status of social participation and its relationship with cognitive impairment among Chi-nese elderly,so as to provide references for prevention and intervention of cognitive impairment of the elderly.Methods:Based on the China health and retirement longitudinal study in 2018,the status of social participation of the elderly aged≥60 years old in Chi-na was analyzed and the minimum mental state examination was used to measure the cognitive function.Logistic regression model was used for multivariate analysis.Results:A total of 3370 valid subjects were included after screening,and 589 had cognitive impairment(17.48%),and 1931 participated in a social activity at least(57.30%).The results of multivariate analysis showed that participating in social activities[AOR=0.699,95%CI was(0.552,0.886)],the number of activities[AOR=0.799,95%CI was(0.712,0.897)]and the number of types of activities participating in[AOR=0.742,95%CI was(0.634,0.868)],the overall level of social participa-tion[AOR=0.885,95%CI was(0.837,0.936)],the level of participating in activities of entertainment[AOR=0.898,95%CI was(0.838,0.962)]and the level of participating in activities of digital media[AOR=0.705,95%CI was(0.590,0.843)]were negatively associated with the risk of cognitive impairment among the elderly.Conclusion:The social participation level of the elderly in China is relatively low.The increase in the number,variety and frequency of social activities in the elderly will reduce the risk of cognitive impairment.The elderly should be encouraged to participate actively in various social activities,and improving the participation in so-cial activities of entertainment and digital media should be focused on to help prevent the elderly's occurrence of cognitive impairment.

Background Previous research examined the associations between social support and physical activity. However, little is known about the associations between social support change and trajectories of physical activity during the transition from late adolescence to young adulthood. Methods The current study sought to examine these issues among 434 Chinese college students ( M age = 19.15, SD age = 0.61; 46.1% male), who completed questionnaires regarding demographics, physical activity, family support change, and peer support change across three waves (the data from one of the waves was retrospective). Results After controlling for covariates, the findings revealed that: (a) there was an increase in overall physical activity and duration, but a decrease in frequency during the transition from late adolescence (the second year of high school) to young adulthood (the third year of college); (b) family support change did not contribute to trajectories of physical activity, while peer support change significantly predicted the trajectory of overall physical activity, duration, and frequency. Conclusions The findings extend the literature on physical activity from a developmental perspective by revealing different trends among physical activity duration and frequency, and unpacking different effects of family and peer support change on trajectories of physical activity.

Objective:To explore the moderating effect of extroversion on the association between social support and physical activity behavior among college students, so as to provide references for improving college students’ physical activity level and creating a good social support environment. Methods: Using typical sampling and stratified cluster sampling, 434 college students from a university in Beijing were selected to conduct a questionnaire survey, and the data were used for descriptive statistical analysis, univariate analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. Results: Extroversion was a moderator between social support and physical activity. In the group with low level of extroversion, the relevant factors affecting physical activity in the order from strong to weak were peer modelling behavior（β=0.281, P＜0.001）, family modelling behavior（β=0.175, P＜0.05）, and peer emotional support（β=0.169, P＜0.05）. In the group with high level of extroversion, the relevant factors affecting physical activity in the order from strong to weak were peer modelling behavior（β=0.241, P＜0.001）, peer emotional support（β=0.162, P＜0.05）, and family emotional support（β=0.129, P＜0.05）. Conclusion: The association between peer support and physical activity is stronger than that of family support among college students, especially in the group with high level of extroversion. The association between emotional support and physical activity is more prominent in the group with high level of extroversion, and the association between modelling behavior and physical activity is stronger in the group with low level of extroversion. Therefore, targeted interventions to promote social support should be taken to improve the level of college students’ physical activity among college students with different levels of extroversion.

OBJECTIVE:To explore the discrepancy between behavioral-indicated candidacy and perceived candidacy (behavioral-perceived gap) and its associated factors of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among men who have sex with men (MSM), so as to identify the focus population of PrEP interventions and to design and implement targeted interventions.METHODS:We recruited a sample of 622 HIV-negative MSM who were regular clients of a community-based organization located in Chengdu, China, from November to December 2021. A cross-sectional questionnaire was used to collect the participants' information on social demographics, PrEP-related knowledge and cognitions, and risk behaviors. In this study, behaviorally eligible for PrEP was defined as performing at least one type of high-risk behavior in the past six months, including inconsistent condom use, sex with an HIV-positive partner, confirmed sexual transmitted infections (STI) diagnosis, substance use, and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) experience. Logistic regression models were fitted, and multivariate analyses were adjusted for social demographics.RESULTS:Among the 622 eligible participants, 52.6% (327/622) were classified as behaviorally eligible for PrEP. Only 37.9% (124/327) of the participants perceived themselves as appropriate candidates for PrEP and 62.1% (203/207) had discrepancy between behavioral-indicated and perceived candidacy. 85.9% (281/327) had heard of PrEP, and 14.2% (40/281) accessed PrEP information through health care providers. Of the 327 participants eligible for behavior-indicated PrEP use, about half (47.1%) knew how to obtain PrEP medication and 33.0% had a professional PrEP counseling experience. The majority (93.3%) had no or few friends using PrEP. 54.1% scored eight or above in PrEP knowledge level. 66.7% reported having two or more sexual partners in the past six months. After adjusting for age and recruitment channel, we found six factors that were associated with perceived candidacy for PrEP, including PEP use [adjusted odds ratio (ORA)=2.20; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.33-3.63], PrEP availability (ORA=1.69; 95%CI: 1.06-2.68), a greater number of PrEP-using friends (ORA=4.92; 95%CI: 1.77-13.65), PrEP know-ledge (ORA=2.21; 95%CI: 1.38-3.56), multiple sexual partnership (ORA=1.77; 95%CI: 1.07-2.94), and perceiving a higher risk of HIV infection (ORA=4.02; 95%CI: 1.73-9.32). Substance use during sex and PrEP information channel were not statistically associated with this beha-vioral-perceived gap.CONCLUSION:We observed a high discrepancy between behavioral-indicated and perceived candidacy for PrEP among Chengdu MSM in China. Future PrEP implementation efforts should be made in skills training in assessing HIV infection risk, increasing PrEP knowledge, providing professional PrEP counselling, and fostering PrEP support environment.

Background Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) have an increasing need for personalized and Precise management as medical technology advances. Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies on mobile devices are being developed gradually in a variety of healthcare fields. As an AI field, knowledge graph (KG) is being developed to extract and store structured knowledge from massive data sets. It has great prospects for T2DM medical information retrieval, clinical decision-making, and individual intelligent question and answering (QA), but has yet to be thoroughly researched in T2DM intervention. Therefore, we designed an artificial intelligence-based health education accurately linking system (AI-HEALS) to evaluate if the AI-HEALS-based intervention could help patients with T2DM improve their self-management abilities and blood glucose control in primary healthcare. Methods This is a nested mixed-method study that includes a community-based cluster-randomized control trial and personal in-depth interviews. Individuals with T2DM between the ages of 18 and 75 will be recruited from 40-45 community health centers in Beijing, China. Participants will either receive standard diabetes primary care (SDPC) (control, 3 months) or SDPC plus AI-HEALS online health education program (intervention, 3 months). The AI-HEALS runs in the WeChat service platform, which includes a KBQA, a system of physiological indicators and lifestyle recording and monitoring, medication and blood glucose monitoring reminders, and automated, personalized message sending. Data on sociodemography, medical examination, blood glucose, and self-management behavior will be collected at baseline, as well as 1,3,6,12, and 18 months later. The primary outcome is to reduce HbA1c levels. Secondary outcomes include changes in self-management behavior, social cognition, psychology, T2DM skills, and health literacy. Furthermore, the cost-effectiveness of the AI-HEALS-based intervention will be evaluated. Discussion KBQA system is an innovative and cost-effective technology for health education and promotion for T2DM patients, but it is not yet widely used in the T2DM interventions. This trial will provide evidence on the efficacy of AI and mHealth-based personalized interventions in primary care for improving T2DM outcomes and self-management behaviors. Trial registration Biomedical Ethics Committee of Peking University: IRB00001052-22,058, 2022/06/06; Clinical Trials: ChiCTR2300068952, 02/03/2023.

目的:分析我国中老年人可能肌肉减少症患病情况及其影响因素.方法:利用中国健康与养老追踪调查2015 年数据,将手握力水平和重复5 次坐站时间作为可能肌少症判断指标,了解可能肌少症患病情况,并采用logistic回归分析可能肌少症发生的影响因素.结果:共纳入 14546 名研究对象,男性平均手握力水平大于女性(P<0.001),平均重复 5 次坐站时间少于女性(P<0.001).中老年人可能肌少症患病率为30.0%,男性低于女性(27.5%vs 32.3%,P<0.001).回归结果表明,年龄较大(OR=2.72)、西部地区(OR= 1.26)、低身体活动(OR=1.65)、高血压(OR=1.39)、关节炎(OR=1.41)、心脏病(OR=1.36)、BMI过轻(OR= 1.86)均为可能肌少症发生的危险因素.城市(OR=0.81)、较高受教育程度、BMI超重(OR=0.77)均为可能肌少症发生的保护因素.结论:我国中老年人可能肌少症患病率较高,社会人口学特征、慢性病状况、生活方式均可能影响其发生,有必要进行早期干预,以减少肌少症及其他不良健康后果的发生和发展.

目的 评价基于健康行动过程取向-社会认知整合理论自行设计的高校学生体育锻炼行为影响因素调查问卷的信度与效度.方法 于2022年使用典型抽样法抽取全国多所高校开展问卷星线上调查,最终纳入调查对象328人.使用SPSS 25软件进行社会人口学特征描述、调查问卷的Cronbach's α系数计算和因子分析.结果 问卷整体的Cronbach's α系数为0.950,14个具体维度的Cronbach's α系数为0.697～0.935,信度良好.10个公因子可解释问卷全部内容的73.37％,且成分矩阵分布与预期设计一致,结构效度良好.结论 问卷整体的信效度较好,可用于测量高校学生体育锻炼整合理论中各变量的内容,但感知障碍相关维度的题目有待修改.

目的:了解社会支持变化对学生体育锻炼行为变化的影响,为学生体育锻炼行为促进策略的制定提供依据.方法:本研究选择北京市某综合大学为典型案例样本,自行设计问卷调查451名大一学生的体育锻炼行为及相关信息,分析社会支持对体育锻炼变化的影响.结果:单因素分析显示被调查对象的体育锻炼行为变化与同伴情感支持变化(χ2=38.672,P<0.001)、同伴示范效应变化(χ2=43.070,P<0.001)、家庭情感支持变化(χ2=20.280,P<0.001)有关.多因素分析表明,理工科、同伴情感支持变多、同伴示范效应变多和家庭情感支持变多对体育锻炼行为的变化有正向影响.结论:在大学生体育锻炼行为变化的影响因素上,社会支持尤其是同伴支持可能以情感支持和示范效应的形式发挥正向作用,可以根据这一特点在大学校园开展有针对性的干预.

目的:通过对比国内外长期护理保险研究异同,为我国长期护理保险的发展提供参考.方法:选取Web of Science(WoS)和中国知网(China national knowledge infrastructure,CNKI)数据库中长期护理保险的相关文献,应用文献计量学方法,使用CiteSpace软件对国内外长期护理保险文献进行可视化分析.结果:截至2020年,WoS和CNKI数据库分别有1061篇和1907篇相关文献.国外学者对失能失智状况研究并重,国内学者更侧重于失能状况研究.研究主题方面,国外研究偏向于长期护理改革、护理服务公平性等,而国内研究偏向于护理需求及评估、护理服务以及所存在的问题研究等.国内近5年研究热点为医养结合、照护服务、筹资模式等.结论:国内外长期护理保险研究发展存在较大差异,国外发展较早且渐趋成熟,国内尚处于初期探索阶段.为实现长期护理保险在我国的全面实施,未来研究应加强针对失智状况、照护服务、医养结合、筹资模式以及卫生经济学评价的研究.