Addressing the challenges of traditional reactive power compensation strategies in adapting to dynamic fluctuations in power grid reactive power demand and the tendency of optimization algorithms to fall into local optima, this study proposes a Hybrid Intelligent Differential Evolution with Simulated Annealing (HDESA) algorithm. It integrates the global search capability of Differential Evolution (DE) with the local optimization advantage of Simulated Annealing (SA), effectively overcoming the limitations of single algorithms. With the objectives of minimizing network losses and maximizing voltage compliance rates, an optimization model incorporating constraints such as equipment capacity and voltage magnitude is constructed, fully considering the actual operating characteristics of the power grid. A hierarchical coding scheme is employed to achieve collaborative decision-making regarding the siting and capacity configuration of compensation nodes, ensuring the rationality and feasibility of the optimization results. Simulations on the IEEE 33-node system demonstrate that HDESA achieves a network loss reduction rate of 28.6% and improves the voltage compliance rate to 100%. Compared to standard Genetic Algorithms (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), HDESA enhances optimal solution precision by 33% and 20%, respectively, and accelerates convergence by 22%, providing efficient technical support for power grid reactive power optimization and laying a solid foundation for practical engineering application.

The mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) is an economically important species in China, yet its innate predatory behavior poses significant challenges for adaptation to artificial feed. Understanding the intestinal adaptive mechanisms during the early stages of dietary transition is crucial for developing effective artificial feeds. In this study, 1500 juvenile fish were stocked in each of six net cages (3 m x 2 m x 2 m). Three cages were assigned as the control group, continuously fed live prey (L), and three as the treatment group, switched to an artificial diet (A) after a two-week acclimation. Intestinal samples were collected at 1 week (A1) and 3 weeks (A2) post-transition for histomorphological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analyses. Histological assessment revealed significant enhancements in intestinal architecture in the diet-fed group, including increased villus height, muscularis thickness, and goblet cell number (P < 0.05). Transcriptomic profiling indicated significant upregulation of genes associated with digestion (try1, pla2), lipid metabolism (fads2, fabp4a, dhcr7), and immune function (traf4a, il20ra, lamp2) (P < 0.05). KEGG enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes identified 10 pathways consistently enriched at both time points, encompassing lipid metabolism (e.g., Steroid biosynthesis, PPAR signaling) and immune-related processes (e.g., Lysosome, mTOR signaling). Metabolomic analysis further demonstrated a time-dependent immune and metabolic shift: the A1 group showed elevated levels of 2 '- acetylamino-p-phenylenediamine and leukotriene B4 (P < 0.05), suggesting initial immune activation, while the A2 group exhibited a rise in oxidative stress markers (9(S)-HODE and 12,13-DiHOME) (P < 0.05). Corresponding metabolic pathway analysis highlighted upregulation of PPAR signaling and taurine metabolism in A1, and enhanced activity of ABC transporters, linoleic acid metabolism, and glutathione metabolism in A2. Multi-omics integration revealed synergistic upregulation of the PPAR signaling pathway, arachidonic acid metabolism, and ABC transporters, demonstrating that mandarin fish adapt to short-term artificial feeding via coordinated lipid metabolism and immune regulation.

Microgrids controlled by virtual synchronous generators (VSG) experience inrush currents and voltage offsets during transitions between grid-connected and islanded modes. These phenomena cause fluctuations in active power and frequency, thereby affecting the safe and stable operation of the system. To address this issue and achieve seamless mode switching in microgrids, the fundamental principles of VSG control and the linear active disturbance rejection control (LADRC) algorithm are investigated in this paper. The second-order LADRC model is simplified and incorporated into the active power-frequency control loop of the VSG. This replaces the traditional proportional-integral (PI) controller in the phase pre-synchronization unit. The output frequency of the VSG is taken as the output of the LADRC, and the rated frequency is taken as the input of the LADRC, while regulating both the frequency and phase simultaneously. It also reduces the impact of inrush currents and voltage offsets during grid connection. This prevents excessive inrush currents that could destabilize grid integration and enables seamless switching between grid-connected and islanded modes. MATLAB/Simulink simulation models are constructed to compare the proposed control strategy with direct grid connection without pre-synchronization and with traditional pre-synchronization control strategies. The results validate that the proposed control strategy suppresses inrush currents and voltage fluctuations more effectively, which provides more accurate power tracking, and achieves better performance in mode switching.

Under the background of China's “dual carbon” goals, traditional energy supply modes dominated by single energy sources are facing multiple challenges, including low resource utilization efficiency, high carbon emission pressure, and insufficient consumption of renewable energy. Integrated Energy Systems (IES), owing to their advantages in energy synergy, structural optimization, and carbon emission reduction, have become a vital direction for energy system transformation. To address system robustness challenges in planned power outage scenarios, this study proposes a novel multi-timescale demand response optimization strategy. A dual-scale framework integrating hourly real-time optimization with day-ahead scheduling is established to enhance system resilience against uncertain outage risks. For carbon trading mechanism design, a multi-dimensional objective function system encompassing economy, low-carbon performance, and reliability is developed, with particular emphasis on coordinated regulation strategies for energy storage devices and flexible loads. Simulation results demonstrate that through proactive charging preparation of energy storage systems during pre-dispatch phases, the model maintains continuous power supply for 89.7 % of critical loads during outage events while effectively mitigating load shock impacts on system operations.

While long-term hepatic responses to formulated feeds are well-documented in mandarin fish, early adaptive mechanisms remain unclear. Mandarin fish were equally allocated to control (Paramisgurnus dabryanus) and test (acclimated to formulated feed) groups, sampled at 1 and 3 weeks. Formulated diet feeding for 1 and 3 weeks significantly enhanced growth performance but induced early signs of dietary stress, including microvesicular lipid deposition, vascular congestion, and elevated triglyceride and cholesterol levels. Gene profiling revealed upregulated hepatopancreatic lipid genes (DHCR7, DHCR24, SQLE) and antioxidant GSTZ1 (P < 0.05), but downregulated inflammatory IL1RA and ER stress marker HSPA5 (P < 0.05) in formulated feed groups at both timepoints. Comparative analysis of DEGs identified six overlapping KEGG pathways between the 1 week (AD1 compared with LF1) and 3 weeks (AD2 compared with LF2) feed groups. Four pathways were associated with glycolipid metabolism (Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis, Glycerophospholipid metabolism, Steroid biosynthesis, PPAR signaling pathway), while two pertained to immune regulation (Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism; Valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation). Metabolomic analysis revealed 124 significantly altered metabolites in the AD1 group, including upregulated glycerophospholipids (e.g., PC(P-16:0/PGE2), PE(P-18:0/PGE2); P < 0.01) suggesting membrane remodeling, and downregulated 3α,7α-dihydroxycoprostanic acid (P < 0.01) indicating disrupted bile acid metabolism. In the AD2 group, 240 differential metabolites were identified, with elevated 9,10-/12,13-dihydroxyoctadecenoic acid (P < 0.01) reflecting lipid peroxidation, and increased Formononetin 7-O-glucuronide (P < 0.01) indicating antioxidant activation. Multi-omics integration demonstrated suppressed carbohydrate metabolism but enhanced lipid pathways (e.g., steroid biosynthesis, glycerophospholipid metabolism) after short-term formulated feeding. Overall, these changes illustrate a coordinated adaptive response involving lipid metabolic activation, reduced carbohydrate utilization, and improved immune regulation.

传统的比例积分(PI)控制方法难以保证并联型APF(有源电力滤波器)在并网启动、负载跳变以及参考电压变化时对直流侧电压进行快速稳定控制.提出了一种具有大范围抗扰动能力的改进自耦比例积分(ACPI)直流侧电压跟踪控制方法.搭建了数学仿真模型,通过对不同工况下直流侧电压控制的仿真结果表明,提出的改进ACPI控制方法响应速度快、控制精度高、抗扰动能力强,对于直流侧电压波动具有良好的稳定效果,基于改进ACPI控制器的并联型APF系统具有大范围抗扰动鲁棒性.

The necessary condition for normal operation of modular multilevel converter（MMC）is to maintain stable operation condition at DC side,and the voltage equalization control of the bridge arm module is one of the important links of its control. In view of the disadvantages of traditional voltage equalization strategy in the aspects of calculation speed and switching loss,a kind of optimized voltage equalization strategy based on extreme index sorting algorithm is proposed. According to the voltage variation of the charge and discharge process of the sub-model,the reordering optimization is carried out on the basis of the extreme value index ordering and the number of switching operation is reduced. The Matlab/Simulink simulation software is used to model the MMC of 21-level. The obvious advantage of the extreme value index algorithm is reflected by way of simulating and verifying such four sorting algorithms as bubbling,mixing,extreme value index and optimized extreme value index,which reflects specifically in the low switching operation number and excellent speed of calculation. The C++ algorithm program is developed by using the Visual C++ 6.0 platform,and the simulation data operation is carried out,which has been applied to the control of the MMC reactive power generator.

针对交直流混合微电网中双向AC/DC换流器在外界扰动下出现的直流母线电压波动问题,设计了一种应用于双向 AC/DC 换流器的非线性扩张状态观测器(nonlinear extended state observer,NLESO),以实现对分布式电源功率波动和负荷投切变化等不确定因素的快速追踪与补偿,保证了在不同扰动下交直流混合微电网的稳定性.进一步提出了基于NLESO的改进积分滑模控制方法,提高了直流母线电压的控制精度.结合非线性光滑函数设计了滑模趋近律,消除了传统滑模控制中的高频抖振现象.通过Lyapunov理论对系统的稳定性进行分析验证,仿真结果表明该控制方法响应速度快、控制精度高、抗扰动能力强并且无抖振现象.

柔性多状态开关(soft open point,SOP)与传统联络开关相比功能更多,响应速度更快,是实现电力网络柔性互联的重要装置之一.SOP中开关器件的存在使系统运行状态在连续系统和离散系统间来回切换,提出对SOP采用更为合适的混杂系统模型进行建模控制.首先对各端口的8种开关模态进行分析,然后将 1个工频周期分为 12个子区间,通过系统连续状态量和各开关模态的关系推导出各子区间内开关模态的切换规则,依据切换规则设计了离散控制器,根据连续状态量相互之间的转换关系设计了连续控制器,综合得到了各端口在不同运行模式下的混杂控制器,最后在MATLAB/Simulink中搭建仿真模型,通过与传统建模控制方法的仿真对比,验证了所提方案的有效性.

针对含光伏充电站微电网内光伏出力和充电负荷的波动性,会使直流母线电压大范围波动,影响系统稳定运行的问题,论文设计了一种基于多智能体系统(multi-agent system,MAS)的含光伏充电站微电网能量管理方案.首先针对复杂的能源管理问题,论文构建了基于MAS的两级分散式协调控制结构,然后通过功率关系和储能SOC信息对光伏充电站运行模式进行划分,利用Petri-net(PN)模型对各Agent的模式切换行为进行描述,以此为基础对各Agent模式切换策略进行设计,并完成各单元控制模块设计,最后搭建仿真模型,进行仿真实验,验证了所提方案的有效性和优越性.

传统放射型柔性多状态开关(SOP)直流母线一旦故障会导致整个装置失效.提出了环网型SOP的接入方式,来解决直流侧故障问题,还能在控制各端口间功率传输的同时,实现无功补偿、谐波抑制和三相不平衡抑制等电能质量调节作用.对环网型三端口SOP数学模型和控制方式进行了分析,设计了各端口在不同控制模式下的控制器,并用混成切换控制理论设计了环网型三端口SOP的控制策略,使其能很好地实现故障恢复以及电能质量调节作用.在MATLAB/Simulink中搭建仿真模型,仿真结果验证了所提方案的有效性和可行性.

轴线检测在水轮机组运行、安装、检修维护与轴线调整的过程中,是一个很重要的环节,基于此对基于粒子群与最小二乘支持向量机算法的水轮机轴线校正方法进行了深入研究.首先,详细介绍了最小二乘支持向量机算法的原理;然后深入研究了基于粒子群优化算法的最小二乘支持向量机改进的水轮机轴线偏移检测的原理与基于该算法的轴线校正优化过程;最后,对轴线校正系统的硬件设计与软件设计进行了相关介绍,并给出了轴线校正系统的应用实例.

The sesquiterpenoid methyl farnesoate (MF), a crustacean equivalent of juvenile hormone (JH III), plays important roles in regulating many physiological processes in crustaceans, especially ovarian development and reproduction. Previous research indicates that degradation of MF in crustaceans is similar to JH III degradation, and involves specific carboxylesterases. Juvenile hormone esterase hydrolase (JHEH) is another important enzyme responsible for JH inactivation in insects. In this study, the full-length cDNA of EsJHEH-like was identified and characterized in Eriocheir sinensis. Sequence analysis showed that EsJHEH-like belongs to the microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH) family containing several typical motifs. Quantitative PCR results showed that EsJHEH-like was expressed primarily in the hepatopancreas. During ovarian development, EsJHEH-like mRNA expression in the hepatopancreas was elevated specifically in the early vitellogenic stage, prior to the remarkable rise in haemolymph MF titre reported in previous studies, but no significant changes in the ovary. In addition, EsJHEH-like expression in the hepatopancreas was notably greater than in the ovary at each stage except for previtellogenic oocytes. Furthermore, EsJHEH-like expression in the hepatopancreas was significantly induced in vitro and in vivo, but not in the ovary. Taken together, these results suggest that EsJHEH-like may potentially serve as an MF hydrolase involved in the degradation of MF.

The unique topological structure of a turtle shell, including the special ribs–scapula relationship, is an evolutionarily novelty of amniotes. The carapacial ridge is a key embryonic tissue for inducing turtle carapace morphologenesis. However, the gene expression profiles and molecular regulatory mechanisms that occur during carapacial ridge development, including the regulation mechanism of rib axis arrest, the development mechanism of the carapacial ridge, and the differentiation between soft-shell turtles and hard-shell turtles, are not fully understood. In this study, we obtained genome-wide gene expression profiles during the carapacial ridge development of Mauremys reevesii using RNA-sequencing by using carapacial ridge tissues from stage 14, 15 and 16 turtle embryos. In addition, a differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analysis and a gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of three comparison groups were performed. Furthermore, a Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis was used to analyze the pathway enrichment of the differentially expressed genes of the three comparative groups. The result displayed that the Wnt signaling pathway was substantially enriched in the CrTK14 vs. the CrTK15 comparison group, while the Hedgehog signaling pathway was significantly enriched in the CrTK15 vs. the CrTK16 group. Moreover, the regulatory network of the Wnt signaling pathway showed that Wnt signaling pathways might interact with Fgfs, Bmps, and Shh to form a regulatory network to regulate the carapacial ridge development. Next, WGCNA was used to cluster and analyze the expression genes during the carapacial ridge development of M. reevesii and P. sinensis. Further, a KEGG functional enrichment analysis of the carapacial ridge correlation gene modules was performed. Interesting, these results indicated that the Wnt signaling pathway and the MAPK signaling pathway were significantly enriched in the gene modules that were highly correlated with the stage 14 and stage 15 carapacial ridge samples of the two species. The Hedgehog signaling pathway was significantly enriched in the modules that were strongly correlated with the stage 16 carapacial ridge samples of M. reevesii, however, the PI3K-Akt signaling and the TGF-β signaling pathways were significantly enriched in the modules that were strongly correlated with the stage 16 carapacial ridge samples of P. sinensis. Furthermore, we found that those modules that were strongly correlated with the stage 14 carapacial ridge samples of M. reevesii and P. sinensis contained Wnts and Lef1. While the navajo white 3 module which was strongly correlated with the stage 16 carapacial ridge samples of M. reevesii contained Shh and Ptchs. The dark green module strongly correlated with the stage 16 carapacial ridge samples of P. sinensis which contained Col1a1, Col1a2, and Itga8. Consequently, this study systematically revealed the signaling pathways and genes that regulate the carapacial ridge development of M. reevesii and P. sinensis, which provides new insights for revealing the molecular mechanism that is underlying the turtle’s body structure.

Considering the problems of distributed power output instability, parameter perturbation and load fluctuations in direct current (DC) microgrids, an improved auto-coupling proportional-integral (ACPI) bus voltage tracking control method with strong anti-interference ability based on a three-phase AC/DC converter is proposed. Firstly, the uncertainty of the internal dynamics and external disturbances of the DC microgrid is defined as a total disturbance, and thus the nonlinear uncertain system is mapped to an unknown linear system. Secondly, a controlled error system under the inverse excitation of the total disturbance is constructed. Based on that, an ACPI controller model based on the improved adaptive speed factor is designed, and it effectively suppresses bus voltage fluctuations and improves the dynamic response speed of the system. Finally, the robust stability and anti-disturbance robustness of the ACPI closed-loop control system are theoretically analyzed, and a simulation model is built for verification. The simulation results of DC bus voltage tracking under different working conditions show that the proposed control method has a fast response speed, strong anti-interference ability for improing stability on DC bus voltage fluctuations.

终端能量路由器是能源互联网中一种重要的能量路由设备,构建其能量路由拓扑的最有效途径是采用基于电力电子变流技术的固态变压器.能量路由拓扑确定之后,能量路由控制技术直接决定着其运行特性.针对终端能量路由器能量路由的混成系统特性,使用基于混成系统理论的切换系统理论进行终端能量路由器能量路由控制.首先详细分析了终端能量路由器能量路由拓扑结构、工作原理.然后,深入分析了能量路由器能量路由的切换系统行为特征,建立了其切换系统模型.其次,结合空间矢量脉宽调制技术提出终端能量路由器多模态切换控制方法.最后,通过Matlab/Simulink仿真平台搭建模型验证所提控制方法的有效性.理论分析和仿真表明,该方法充分考虑了终端能量路由器运行过程中离散变量与连续变量的相互作用,具有切换时间短、切换过程平稳的特点,从而优化了动态调节特性,提高了控制跟踪速度和控制精度.

H桥链式静止同步补偿器(STATCOM)是目前高电压大容量无功补偿装置的首选.由于其直流侧各链节的电容存在充放电过程和无公共母线而相互独立,不可避免地会出现直流侧电容电压脉动与失衡问题,而保持直流侧电容电压稳定与均衡是实现STATCOM装置高效动态补偿的关键.为此,此处详细分析了 H桥链式STATCOM直流侧电容电压脉动与失衡的机理,提出了一种适用于其直流侧电容电压稳定与均衡的综合控制方法,采用零序电压注入法调节相内有功功率均衡来实现各相变流器直流侧电容电压间的均衡,通过控制相内子模块的有功分配实现各相内的H桥功率单元模块直流侧电容电压间均衡.最后,在实验装置中对该方法的可行性及有效性进行了验证.理论分析和实验结果显示,所提控制方法具有稳定性高、动态性能好的优点.

针对间歇性电源并网多逆变器并联运行环流突出、抑制困难的问题,论文提出运用混成自动机理论抑制间歇性电源并网多逆变器并联环流.论文首先详细分析间歇性电源并网多逆变器并联运行的混成特征和环流产生原理,得出逆变器输出电压与环流大小的数学关系.然后深入研究运用混成自动机理论建模与控制实现间歇性电源并网多逆变器并联运行环流控制的原理、方法,根据开关器件工作状态与逆变器输出电压的关系设计多逆变器并联环流混成控制器.最后,通过Matlab仿真平台进行仿真验证.仿真结果表明,本文所设计的环流控制器与相应的环流抑制方法的正确性与可行性,采用混成自动机模型能够实现较好的环流控制效果,能有效抑制多并联逆变器间的环流.

论文针对H型链式高压静止同步补偿器滑模逆系统控制方法所涉及的理论和技术进行了深入研究.首先,详细分析了H型链式高压静止同步补偿器的主电路拓扑结构及其工作原理,建立起了动态工作过程的数学模型;然后,根据H型链式高压静止同步补偿器动态工作过程数学模型,深入研究了其滑模逆系统控制方法的原理,建立起了逆系统模型,设计出了滑模逆系统控制器的原理结构;最后运用Matlab/Simulink进行了仿真.通过理论分析、原理推导、计算仿真和实验,验证了论文所研究的方法的有效性和可行性.