Pharmacovigilance in China has experienced rapid development in the past 30 years. The implementation of Good Pharmacovigilance Practice in China since the end of 2021 heralds a new era of pharmacovigilance affairs, which puts forward higher requirements for the quantity and quality of pharmacovigilance personnel. This study aimed to preliminarily explore the current career situations of pharmacovigilance professionals working in China for pharmaceutical companies. A questionnaire was adapted from research in the USA and Europe with the help of several pharmacovigilance experts. Snowball sampling was used to conduct an exploratory survey to obtain the frequency of basic demographic information, work status, and career expectations of pharmacovigilance professionals working for pharmaceutical companies. The personnel engaged in pharmacovigilance work for pharmaceutical companies were mainly medical or pharmaceutical undergraduates within 3 years of graduation. Their work intensity and pressure were relatively high. The training provided by their universities and enterprises could not well meet their needs to improve their job competence. Although they were optimistic about pharmacovigilance and will not change their career, most of them were planning to change their employers. There was a gap between the demand and supply of pharmacovigilance personnel. Relevant regulatory authorities and industry associations should guide higher education institutions to collaborate with pharmacovigilance specialists to strengthen pharmacovigilance education for medical or pharmaceutical students, on the basis of which pharmacovigilance certification courses and continuing education courses can be developed. Meanwhile, pharmaceutical enterprises should consider reasonably adjusting work intensity and income to avoid a high turnover rate.

Psychotropic drugs are frequently used for functional dyspepsia (FD); however, the efficacy of these drugs for treating FD remains controversial. We aimed to comprehensively compare the relative efficacies of different psychotropic drugs for FD in adults. To conduct this study, we searched the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases on March 10, 2019, and conducted a frequentist network meta-analysis on the search results. The primary outcome was treatment efficacy estimated by the proportion of patients who achieved a certain percentage decrease in symptoms or who dropped below the threshold of the global FD symptom scores. The secondary outcome was acceptability, defined as all-cause discontinuation. Odds ratios (ORs) were reported with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We deemed 10 trials to be eligible for analysis, and these trials included 970 participants and 10 psychotropic drugs. Flupentixol + melitracen (F + M) (OR, 10.00; 95% CI, 1.59 to 62.73), tandospirone (3.24, 1.38 to 7.60), imipramine (2.21, 1.02 to 4.79), and amitriptyline (1.71, 1.06 to 3.09) were significantly superior to placebo. According to the surface under the cumulative ranking curve, the most effective treatment was F + M (89.0%), whereas the least effective was R137696 (13.6%). In terms of acceptability, escitalopram (0.32, 0.11 to 0.92) was ranked as the worst drug (12.6%), followed by imipramine and sertraline. The present network meta-analysis suggests that F + M, tandospirone, imipramine, and amitriptyline are more effective than placebo as treatment for FD. Our results indicate that among the ten psychotropic drugs included, F + M is likely to be the most effective drug for alleviating dyspepsia symptoms.

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Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text Abstract Psychotropic drugs are frequently used for functional dyspepsia (FD); however, the efficacy of these drugs for treating FD remains controversial. We aimed to comprehensively compare the relative efficacies of different psychotropic drugs for FD in adults. To conduct this study, we searched the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases on March 10, 2019, and conducted a frequentist network meta-analysis on the search results. The primary outcome was treatment efficacy estimated by the proportion of patients who achieved a certain percentage decrease in symptoms or who dropped below the threshold of the global FD symptom scores. The secondary outcome was acceptability, defined as all-cause discontinuation. Odds ratios (ORs) were reported with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We deemed 10 trials to be eligible for analysis, and these trials included 970 participants and 10 psychotropic drugs. Flupentixol + melitracen (F + M) (OR, 10.00; 95% CI, 1.59 to 62.73), tandospirone (3.24, 1.38 to 7.60), imipramine (2.21, 1.02 to 4.79), and amitriptyline (1.71, 1.06 to 3.09) were significantly superior to placebo. According to the surface under the cumulative ranking curve, the most effective treatment was F + M (89.0%), whereas the least effective was R137696 (13.6%). In terms of acceptability, escitalopram (0.32, 0.11 to 0.92) was ranked as the worst drug (12.6%), followed by imipramine and sertraline. The present network meta-analysis suggests that F + M, tandospirone, imipramine, and amitriptyline are more effective than placebo as treatment for FD. Our results indicate that among the ten psychotropic drugs included, F + M is likely to be the most effective drug for alleviating dyspepsia symptoms.

In order to cultivate clinical pharmacy undergraduates to have better quality, Chongqing Medical University collaborated with The University of Chicago and University of Cincinnati in the reform of the course of pharmacotherapeutics. We build pharmacotherapeutics series curriculum with the center of disease, construct department of clinical pharmacy for transnational departments, build course leader and teaching team of pharmacotherapeutics series curriculum , compile teaching program and its material of pharmacotherapeutics series curriculum, build pharmacotherapeutics series curriculum and teaching model in line with the current direction of China's education system of clinical pharmacy training, reform teaching methods, and strengthen clinical pharmacy practice and community clinical pharmacy education.

In order to cultivate clinical pharmacy talents with better quality,Chongqing Medical University collaborated with The University of Chicago and University of Cincinnati,to make clinically oriented integration courses,build the new curriculum and teaching model in line with the current direction of China' s education system and the United States as the representative of clinical pharmacy training,strengthen pharmacotherapeutics,reform teaching methods,strengthen clinical pharmacy practice and community clinical pharmacy education,and implement cases discussion and interactive learning,and carry out formative evaluation,which will contribute to the training of clinical pharmacy students' comprehensive ability.

Clinical internship is for bachelor students to learn how to integrate theories in textbooks with clinical practice.Clinical pharmacist training is for pharmacists to obtain and enforce the capability of rational use of drugs.These two are at the different stages of clinical pharmacist cultivation mode.They are different in teaching nature,goal and students' background.The necessity of clinical internship bridged to clinical pharmacist training is discussed in this paper and after the convergence,the teaching design of chnical internship program bridged to the training is characterized by basic education which focuses on basic theories,knowledge and skills of clinical medicine and clinical pharmacy relevant to a certain common disease.The optimized internship program will work as a good foundation for students to face the challenges of clinical pharmacist training after graduation from school.

This article conducted the theoretical analysis and discussion from the perspective of constructing the professional post competency iceberg model of clinical pharmacy.Combined with the clinical pharmacy professional personnel training objectives and the clinical pharmacists professional training guide issued by National Health Planning Commission,we proposed professional quality standards to cultivate excellent clinical pharmacists,and explored the new curriculum system of the trinity of professional training,including broad knowledge,experienced skills and unique quality in professional field.And this new curriculum system should be highlighted by the disease-centered pharmacotherapeutics,and fit each constituent element such as knowledge,skill and quality into this system,so that the clinical pharmacy students can be competent for the future job,and the goal of training can be reached according to the way set by the iceberg model.

Pharmacotherapeutics course plays an important role in cultivating pharmacy students' capabilities to use drugs rationally.The emerging issues in pharmacotherapeutics teaching were summarized including teaching team lacking of clinical pharmacists,teaching content being unable to present the characteristics of pharmacotherapeutics,and teaching method focusing more on knowledge than capability.The counter measures were introduced such as building up a teaching team of clinical pharmacists,optimizing and integrating the teaching contents,and applying the case-based teaching method.

PURPOSE:Data on the utilization of immunosuppressants and incidences of cardiovascular complications after kidney transplantation are generally lacking in China. The objectives of this systematic review and analysis were to investigate the hypothesis that tacrolimus and cyclosporine have different effects on the incidences of cardiovascular complications among Chinese patients after kidney transplantation. METHODS:A comprehensive database research was performed in PubMed and CMB-disc. Random effect models and meta-regression were used for data analysis. Eleven eligible studies were retrieved (7 comparative studies and 4 conversion studies). RESULTS:There were 838 participants from the eligible studies. The incidences of drug-related hypertension, dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia were compared between tacrolimus and cyclosporine groups. Significant different odds ratios for dyslipidemia (40 vs. 20 %, OR 2.72) and hypertension (63 vs. 37 %, OR 2.93), but not for hyperglycemia (11 vs. 15 %, OR 0.705) were noted between patients receiving cyclosporine and tacrolimus containing regimens. The secondary analysis including comparative studies revealed a similar acute rejection rate, but significantly improved renal functions, lipid profiles and lower liver toxicity associated with tacrolimus. Significant reversal of hypertension and dyslipidemia was also noted in the analysis of the conversion studies. CONCLUSIONS:A significant association between immunosuppressant use and cardiovascular complications was identified among Chinese patients after kidney transplantation. Patients receiving cyclosporine-containing regimens and/or with chronic allograft nephropathy should be closely monitored for potential cardiovascular complications.

Recently, Clinical pharmacy becomes a new specialty of higher education in China. Therefore, building clinical pharmacy teaching quality monitoring system (CPTQMS) is very important not only for improving the teaching quality but also for training inter-disciplinary talents. We try to discuss the connotation and practice of CPTQMS from the objectives, measures and information system. We hope our work can present valuable suggestions for the construction and improvement of CPTQMS in Chinese higher education.

To the Editor . With the rapid development of China's economy, medical resources gradually have become more abundant, driving people to set higher expectations for the quality of medical services in this country. To satisfy the increasing demand for enhanced medical services, China's Ministry of

Master of Translation and Interpretation in medicine aims at cultivating professional translators and interpreters in medicine.This paper makes a discussion of the construction of academic degree granting schools from curriculum setting,teaching group and evaluating model,proposing to increase the proportion of medical class and practical translating class,integrate teachers in school and strengthen their teaching training,and utilize professional evaluation mechanism for students' translating ability.

Professional assessment in Chinese Higher Education has made great progress in three stages: the sporadic practice, trial and promotion. The authors present several comments on the characteristics and the professional assessment standards of clinical pharmacy in China, and focus on the scientific system of professional assessment.

USA is known worldwide as leaders and innovators in higher clinical pharmacy education and research. The doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) program has been served as the model for others countries. The top-ranked PharmD program is offered in the United States by the School of Pharmacy at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). In this paper, the curriculum setting of PharmD in UCSF has been analyzed. On the basis of analysis, its revelations to us are discussed.