The mechanisms of sex determination vary widely among teleost fishes, often involving species-specific master regulatory genes. In this study, we identify and characterize zbtb38, a novel BTB and zinc finger domain-containing gene, as a key regulator of male sex differentiation in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), a commercially important aquaculture species with an XX/XY sex-determination system. The zbtb38 gene is located within the sex-determining region and exhibits male-biased expression in gonadal tissues. Functional analyses revealed that RNA interference-mediated knockdown of zbtb38 in XY individuals resulted in partial or complete sex reversal to phenotypic females, while overexpression of zbtb38 induced upregulation of male-specific genes (dmrt1, amh) and downregulation of female-specific genes (cyp19a1a, foxl2). CUT&Tag-seq analysis demonstrated that ZBTB38 directly binds to regulatory regions of sex-related genes, including ptger2a, a key component of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway involved in ovarian development. These findings indicate that zbtb38 acts upstream of classical sex-differentiation genes and signaling pathways, functioning as a critical transcriptional regulator of male development in channel catfish. This study provides new insights into the molecular and epigenetic mechanisms of sex determination and offers potential applications for sex control breeding strategies in aquaculture.

The toxicity of N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone (6PPD-Q) in salmonids has been found to be sensitive to even minor structural changes on its alkyl side chain. Inspired by this, we herein isolated the enantiomers of 6PPD-Q and tested their in vitro metabolism and toxicity in rainbow trout (O. mykiss) and coho salmon (O. kisutch). (R)-6PPD-Q was found to be rapidly metabolized in rainbow trout liver S9 with a half-life (t1/2) of 11.4 min, which was 2.59 times faster than that of (S)-6PPD-Q. Similarly, (R)-6PPD-Q was preferentially metabolized in coho salmon liver S9. This was further evidenced by the preferential formation of an (R)-aryl-OH-6PPD-Q metabolite. Supporting this, enantioselective accumulation of (S)-6PPD-Q was found in rainbow trout in vivo. To further distinguish between kinetics and intrinsic toxicity, we tested the toxicity of 6PPD-Q enantiomers in the CSE-119 cell line with a minimal metabolism of 6PPD-Q. (R)-6PPD-Q was found to strongly induce cytotoxicity in CSE-119 cells with a median effect concentration (EC50) of 17.7 μg/L, which was 3.94 times stronger than that of (S)-6PPD-Q. Likewise, (R)-6PPD-Q was also the more toxic enantiomer in RTG-2 cells. In summary, this study reports the enantioselectivity of 6PPD-Q in both toxicity and metabolism.

Azoxystrobin (AZX) is a widely used fungicide for the prevention and management of agricultural diseases, but its adverse effects on non-target organisms have raised concerns. In this study, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against AZX were developed to establish an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) and a colloidal gold immunochromatographic assay (GICA) for AZX detection. Eight hybridoma cell lines capable of stably secreting anti-AZX mAbs were prepared, among which the mAb 2A3C6 with the highest sensitivity was used in the immunoassays. The ic-ELISA showed a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.61 mu g L-1, and the GICA demonstrated a visual limit of detection (vLOD) of 0.6 mu g L-1. Both assays demonstrated high specificity, with no cross-reactivity observed for AZX analogues. Spiked recovery and blind sample detection confirmed the excellent sensitivity and reliability of these immunoassays for detecting AZX in environmental and agricultural samples.

A novel amplified photoelectrochemical (PEC) aptasensor was developed based on the photoelectronic active and donor-acceptor (D-A) conjugated covalent organic framework (COF) for the efficient detection of zearalenone (ZEN). The D-A-conjugated COF synthesized through the reaction between trinuclear copper cluster (Cu3L3) and 4,4 ',4 ''-(1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triyl)trianiline (TAPT) (denoted as Cu3L3-TAPT-COF) comprised rich Cu-N2 singleatom sites and exhibited high photoactivity, narrow bandgap, and n-type semiconductor feature. It was simultaneously employed as PEC electrode and bioplatform for anchoring single-stranded DNA. Moreover, the p-type ZnIn2S4 semiconductor anchors hairpin probe strands that hybridized with the ZEN-target aptamer. By combining the target-modulated competitive binding method and the multivariate signal-amplified strategy, the Cu3L3-TAPT-COF-based PEC aptasensor exhibited a wide linear range from 0.1 pg mL- 1 to 20 ng mL- 1 and a low detection limit of 24 fg mL- 1, along with excellent and widespread practical applicability, offering promising applications in food safety.

BACKGROUND:Tembotrione, a triketone herbicide with high mobility and persistence, poses significant environmental risks by disrupting soil microbial ecology and threatening crop rotation systems. This study investigates the adsorption mechanism and ecological benefits of hydrogen peroxide-modified biochar (HPBC-700) for mitigating tembotrione contamination in soil environments. RESULTS:The oxidative modification introduces abundant oxygen-containing functional groups, including hydroxyl, carboxyl, and carbonyl, which substantially enhance the biochar's adsorption capacity and surface reactivity. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations and non-covalent interaction analyses reveal that hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking are the dominant adsorption mechanisms. Among the functional groups, carboxyl contributes the strongest binding due to its ability to form dual hydrogen-bond interactions. In addition to physically immobilizing the herbicide, HPBC-700 improves soil microbial diversity and enriches degradation-related functional taxa, particularly Proteobacteria and Acinetobacter, thereby alleviating pesticide-induced ecological stress. CONCLUSION:These findings highlight the dual function of HPBC-700 as both an efficient adsorbent and a regulator of soil microbiomes, providing a sustainable strategy for pesticide remediation and agroecosystem restoration. This work advances the understanding of biochar-pesticide interactions and offers new insights into integrating chemical immobilization with ecological recovery for effective soil pollution control. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.

Flufenacet is an aryloxy acetamide herbicide. The potential risks of flufenacet to the aquatic ecosystem remain unclear. In this study, the acute toxicity and developmental toxic effects of flufenacet on zebrafish (Danio rerio) were assessed at three different life stages: embryo, larvae, and adult. Larvae at 3 days posthatch and adult zebrafish exhibited higher sensitivity to flufenacet than embryos. The 96-hr median lethal concentration values ranked as embryos (9.79 ± 1.22 mg/L) > adults (4.36 ± 0.56 mg/L) and larvae (3.89 ± 0.98 mg/L), highlighting larvae as the most sensitive life stage. Flufenacet exhibited moderate acute toxicity to adult zebrafish. Flufenacet exposure induced various developmental abnormalities in zebrafish, including increased mortality, delayed hatching, reduced voluntary movement, inhibited hatching rate, shortened body length, bent spine, and edema in the pericardial and yolk sac regions. Additionally, the expression levels of ache, mbp, gap43, and syn2a were dose-dependently downregulated following exposure to various concentrations of flufenacet, indicating neurotoxic effects in zebrafish embryos. Specifically, the expression of gata4 and nkx2.5 was significantly downregulated only in the 5 mg/L of flufenacet treatment group, whereas tbx5 and myh6 expression showed a dose-dependent significant downregulation. The myl7 expression was significantly upregulated in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that flufenacet may induce zebrafish cardiac dysplasia through modulation of cardiac-related genes (nkx2.5, tbx5, gata4, myl7, and myh6). Expression of hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid-axis-related genes (crh, tshβ, tra, trb, and dio2) was significantly downregulated in a dose-dependent manner, indicating potential endocrine disruption of the thyroid gland in zebrafish embryos. These results contribute additional evidence regarding the aquatic toxicity of flufenacet, which is crucial for environmental risk assessment.

Fenoxanil is a chiral amide fungicide mixture that comprises two enantiomeric pairs. This study describes the baseline separation of fenoxanil stereoisomers via ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry using a Lux Cellulose-3 chiral column. The absolute configuration of the fenoxanil stereoisomers was confirmed via electronic circular dichroism. The elution sequence of the four fenoxanil stereoisomers was (1R,2R)-(+)-, (1R,2S)-(-)-, (1S,2R)-(+)-, and (1S,2S)-(-)-fenoxanil. The average recoveries of the fenoxanil stereoisomers in brown rice, rice husk, and rice plant ranged from 70.1% to 109.4%, with intraday and interday relative standard deviations of <9.4 and <11.7%, and a limit of quantitation of 0.05 mg/kg. Bioactivity assays against Magnaporthe oryzae revealed that (1R,2R)-(+)-fenoxanil is a highly bioactive stereoisomer, with 3.7- and 21.7-times higher bioactivity than the mix-fenoxanil (four stereoisomer mixture) and (1S,2S)-(-)-fenoxanil, respectively. The contribution rate of (1R,2R)-(+)-fenoxanil to the total bioactivity was 96.6%. The chiral carbon atom linked to the cyano group was identified as being crucial to the bioactivity of fenoxanil, with (1R,2RS)-fenoxanil exhibiting 2.2 times higher activity than the stereoisomer mixture. The findings of the study provide a basis for the reduction of fenoxanil use by using a single high-efficiency isomer, which is important for food safety and environmental protection.

Fluopyram, a novel kind of succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicides, has widespread utilized to control plant diseases or nematodes. However, the potential toxicity risks to non-target aquatic organisms of fluopyram have aroused wide concern. In this study, fluopyram was indicated as low toxic pesticide with 96 h LC50 to adult zebrafish of 17.82 mg/L. Fluopyram was classified as a moderately bioaccumulation pesticide with the BCF in zebrafish of 15.22-21.62, and found tend to accumulate in viscera tissues of zebrafish. Metabolites of fluopyram in zebrafish and water were identified and the toxicities to aquatic organisms of fluopyram and its metabolites were predicted by calculation model. Meanwhile, the metabolic pathways were proposed based on the oxidation and hydroxylation reactions in phase I metabolism and following by glucuronidation in phase II. The activities of detoxification and metabolism enzymes and expressions of related genes preliminary elucidated detoxification processes. These findings enrich comprehension of the ecological risks posed by fluopyram and contribute to a better risk assessment for aquatic organisms and human health.

Chiral pesticides often undergo enantioselective degradation during food fermentation. In this study, the enantioselective fates of seven chiral pesticides during processing of wine and rice wine were investigated. The results revealed that R-metalaxyl, R-mefentrifluconazole and S-hexaconazole were preferentially degraded during wine processing with EF values of 0.57, 0.78, and 0.43, respectively, whereas S-metalaxyl and R-hexaconazole were preferentially degraded during rice wine processing with EF values of 0.44 and 0.54, respectively. Stereoselectivity was attributed to fermentative bacterial activity. The processing factor (PF) values for the five pesticides ranged from 0.04 to 0.34 during wine processing and from 0.02 to 0.29 during rice wine processing, suggesting that fermentation can mitigate pesticide exposure risks and ensure food safety. This study enhances our understanding of enantioselective fate of chiral pesticides during fermented food processing, provides guidance for the application of chiral pesticides, and enables the dietary risk of chiral pesticides in processed products to be assessed more accurately.

Ethiprole is a widely used phenylpyrazole pesticide; however, microorganism-mediated degradation of ethiprole has not been reported. In this study, we isolated and identified a new and efficient strain, NC1, of Pseudomonas putida, using morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular methods. The strain, identified as Pseudomonas putida, utilizes ethiprole as a carbon source. We optimized the conditions for ethiprole degradation mediated by strain NC1 using the response surface method. Under optimal conditions (25 degrees C, pH 9, and 0.5% inoculation) we achieved a degradation rate of 79.7% within 24 h for a 50 mg/L ethiprole solution. A new ethiprole degradation pathway is proposed based on the main degradation products. The key oxidoreductase from the glucose-methanol-choline family, GmcF, involved in ethiprole degradation was identified through molecular cloning, and the degradation of other phenylimidazole insecticides by the new strain was verified using molecular docking. Additionally, we elucidated the mechanism underlying NC1 strain-mediated ethiprole degradation. We also examined the potential of the NC1 strain for the bioremediation of ethiprole-contaminated lettuce plants and soil. By optimizing this method, strain NC1 degraded 12.1% of 30 mg/L ethiprole in soil over 7 days. The half-life of ethiprole in treated lettuce plants with strain NC1 was reduced by 37.7% compared to the control group, indicating a significant effect of exogenous microorganisms on the elimination of ethiprole in lettuce plants. This study offers significant insights into the degradation pathways and mechanisms of ethiprole biodegradation and provided the basis for bioremediation of ethiprole.

With the expansion of farming regions and changing environmental conditions, the genetic structure of yellow catfish populations in different geographic areas may have undergone new changes. This study assessed the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of six yellow catfish populations from the Yangtze River, Huaihe River, and Ussuri River basins in China using ten microsatellite markers. The results showed that the average number of alleles per population ranged from 9.0 to 11.5, with observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.614 to 0.667 and expected heterozygosity from 0.588 to 0.727. The Ussuri River population (WSLR) exhibited the lowest genetic diversity (PIC = 0.569), while the population from Hongze Lake had the highest (PIC = 0.710). Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that 91% of genetic variation was within individuals, and only 3% was between populations. Fst values ranged from 0.014 to 0.069, indicating low genetic differentiation between populations. Clustering analysis, including principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), unweighted pair-groups method using arithmetic averages (UPGMA) dendrogram, and ancestral lineage analysis showed genetic separation between the northern Ussuri River population and the five southern populations. The results highlight the influence of geographic isolation on genetic differentiation. These findings provide valuable insights into the conservation and breeding strategies of yellow catfish germplasm resources.

Fenpropidin (FPD), a widely utilized chiral fungicide, has been detected in aquatic environments. This study systematically evaluated the bioaccumulation, depuration, biotransformation, and sensitive biomarkers of FPD enantiomers in zebrafish to assess their environmental risks. Compared with S-FPD, R-FPD demonstrated a higher rate of enrichment and an increased level of bioaccumulation. The half-lives of R-FPD and S-FPD were 0.49 ± 0.01 and 0.91 ± 0.02 days at 0.05 mg/L and 1.65 ± 0.01 and 1.85 ± 0.03 days at 0.5 mg/L. Nontarget metabolism analysis identified nine metabolites, primarily formed through hydroxylation, oxidation, dehydration, glutathione conjugation, and glucuronidation pathways. Some metabolites exhibited high toxicity, underscoring the necessity for continuous monitoring of their toxicological effects and environmental fate in risk assessments. The toxicity of S-FPD in zebrafish was 1.21 times greater than that of R-FPD. Furthermore, this study identified sensitive markers for the enantiomers at both protein and transcriptional levels using an integrated biomarker response approach. S-FPD exhibited increased sensitivity to apoptosis and metabolic gene expression, while R-FPD showed greater sensitivity to antioxidant kinase activity. These findings facilitate timely monitoring of environmental pollution caused by FPD enantiomers. This study provides critical insights for assessing potential risks associated with pesticide exposure to human health.

Tebuconazole is a widely utilized fungicide for controlling various fungal diseases in crops. However, studies have indicated that tebuconazole may have adverse effects on the human reproductive, digestive, and immune systems. In this study, three monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting tebuconazole were prepared. The ic-ELISA based on mAb 2H1C12 exhibited a half inhibition concentration of 0.23 ng/mL for tebuconazole. The mAb 2H1C12 model constructed with Alphafold 3 was docked with tebuconazole, and the results showed that hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interaction played key roles in recognition. Furthermore, a gold nanoparticlesbased lateral flow immunoassay was developed using mAb 2H1C12. The LFIA exhibited a detection limit of 2.5 ng/mL in the working buffer and 75 ng/g, 75 ng/g, 35.5 ng/g, and 75 ng/g in apple, cucumber, wheat, and soil samples, respectively. This performance satisfies the detection requirements for tebuconazole in agricultural products as regulated by both China and the European Union. Finally, the qualitative results of LFIA for the blind samples were consistent with the quantitative results of ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Sediment bacteria are crucial for maintaining water quality, preventing disease, and cycling nutrients in aquaculture ponds. In the present study, a total of 42 sediment samples were collected over the course of four months from three farms. By using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing techniques, bacterial communities were studied. Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Desulfobacterota, Firmicutes, Actinobacteriota, Bacteroidetes and Acidobacteriota were the dominant species at the phylum level in all samples. Spatial variation had a greater impact on the bacterial community composition and distribution of brackish pond sediments. Chloroflexi, Desulfobacterota, Spirochaetota and Latescibacterota were all substantially correlated positively with salinity. Moreover, salinity was negatively correlated with beta diversity. Salinity and total organic carbon were positively correlated with bacterial community distribution. This study was helpful to understand the response of bacterial communities to habitat changes, and provided a theoretical reference for the environmental supervision of aquaculture in sediment of brackish channel catfish ponds in Eastern China.

Salinity is an important environmental factor affecting fish growth and development. To investigate the effects of salinity stress on the growth performance, tissue structures, and expression of genes related to apoptosis and immune response in large-sized channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) juveniles, an 8-week salinity stress experiment was conducted. Six salinity levels (3, 3.8, 4.7, 5.9, 7.3, and 9 psu) were set according to an equal logarithmic concentration gradient method, along with a control group (0), and growth performance and physicochemical indices were measured. The survival rate of channel catfish in all salinity groups was 100%. Body length, body weight, weight gain rate, and specific growth rate decreased with increasing salinity, with higher salinity levels resulting in more significant reductions in growth performance. At 9 psu, both the specific growth rate (SGR) and weight gain rate (WGR) decreased significantly to 0.61%/day and 40.86%, respectively (p < 0.05). Histological analysis results indicated that with the increase in salinity, the number of intestinal mucosal folds relatively increased, while the number of goblet cells gradually decreased. Hepatocytes became more densely packed, and the hepatic lobule gaps widened. Apoptosis detection results revealed that in the liver, the number of apoptotic cells at 4.7 psu salinity was more than that in the control group and at 9 psu salinity. In the intestine, the number of apoptotic cells at 9 psu salinity was significantly higher than in the other two groups (p < 0.05). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis of the expression patterns of genes related to apoptosis and immunity showed that the expression levels of caspase 3, caspase 8, INF-I, IL-1β, and bax genes in the liver and intestinal tissues were higher in the experimental groups than in the control group, while the expression of bcl-2 decreased with increasing salinity in liver tissue but increased in intestinal tissue. These findings can provide theoretical guidance for the aquaculture of channel catfish in saline-alkali land.

Fenpropidin (FPD), a widely employed chiral fungicide, is frequently detected in diverse environments. In an in vitro rat liver microsomes cultivation (RLMs), the metabolism exhibited the order of R-FPD > S-FPD, with respective half-lives of 10.42 +/- 0.11 and 12.06 +/- 0.15 min, aligning with kinetic analysis results. CYP3A2 has been demonstrated to be the most significant oxidative enzyme through CYP450 enzyme inhibition experiments. Molecular dynamics simulations unveiled the enantioselective metabolic mechanism, demonstrating that R-FPD forms hydrogen bonds with the CYP3A2 protein, resulting in a higher binding affinity (-6.58 kcal mol- 1) than SFPD. Seven new metabolites were identified by Liquid chromatography time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry, which were mainly generated through oxidation, reduction, hydroxylation, and N-dealkylation reactions. The toxicity of the major metabolites predicted by the TEST procedure was found to be stronger than the predicted toxicity of FPD. Moreover, the enantioselective fate of FPD was studied by examining its degradation in three soils with varying physical and chemical properties under aerobic, anaerobic, and sterile conditions. Enantioselective degradation of FPD occurred in soils without enantiomeric transformation, displaying a preference for R-FPD degradation. R-FPD is a low-risk stereoisomer both in the environment and in mammals. The research presented a systematic and comprehensive method for analyzing the metabolic and degradation system of FPD enantiomers. This approach aids in understanding the behavior of FPD in the environment and provides valuable insights into their potential risks to human health.

In this study, the nuarimol enantiomers were successfully baseline separated with Rs 1.70 by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The absolute configurations of the nuarimol enantiomers were confirmed as R-(+)-nuarimol and S-(-)-nuarimol. The enantioselective bioactivity assay indicated that R-(+)-nuarimol exhibited greater potency against seven phytopathogenic fungi, with values approximately 1.4-3.5 and 4.5-51.4 times higher than those of rac-nuarimol and S-(-)-nuarimol. The active contribution value of R-enantiomer was 82-98%, showing that R-(+)-nuarimol played a crucial role in bioactivity. Meanwhile, R-(+)-nuarimol exhibited stronger effects in increasing the cell membrane permeability, compromising the cell membrane integrity, and inhibiting ergosterol biosynthesis. Molecular docking analysis showed that R-(+)-nuarimol possessed a stronger binding affinity to sterol 14-α demethylase (CYP51) than S-(-)-nuarimol, with docking energies of -7.42 and -7.36 kcal/mol. This study contributes essential data for screening a high-activity enantiomer of nuarimol and provide guidance for reducing used dosage and increasing the efficiency of nuarimolAQ.

Phenylpyrazole insecticides are widely used as chiral pesticides. However, the enantioselective toxicity and potential endocrine-disrupting effects of these insecticides on aquatic organisms remain unclear. Herein, the enantioselective toxicity and potential endocrine-disrupting effects of flufiprole and ethiprole were investigated by using zebrafish embryos/larvae as a model. The acute toxicity of R-flufiprole and R-ethiprole toward zebrafish embryos and larvae was 1.8-3.1-fold higher than that of the S-configuration. Additionally, R-flufiprole and R-ethiprole had a greater effect on the expression of genes related to the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis in zebrafish compared with the S-configuration. Nevertheless, both S-flufiprole and S-ethiprole exhibited a greater interference effect on the expression of genes related to the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis and a greater teratogenic effect on zebrafish than the R-configuration. Thus, this study demonstrates that both flufiprole and ethiprole exhibit enantioselective acute toxicity and developmental toxicity toward zebrafish. Furthermore, those pesticides potentially possess enantioselective endocrine-disrupting effects.

Tebufenozide is a non-steroidal insect growth regulator, which has been widely used in agriculture to control pests. Despite being recognized as an eco-friendly pesticide, its residues still can pose potential health hazards to humans. In this study, two haptens of tebufenozide were synthesized to prepare the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Out of the eight mAbs, mAb 5C5B6 exhibited the highest sensitivity (half maximal inhibitory concentration = 0.15 ng/mL) in the heterologous indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and was utilized to develop gold nanoparticle lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA). The cut-off value and visual limit of detection of the LFIA were 10 and 1.25 ng/mL. The detection results of both the spiked and blind samples demonstrated that the proposed LFIA exhibits high accuracy in detecting tebufenozide in agricultural products.

The widespread use of chiral triazole fungicide cyproconazole (CPZ) in agricultural fields has led to frequent detection of CPZ in the environment. The restriction of CPZ in the EU raised wide concerns regarding its potential endocrine-disrupting effects (EDEs). The present study was conducted to evaluate EDEs of CPZ stereoisomers in vitro, in silico, and in vivo. The reporter gene assay indicated that all CPZ stereoisomers were agonists to the human estrogenic receptor α. (2S,3S)-(+)- and (2R,3S)-(-)-CPZ exhibited stronger binding capacities to ERα compared with (2R,3R)-(-)- and (2S,3R)-(+)-CPZ. Our computational studies showed consistent results with reporter gene assay, elucidating the stereoselective binding mode of CPZ to estrogen receptor. In zebrafish embryos, the 96h-lethality of CPZ stereoisomers ordered (2R,3R)-(-)- > (2R,3S)-(-)- > (2S,3S)-(+)- > Rac- > (2S,3R)-(+)-CPZ. Stereoselective developmental toxicity of CPZ was observed while (2R,3S)-(-)-CPZ is the most toxic isomer. The estrogenic hormones were significantly decreased in (2S,3R)-(+)- and (2R,3S)-(-)-CPZ groups and enhanced in (2S,3S)-(+)- and (2R,3R)-(-)-CPZ, along with the gene expression in hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis altered. CPZ shows no thyroid hormone activity. These data clarified that CPZ is a new-found endocrine disruptor threatening human health and each stereoisomer of CPZ showed stereoselective EDEs by regulating the nuclear receptor-mediated gene expression.