Paired electrolysis represents a more environmentally sustainable and efficient approach for converting agroforestry biomass-derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and furfural (FUR) into valuable fine chemicals and fuel additives. A critical challenge in developing paired electrolysis systems for furanal compounds is finding the optimal potential matching between the anode and the cathode. One solution is to reduce the potential sensitivity of the anode so that the paired electrolysis system can be regulated only by the cathode potential. In this study, we employed the homogeneous catalyst 4-acetamido-TEMPO (ACT) to facilitate oxidation reaction at the anode, enabling the potential sensitivity of the anode to be reduced. The results displayed the furanal substrates oxidation proceeds through a non-electrochemical chemical reaction with the active oxoammonium cation (ACT+), rather than being directly governed by the anode potential. The paired electrolysis system exhibited enhanced catalytic performance, with a total faradaic efficiency of 190.69% and 189.11% in the FUR and HMF paired electrolysis setup, respectively. Furthermore, this system demonstrated excellent stability, maintaining a total faradaic efficiency of over 167.64% after multiple successive cycles. Additionally, the solar-driven paired electrolysis system showed commendable substrate conversion capabilities, achieving a total faradaic efficiency of 187.89%, comparable to that of the electrically driven system. The mechanisms of the ACT electro-oxidation of furanal compounds and the construction of paired electrolysis systems for furanal compounds were proposed and discussed. This work aims to enhance electrical energy efficiency and underscore the potential of paired electrochemical catalysis for sustainable biomass conversion in the green economy.

Woody bio-oil represents a promising renewable fuel for alkaline fuel cells (AFCs); however, its direct electrochemical utilization is fundamentally constrained by the low intrinsic electroactivity of crude bio-oil arising from its compositional complexity and limited abundance of redox-active species. In this work, a targeted solventextraction strategy is developed to selectively enrich electroactive components from woody bio-oil, thereby enabling the functional upgrading of biomass-derived liquids toward electrochemical energy conversion. Among the solvents evaluated, ethyl acetate exhibits a pronounced selectivity for alcohols, sugars, and phenolic compounds, establishing a quantitative correlation between bio-oil composition and AFC discharge performance. Under optimized extraction and operating conditions, the resulting AFC with 6 mL bio-oil as fuel achieves a maximum current output of 12.15 mA with a sustained discharge duration of 24.27 h. Comparative GC-MS analyses conducted before and after AFC operation confirm that alcohols, sugars, and phenolic derivatives constitute the dominant contributors to anodic electro-oxidation under alkaline conditions, providing mechanistic insight into bio-oil electrochemical conversion. Collectively, this study advances an integrated strategy combining selective component enrichment and electrochemical optimization, and demonstrates the potential of lignocellulosic bio-oil as a functional electrochemical energy carrier for high-value biomass valorization.

The low degradation efficiency and inconsistent product quality of conventional green waste (GW) composting require technological innovation. This study aimed to optimize the use of organic and inorganic bulking agents to improve GW degradation efficiency and product quality. Compound organic and inorganic bulking agents were formulated using peanut meal (PM: 0, 10, and 20 %), superphosphate (SSP: 0, 5, and 10 %), and carbonized rice husk (CRH: 0, 2, and 4 %). Monitoring of composting parameters (temperature, organic matter degradation, humification, bacterial community) and product quality (nutrients, phytotoxicity) identified T5 (10 % PM + 5 % SSP + 4 % CRH) as the optimal compound bulking agent. Compared to the control, T5 significantly prolonged the thermophilic phase by 7 days and produced the highest-quality compost product within just 28 days. T5 extended the thermophilic phase by 7 days, increased the organic matter degradation rate by 27.6 %, reduced the NH4+-N/NO3--N ratio by 52.0 %, and increased the HA/FA ratio by 59.4 %. Network analysis revealed that most bacteria have a positive correlation, indicating that symbiotic relationships may exist in the bacterial community. Among them, Sporosarcina is regarded as the dominant species. T5 enhanced the relative abundance of dominant species in the bacterial community, including Sporosarcina and norank_f_Bacillaceae, thus fostering a more uniform bacterial community and improving the biodegradation of GW. This study provided data for the use of PM, SSP, and CRH as organic and inorganic bulking agents, enhancing GW composting efficiency and product quality while offering a feasible solution for the sustainable utilization of agricultural by-products.

Inorganic tungsten trioxide (WO3) photochromic materials have attracted growing attention because of their superior photochemical stability, excellent reversibility and high contrast ratios. However, the weak mechanical properties and slow photoresponse speed hinder their development and practical application. Here, a highperformance and rapidly photoresponsive paper with a nanoarchitectonics of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)doped WO3 modified oxidized lignocellulosic (OLC) skeleton was fabricated by vacuum filtration self-assembly technique and in-situ growth process. The hydrogen bonds among OLC, PVP and WO3, together with coordination bonds between PVP and WO3, give the resulted OLC-based paper a high tensile strength (197.55 +/- 5.94 MPa), superior to most OLC-based/WO3-modified composites. Furthermore, PVP as an electron donor can accelerate the electron-proton double injection of the PVP-doped WO3 system and greatly improve the photo- response speed (10 min) of OLC-based paper. In addition, the paper pattern and reversibility test have proved its application possibility. This construction method provides an attractive strategy for sustainable development of photochromic materials in rewritable media, information storage and intelligent sensor.

Adoptions of bio-based carbon-negative materials and carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technologies are useful methods for expecting concrete to achieve carbon neutrality in the future. Biochar as a bio-based carbon-negative material added in concrete is promising to significantly reduce its carbon footprint, aid in CO2 sequestration and reduce carbon emission into the atmosphere. This study uses CO2-free and CO2-saturated biochar to realize carbon capture and storage (CCS) and even CCUS abilities of cementitious paste, which are evaluated by the total carbon emission including carbon storage, utilization and emission. It shows that both CO2-free biochar and CO2-saturated biochar have prominent effect on the CCUS ability of biochar-cement composite paste. Carbon capture and storage by biochar play the biggest role for CCUS ability of composite paste. Then a parameter, relative strength-to-emission ratio, is used to evaluate the comprehensive performance of compressive strength and CCUS ability of composite paste compared with cement paste. It finds that biochar dosage is of key importance to improve relative strength-to-emission ratio. However, in comparison with CO2-free biochar, CO2-saturated biochar is not a useful method for both reducing the total carbon emission and improving compressive strength of cementitious paste. That is to say, CO2 adsorption in not needed for biochar to improve the CCUS ability as well as the compressive strength of cementitious material.

Against the backdrop of the global “Bamboo as a Substitute for Plastic” initiative, China’s bamboo processing industry has expanded rapidly, generating large amounts of residues annually. To achieve high-value utilization of this biomass, this study optimized the fluidized bed pyrolysis process using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Bamboo residue served as the feedstock, with particle size (8–28 mesh), pyrolysis temperature (400–700 °C), and N2 flow rate (25–30 L/min) as independent variables. The yields of pyrolytic char, pyrolytic oil, and total product were targeted for optimization. Interaction effects between each pair of variables—such as particle size and temperature, etc.—were systematically evaluated, revealing significant coupling influences on product distribution. Optimal conditions were identified as 10–12 mesh, 577 °C, and 27.5 L/min N2 flow, yielding 28.65% char and 43.50% bio-oil, with a total yield of 72.15%, consistent with RSM predictions. This study confirms the effectiveness of RSM in optimizing bamboo pyrolysis and offers valuable insights for industrial-scale valorization of bamboo residues into biochar and bio-oil.

Bamboo parenchyma cells and fiber cells are the two main cell types in bamboo. Differences in their industrial composition and chemical composition lead to different thermal stability. In this study, the focus was on comparing the pyrolysis characteristics of bamboo parenchyma cells and fiber cells. The cells were mechanically separated, and the microstructure of the two cells was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) were conducted at different heating rates (10 degrees C/min, 20 degrees C/min, 30 degrees C/min, and 40 degrees C/min) to examine their thermal stability and pyrolysis behavior. The kinetics of pyrolysis reaction were calculated using the Coats-Redfern (CR) method. Pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py - GC/MS) analysis was used to identify and compare the compounds in the pyrolysis vapors of parenchyma cells and fiber cells. The results showed that at a heating rate of 20 degrees C/min, the residual charcoal rate of parenchyma cells was higher (20.91%) compared to the fiber cells (18.20%). However, the maximum mass loss rate and corresponding peak temperature were lower in parenchyma cells, indicating that parenchyma cells are more easily to pyrolysis compared to fiber cells. The CR kinetics indicated that the activation energy of parenchyma cells (69.96 kJ/mol) was lower than that of fiber cells (73.00 kJ/mol) at a heating rate of 20 degrees C/min. Activation energies and preexponential factors for both cell types increased with the heating rate. Ketones, phenols, and aldehydes were identified as the primary constituents in both cell types. Parenchyma cells exhibited a greater variety of ketone compounds compared to fiber cells, while the number of phenolic compounds was lower in parenchyma cells. Overall, this study provides insights into the thermal stability and pyrolysis characteristics of bamboo parenchyma cells and fiber cells. Understanding these differences is important for the comprehensive utilization of bamboo in various industrial applications.

The development of modern construction and transportation industries demands increasingly high requirements for thin, lightweight, high-strength, and highly tough composite materials, such as metal carbides and concrete. Bamboo is a green, low-carbon, fast-growing, renewable, and biodegradable material with high strength and toughness. However, the density of its inner layer is low due to the functional gradient (the volume fraction of vascular bundles decreases from the outer layer to the inner layer), resulting in low performance, high compressibility, and significant amounts of bamboo waste. We utilized chemical and mechanical treatments of bamboo's low-density, low-strength inner layers to create lightweight, ultra-thin, high-strength, and high-toughness composites. The treatment included the partial removal of lignin and hemicellulose to alter the chemical components, followed by mechanical drying and hot pressing. The treated bamboo had 100.8 % higher tensile strength (150.35 MPa), 47.7 % higher flexural strength (97.67 MPa), and 132.0 % higher water resistance and was approximately 68.9 % thinner than the natural bamboo. The excellent physical and mechanical properties of the treated bamboo are attributed to the contraction of parenchyma cells during delignification, the interlocking due to the collapse of parenchyma cells during mechanical drying, and an increase in the density of hydrogen bonds between cellulose molecular chains during hot pressing. Our research provides a new strategy for obtaining sustainable, ultra-thin, lightweight, high-strength, and high-toughness composite materials from bamboo for construction and transportation applications.

The depletion of petrochemical resources and concerns about the emission of harmful substances have prompted a shift from formaldehyde-based adhesives to renewable bio-based alternatives in the production of wood composites. However, many bio-based adhesives suffer from limitations such as low strength, weak water resistance and poor mold resistance. This study presents a simple approach for the fabrication of entirely biobased soybean meal (SM) adhesives, utilizing wood-derived bio-oil as both cross-linking agent and anti-mold agent. The incorporation of bio-oil resulted in a remarkable 487.5 % increase in wet bonding strength, reaching 0.94 MPa compared to the pure SM adhesive. Furthermore, the bio-based adhesive demonstrated exceptional anti-mold properties in wet environments, displaying significant efficacy in inhibiting mold growth. A life-cycle assessment of the proposed adhesive production process revealed a lower low environmental impact compared to other modified bio-based adhesives and traditional petroleum-based adhesives. Additionally, technical-economic analysis evaluated the minimum selling price of 822 $/t adhesive, revealing the excellent economic feasibility of SM-Bio adhesive. The findings underscore the environmental friendliness and sustainability of this fully bio-based wood adhesive, presenting a promising and eco-conscious alternative to conventional adhesives for the large-scale production of wood composites.

Biomass-based aerogels offer a promising potential as alternatives to plastic-based foams for thermal insulation applications. However, their inherent flammability has hindered their practical usage. In this work, we addressed this issue by employing a layer-by-layer assembly technique to deposit two oppositely charged biobased materials, namely phytic acid and chitosan, onto a fully biobased aerogel system. These aerogels were fabricated using cellulose filaments and chitosan and cross-linked with citric acid, resulting in a mechanically robust 3D structure. The synergistic effects of phytic acid and chitosan in the layer-by-layer deposited aerogels significantly enhanced their fire resistance and mechanical strength. The developed aerogel with six bilayer depositions (LBL6), showed an outstanding peak heat release rate (pHRR) of 6.0 kW.m(-2), and total heat release (THR) of 0.4 MJ.m(-2), substantially lower than the previously developed cellulose-based aerogels and foams. LBL6 also demonstrated immediate self-extinguishing behaviour, boasting an impressive limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 63 %, which is the highest reported for a biobased aerogel. Furthermore, the developed aerogels exhibited a superior Young's modulus of up to 4.5 MPa, surpassing previously developed flame-retardant aerogels. Additionally, they excelled in thermal insulation properties, with a thermal conductivity of less than 38.2 mW center dot m(-1)center dot K- 1, placing them in the same range as, or even lower than, commercially available thermal insulators. Given the simplicity of the aerogel development process and the well-known advantages of a completely biobased system, our developed aerogels present a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to current commercial thermal insulators that are derived from petroleum-based materials.

Bamboo scrimber is a new type of biomass fiber-based composite material with broad application. In this study, self-developed bio-oil phenolic resin (BPF) was used to prepare bamboo scrimber. The effects of hot-pressing temperature, hot-pressing time, and BPF resin solid content on the modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) were systematically investigated through single-factor experiments and response surface methodology (RSM). According to the Box-Behnken design (BBD) experiment of the RSM, the effects of all three factors on MOR and MOE are significant. The effects of the main factors affecting the MOR and MOE decreased in the order of resin solid content, hot-pressing temperature, and hot-pressing time. Based on BBD, the optimal conditions for the preparation of bamboo scrimber were determined as follows: a hot-pressing temperature of 150 °C, a hot-pressing time of 27.5 min, and a resin solid content of 29%. Under these conditions, the MOR is 150.05 MPa and the MOE is 12,802 MPa, which are close to the theoretical values, indicating that the optimization results are credible. This study helps to promote the full utilization of bamboo components and provides a reference for the development of high-quality bamboo scrimber.

The use of renewable resources for additive manufacturing has grown significantly as a means of advancing the ongoing shift to a green economy. This study uses bio-oil generated from the rapid pyrolysis of forest waste as a bio-based chemical to partially replace polyethylene glycol to synthesize a new type of bio-oil modified polyurethane acrylate, used in photo-curing 3D printing technology. The study explores the impact of the ratio of bio-oil to polyethylene glycol on the properties of polyurethane resin. As the amount of bio-oil added increases, the molecular weight of polyurethane acrylate decreases. Modified photosensitive resin showcases better suitability for photo-curing 3D printing, with lower viscosity and volume shrinkage, and its printed samples exhibit enhanced mechanical strength and improved thermal stability. In particular, when the bio-oil substitution rate is 20wt%, the tensile strength of the 3D printed sample increases by 70%, and the double bond conversion rate reaches 58.07%. Meanwhile, the hollow and branching structures of 3D printing have the characteristics of high precision and flexibility. Introducing bio-oil into 3D printing technology not only expands the application fields of bio-oil but also provides new considerations for the transition of photosensitive resins from petroleum-based to renewable fields.

Bamboo is a fast-growing plant with properties such as low cost, abundant resources, and good carbon sequestration effect. However, the swift growth of bamboo resources generates an immense quantity of processing waste, which is necessary to effectively utilize bamboo processing waste. The leftovers from bamboo processing can be reutilized by fast pyrolysis to prepare renewable bio-oil. In this study, bamboo bio-oil was partially substituted for phenol to synthesize phenolic resin with different substitution rates under the action of an alkaline catalyst, and then to serve as the adhesive to produce bamboo scrimber. Bamboo bundles were impregnated with synthetic bio-oil phenolic resin to create bamboo scrimber, which was subsequently hot-pressed. The research shows that modified phenolic resins with a bio-oil substitution rate of under 30% have good physical and chemical properties, while the free aldehyde content of phenolic resin with 40% bio-oil substitution exceeds the limit value (0.3%) specified in the Chinese National Standard. The thermal stability of phenolic resins was also increased after bio-oil modification, indicated by the movement of the TG curve to higher temperature ranges. It was found that the bamboo scrimber prepared with 20% BPF resin adhesive had the best comprehensive properties of a good mechanical strength, hydrophobicity, and mildew resistance, particularly with an elastic modulus of 9269 MPa and a static bending strength of 143 MPa. The microscopic morphology showed that the BPF resin was well impregnated into the interior of the bamboo bundle and had a compact bonding structure within the bamboo scrimber. The anti-mold performance experiment found that the bio-oil-modified resin increased the anti-mold level of the bamboo scrimber from slightly corrosion-resistant to strong corrosion-resistant. The conclusions obtained from this study have a good reference value for achieving the comprehensive utilization of bamboo, helping to promote the use of all components, reduce the production cost of bamboo scrimber, and improve its mildew resistance performance. This provides new ideas for the development of low-cost mildew resistant bamboo scrimber novel materials.

High-value utilization of residual lignin from the commercial bioconversion process is crucial for the more industrially relevant and feasible bioethanol production. Residual lignin generated from pulp and paper industry faces the similar situation. Bio-crude and biochar production via microwave-assisted pyrolysis is an emerging technology among current residual lignin conversion strategies. In this study, microwave-assisted pyrolysis performances based on the commercial bioconversion residual lignin and black liquor lignin (kraft pulping process) were systematically explored with the in-situ catalysis process. The results showed high amount of residual chemicals existing in both lignin samples successfully served as in-situ microwave absorbers and catalysts, which indicated a more economically feasible process. Pyrolysis parameters were further systematically studied with the goal of achieving optimized products distribution and quality. The results showed that with insitu microwave absorbers and catalysts, the bioconversion residual lignin favored bio-oil production (36% yield) with phenols, hydrocarbons and easters as the predominant components. While the black liquor lignin favored the production of biochar with high yield (57%), larger BET surface area (183 m2/g) and pore volume (0.123 cm3/g). Because of their unique chemical components and in-situ catalysts, both commercial residual lignin samples produced higher yield and better-quality biochar compared to raw softwood sawdust. In addition, the homogenous bio-oil production was also achieved from the microwave-assisted pyrolysis of bioconversion residual lignin by process optimization.

Bamboo is a typical biological material widely growing in nature with excellent physical and mechanical properties. It is lightweight with high strength and toughness. The naturally optimized bamboo structure, which has inspired global material scientists and engineers for decades, is significantly important for the bionic design of novel structural materials with ultra-light, ultra-strong, or ultra-tough and comprehensive properties. Typical literature on innovative composite materials and structural members inspired by bamboo are reviewed in this paper, and the research progress and prospects in this field are expounded in three parts. First, the structural characteristics of the bamboo wall layer along the thickness and height directions are described in terms of chemical composition, gradient structure, pore structure, and hollow structure with variable cross-section. Second, this paper summarizes the research progress on new composite materials and structural components by applying bamboo’s structural features from the perspective of sustainability, designability, and customization. Finally, given the limitations of current research, the biomimetic scientific research on bamboo’s structural characteristics is prospected from the interpretation of bamboo structure, new bamboo-like materials, and structural design optimization perspectives, providing a reference for future research on biomimetic aspects of biomass.

Under the background of green and low-carbon era, efficiently utilization of renewable biomass materials is one of the important choices to promote ecologically sustainable development. Accordingly, 3D printing is an advanced manufacturing technology with low energy consumption, high efficiency, and easy customization. Biomass 3D printing technology has attracted more and more attentions recently in materials area. This paper mainly reviewed six common 3D printing technologies for biomass additive manufacturing, including Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), Direct Ink Writing (DIW), Stereo Lithography Appearance (SLA), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM) and Liquid Deposition Molding (LDM). A systematic summary and detailed discussion were conducted on the printing principles, common materials, technical progress, post-processing and related applications of typical biomass 3D printing technologies. Expanding the availability of biomass resources, enriching the printing technology and promoting its application was proposed to be the main developing directions of biomass 3D printing in the future. It is believed that the combination of abundant biomass feedstocks and advanced 3D printing technology will provide a green, low-carbon and efficient way for the sustainable development of materials manufacturing industry.

Routine maintenance of fruit trees generates a substantial quantity of pruning waste each year. This waste is potential feedstock for producing energy, materials, and other products. The feasibility of making biochar from the waste via pyrolysis was evaluated. The effects of seven tree species, different pruning sites, and temperature on the pyrolysis process, and the physicochemical properties of the biochar were studied. Pyrolysis of different tree species at 500 °C yielded 27.5 to 33.3% biochar, with a high calorific value (approximately 30 MJ/kg), low ash content (approximately 4%), and capturing up to 60% of the carbon element present. Simultaneously, when the temperature was increased from 400 to 700 °C, the yield of biochar decreased from 35.8% to 24.3%, but the properties improved with the higher heating value rising from 29.2 to 31.3 MJ/kg and the iodine value from 234 to 252 mg/g. The biochar has a good pore structure with a specific surface area of 237 m2/g, total pore volume of 0.175 cm3/g, and average pore size of 2.96 nm. In general, biochar from the pyrolysis of fruitwood pruning waste generated here could be an ideal feedstock to produce high-value-added products, such as solid fuels, activated carbon, and electrode materials.

The natural pigment of monascus is favored by human for its special coloring and physiological activity, and its development and application have attracted much attention. In this study, a novel corn oil-based nanoemulsion encapsulated with Yellow Monascus Pigment crude extract (CO-YMPN) was successfully prepared via the phase inversion composition method. The fabrication and stable conditions of the CO-YMPN including Yellow Monascus pigment crude extract (YMPCE) concentration, emulsifier ratio, pH, temperature, ionic strength, monochromatic light and storage time were investigated systemically. The optimized fabrication conditions were the emulsifier ratio (5:3 ratio of Tween 60 to Tween 80) and the YMPCE concentration (20.00% wt%)). Additionally, the DPPH radical scavenging capability of the CO-YMPN (19.47 ± 0.52%) was more excellent than each YMPCE or corn oil. Moreover, the kinetic analysis results based on Michaelis-Menten equation and constant revealed that CO-YMPN could improve lipase hydrolysis capacity. Therefore, the CO-YMPN complex had excellent storage stability and water solubility in the final water system, and the YMPCE showed brilliant stability.

为促进双碳目标实现和加快循环经济发展,需要对城市中日益增多的园林绿化废弃物进行科学处置利用,解决其处理消纳问题,并加快实现园林绿化行业的绿色低碳发展.对园林绿化废弃物处置利用的背景和现状进行了分析,总结梳理了国家和地方相关政策,基于现存问题,提出从绿废处置利用法律体系和标准体系、收运保障机制、财税扶持、再生利用产品认证体系、新技术新装备新产品的推广使用、信息化监管与成效评定和科学普及与宣传示范等方面推进绿废科学处置利用政策体系建设.

Wood packaging waste with a high recycling value is one of the main components of packaging waste. However, most researches have been focused on natural wood, and less been known about the recycling of wood-based panel waste commonly used in packaging. This paper examined the pyrolysis of common urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin particleboard, including the decomposition characteristics of its nitrogen-containing adhesives, the product types, and how they were generated. The samples and pyrolysis products were analyzed by infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that the UF resin was the main contributor to the release of ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN). At low temperatures, more NH3 was released than the HCN, and at high temperatures, the reverse was true. A high heating rate promoted the release of the NH3 and HCN. The UF resin and wood in the particleboard interacted and caused the release of the NH3 and HCN. These results provide a reference for further study of the thermochemical regeneration of wood-based packaging waste.