To elucidate the antioxidant enzyme response mechanism of Rosa under low temperature stress, biennial Rosa xanthina f. normalis was used as materials in this study, simulating low temperature treatment by artificial condition under 4,-5,-10,-15 and-20 ℃ stress with 23 ℃ as a control, we analyzed antioxidant enzyme activity and related gene expression. The results indicated that MDA increased first and then decreased, SOD activity increased wavy, POD activity showed a trend with an upward and downward, and then upward. Transcriptome sequencing was performed under 4 and-20 ℃ stress with 23 ℃ as a control, a total of 6 classes including 29 antioxidant enzyme genes were significantly expressed, 9 genes（RxSOD1, RxSOD2, RxPOD42, RxPOD17, RxGST1, RxGST2, RxGPX6, RxAPX2, RxAPX3） showed upregulated at 4 ℃, 2 genes（RxSOD5 and RxPOD47） showed upregulated at-20 ℃.

This essay establishes three factors, i.e. organic fertilizer, chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer with cow carbide. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate influence of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer on yield and inner quality in spinach with fifteen treatments at five levels. The results showed that the contents of reducing sugar and nitrate nitrogen of spinach in organic fertilizer handling area was less than those in chemical fertilizer. No significant difference was found among the fresh weight, total sugar content and vitamin C content by utilization of organic fertilizer or chemical fertilizer.

[目的]杂草是玉米生长过程的主要制约因素之一,化学除草被认为是控制杂草最便捷、经济、有效的方式,但生产上苗前除草剂施药的关键时间不明确,试验旨在筛选出苗前除草剂最佳的施药方式和施药时间.[方法]采用随机区组设计进行田间药效试验.[结果]苗前除草剂的喷雾方式下采用喷雾防除第1天效果最好,防效达到88.09％以上,第1天喷雾对苘麻、打碗花和酸模叶蓼的防效显著高于第3天和第5天喷雾,滴药方式下采用第3天滴药防除效果最好,防效达到87.10％以上,第3天滴药对杂草苘麻、藜、反枝苋、稗草、打碗花和酸模叶蓼的防效显著高于第1天和第5天滴药.[结论]建议浅埋滴灌玉米田苗前除草剂第1天喷雾或第3天滴药效果较好.

本文综述了国内外玉米田杂草研究现状及群落动态变化,并探讨不同耕作方式、灌溉方式、耕作制度等综合防控措施对玉米田杂草群落变化的影响,指出合理的杂草综合防控措施能改善玉米与杂草之间的关系,有效控制一些优势杂草的发生,可维护玉米田杂草生物多样性和生态平衡.随着农业可持续发展的实施和深入,结合地方特点了解玉米田杂草群落结构的变化趋势以及优势杂草种群的确定是今后研究方向的重点和难点,能够有效减轻杂草对除草剂的抗性演变,可为玉米高产高效栽培奠定理论基础.

Background: Rose is one of most popular ornamental plants worldwide and is of high economic value and great cultural importance. However, cold damage restricts its planting application in cold areas. To elucidate the metabolic response of rose under low temperature stress, we conducted transcriptome and de novo analysis of Rosa xanthina f. spontanea. Results: A total of 124,106 unigenes from 9 libraries were generated by de novo assembly, with N50 length was 1470 bp, under 4 °C and − 20 °C stress (23 °C was used as a control). Functional annotation and prediction analyses identified 55,084 unigenes, and 67.72% of these unigenes had significant similarity (BLAST, E ≤ 10− ) to those in the public databases. A total of 3031 genes were upregulated and 3891 were downregulated at 4 °C compared with 23 °C, and 867 genes were upregulated and 1763 were downregulated at − 20 °C compared with 23 °C. A total of 468 common DEGs were detected under cold stress, and the matched DEGs were involved in three functional categories: biological process (58.45%), cellular component (11.27%) and molecular function (30.28%). Based on KEGG functional annotations, four pathways were significantly enriched: metabolic pathway, response to plant pathogen interaction (32 genes); starch and sucrose metabolism (21 genes); circadian rhythm plant (8 genes); and photosynthesis antenna proteins (7 genes). Conclusions: Our study is the first to report the response to cold stress at the transcriptome level in R. xanthina f. spontanea. The results can help to elucidate the molecular mechanism of cold resistance in rose and provide new insights and candidate genes for genetically enhancing cold stress tolerance.

中国古老月季是培育月季新品种重要的基因资源.分析其杂交亲和性,有助于中国古老月季品种在月季新品种选育中的应用.本研究历时4年以18个中国古老月季为亲本之一,与现代月季及少数野生蔷薇进行人工杂交授粉,统计结实及发芽率,分析其杂交结实特性.结果表明,散粉量多的品种有6个,分别为'大富贵,、'思春'、'一品朱衣'、'月月粉'、'紫红香'、'紫香绒';离体花粉萌发率偏低,20％以上的品种有'玉玲珑'、'一品朱衣'、'月月粉'、'紫香绒'、'大富贵'、'思春'、'葡萄红'.共配置杂交组合285个,杂交1190朵花,结实271朵,结实率为22.77％,获得4744粒种子,1833粒发芽,发芽率为38.64％.综合分析发现,'大富贵'、'葡萄红'、'软香红'、'思春'、'一品朱衣'、'云蒸霞蔚'、'紫红香'、'紫香绒'8个品种结实性较高,易获得杂交后代.

为了筛选浅埋滴灌种植春玉米适宜的除草剂种类以及减量下的防控效果,选用不同种类的土壤封闭型除草剂和茎叶型除草剂对玉米田杂草进行防控,采用田间小区药效试验,分别于不同时期调查杂草种类、株数以及防效.研究结果表明,施用封闭型除草剂对杂草防效结果为:64％乙·莠·滴丁酯防效较好,并且在低浓度下施药后30 d防效可以达到88％以上,是理想的玉米除草剂;64％乙·莠·滴丁酯悬浮剂3000 mL/hm2处理替代38％莠去津悬浮剂4500 mL/hm2,可减少除草剂使用量的33.33％.施用苗后茎叶型除草剂对玉米杂草防效结果为:28％(5.5％+20％+2.5％)硝·烟·莠防效较好,并且在低浓度下防效也较高,施药后30 d防效达到84.48％,其次是烟嘧·莠去津防效达到80.68％;24％(4％+20％)烟嘧·莠去津可分散油悬浮剂1500 mL/hm2和28％(5.5％+20％+2.5％)硝·烟·莠可分散油悬浮剂2400 mL/hm2、2700 mL/hm2处理替代38％莠去津悬浮剂6000 mL/hm2,药剂混用后可分别降低除草剂使用量的75％、60％和55％.试验结果可为通辽地区浅埋滴灌栽培模式下玉米田化学防草提供理论依据.

以洋桔梗品种'超级魔术'为试验材料,研究不同基质配方对洋桔梗幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:基质的容重、孔隙度、pH值、电导率等符合一般基质育苗的要求;不同基质配方对洋桔梗育苗影响差异显著,草炭:腐叶土:蛭石=3:6:1配方,无论是理化性质还是对幼苗生长的影响,综合表现最好.

Aim to screen cold-resistance rose resources beneficial for northern urban gardens, cold injury investigation was carried out from 224 rose cultivars,which located at sunlight greenhouse with half-open in Liaoyang city. The result indicated that all of the 22 rose cultivars were normal growth with no cold injury; 41 cultivars were slight cold injury; 74 cultivars of above-ground plants were frozen to death, 9 cultivars of the whole plants were died; the other 78 cultivars had a certain degree of cold injury. 44 individuals of 63 rose cultivars with cold-resistance showed growing well and high branching ability, thus, it can be try out to urban landscaping in the northern city.

中国古老月季为月季育种提供了珍贵的基因资源.本研究利用RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA)标记分析22个中国古老月季的遗传多样性,明确了它们之间的亲缘关系,为现代月季育种工作提供了理论依据.40个RAPD引物在22个中国古老月季中共扩增出321个条带,其中301个为多态性条带,占93.77％,平均每个引物产生多态性条带7.525个.应用NTSYSpc 2.10e软件进行遗传一致度和遗传距离分析后用UPGMA方法进行聚类分析.结果 表明,22个中国古老月季之间的遗传一致度在0.465 1～0.930 2之间,平均为0.657 8;遗传距离为0.071 7～0.812 6,平均为0.402 5.在遗传距离为0.627 9时可将22个中国古老月季划分成两大类.第一大类包括‘大富贵’和‘青莲学士’;第二大类包括:‘四面镜’‘月月红’‘绿萼’‘紫红香’‘金粉莲’‘金欧泛绿’‘春水绿波’‘桔囊’‘云蒸霞蔚’‘紫香绒’‘紫燕飞舞’‘思春’‘羽仕妆’‘朱衣一品’‘湖中月’‘玉玲珑’‘葡萄红’‘月月粉’‘软香红’‘赤胆红心’20个.在遗传距离最小的0.071 7处,有‘月月红’和‘绿萼’两个品种,其RAPD分子标记相似性达到了93.02％.本研究中分析的22个中国古老月季间表现出丰富的遗传多样性.

筛选耐寒月季(Rosa chinensis Jacq.)资源对在寒冷地区增加绿化、提高观赏效果具有重要意义,试验对105份月季资源在自然越冬条件下进行了耐寒性调查.结果表明,供试月季资源总体成活率为64.74％,品种间耐寒指数分布在0.25～1.00,成活率为0～100％,跨度均比较大;100％成活的品种有15个,全部死亡的品种有7个.成活率与耐寒指数之间存在一定的相关性(R2=0.686 1);成活率越高,耐寒指数越分散.结合月季生长势、观赏性状等特性,最终筛选出20个适合在辽阳市绿化观赏应用的耐寒月季品种.

以红、粉、白3种花色21个“茶香”月季品种为亲本材料,研究了不同花色组合后代的花色表现,总结花色遗传趋势,以期为月季杂交育种亲本花色的选择和选配提供参考.结果表明:红色与红色、红色与粉色、粉色与红色、粉色与粉色月季品种的杂交后代花色几乎是红色系和粉色系;白色与红色、粉色月季品种杂交,后代除红色系和粉色系外,还出现其它花色.

It is very important to screen resistance resources to rose powdery mildew for screening cultivation varieties and resistance breeding in rose.In this study,349 rose cultivars were screened,which were derived from different regions and types.All the rose resources were classified into 5 levels including high disease resistant,disease resistant,middle disease resistant,susceptible and highly susceptible according to the survey.The results indicated that the resistance to rose powdery mildew was diversified.182 accessions of rose resources were disease resistant,accounting for 52.15％,and other 167 accessions were susceptible,accounting for 47.85％.In addition,13 accessions showed high resistance (3.72％).27 accessions of all the 349 rose resources were from China ancient rose varieties,of which 11 showed disease resistance,accounting for 40.74％ of the varieties.Screening of resistance to powdery mildew in rose resources could provide a foundation for the cultivation and variety breeding of rose.

为获得抗月季(Rosa hybrida Hort.)根癌病、根腐病复合砧木品种,以R.hybrida Hort.cv.PEKcougel及4倍体蔷薇(R.multiflora Thunb.cv.Matsushima No.3)杂交获得的3株杂交后代为试材,进行了根癌病、根腐病抗性鉴定、扦插成活率及嫁接亲和性试验.结果表明,3株杂交后代的肿瘤形成率约为20％,具有较强的根癌病抗性;插穗褐变度为20％左右,显著低于感病品种R.hybrida cv.Nakashima 91,具有较强的根腐病抗性;扦插成活率为70％左右,达到了生产上的要求;杂种后代R.hybrida×multiflora F1 No.5嫁接成活率为80％,其他两个后代达到了100％.结合枝条综合性状考虑,杂交后代R.hybrida×multifloraF1 No.1生长势强,枝条伸长性好,少刺,有望成为抗月季根癌病、根腐病的复合砧木品种.

In our studies,the vase quality of 7 cut rose cultivars was tested,which had a long span of vase life from 3.67 d in ‘Peach Avalanche’to 16.67 d in ‘Avalanche’.And,it is suitable for ornamental during vase period in ‘Samurai08’and ‘Pink Aroma Beauty’.The results showed the same decline tendency as the moisture balance and cut flower weight among the different cultivars, with a strong positive correlation (r=0.9957).The vase life of‘Huanzhu’and ‘Pink Aroma Beauty’selected by Liaoning Research Institute of Cash Crop was 5.34 d and 7.67 d,respectively.In addition,‘Pink Aroma Beauty’can be comparable with other international cut rose because of its excellent comprehensive characters and strong fragrance.

Taking rose cultivar‘Chinese red'as test material,the flowers open at different stages as well as branches in different parts of rooting situation were studied,and the cuttings endogenous hormones gibberellic acid(GA)content,indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)content were determined.The results showed that the survival rate of cuttings of different treatments existed large differences,the survival rate of upper and middle branches in early and middle period of flower could reach more than 60%.Endogenous hormones GA,IAA contents with the performance of the law was open flowers and branches from top to down progress decreasing trend performance,which was consistent with the results of cutting survival rate,the endogenous hormone GA and IAA content was higher,cutting survival rate was higher.Based on the above results,in the actual production,the flowers open before the middle of the mid-branches could be used as cuttings.

Night break effect is widely used in chrysanthemum production by applying incandescent (INC) lamps to inhibit flowering of chrysanthemum in order to obtain longer shoots. To save energy, LED lamps had been developed as a new light source and used in agriculture. Since there is limited research on chrysanthemums grown in LED light culture, we studied the night break effect by using several different wavelengths of LED lamps. Red (R) light from LED-630 and LED-660 had perfect inhibition on floral bud differentiation in 'Jimba,' but could not inhibit that in 'Iwa no hakusen' chrysanthemums. The far-red (FR) light of LED-735 had no effect on the inhibition of floral bud differentiation in 'Jimba,' but it was delayed in 'Iwa no hakusen.' Treatments of LED-690 and INC lamps inhibited floral bud differentiation in 'Jimba' and strongly delayed that in 'Iwa no hakusen.' Treatments of a combination of R light of LED-660 and FR light of LED-735 inhibited floral bud differentiation in both the cultivars.

It has been attempted to develop multiple resistant rootstock against rose root rot (Pythium helicoides Drechsler) and crown gall disease (Rhizobium radiobacter (Beijerinck and van Delden, 1902) Young et al., 2001) using tetraploid Rosa multiflora 'Matsushima No.3' and R. 'PEKcougel'. However, hybrid identification based on conventional morphological characteristics is difficult, and establishment of hybrid diagnosis by DNA markers is desired. In this study, we attempted to develop specific DNA markers of R. multiflora. Three hundred 10 mer random oligonucleotide primers were screened, and a unique polymorphic fragment in R. multiflora amplified by OPAK16 primer was identified. This fragment could distinguish between roses with cross-fertilization genealogy with R. multiflora and roses with no relationship with R. multiflora. This specific fragment was cloned, sequenced and converted into a sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker-SCAK16, which can amplify a 583 base pair (bp) fragment only in roses with relatedness to R. multiflora. This result indicated that SCAK16(583) was a species-specific marker of R. multiflora that could be used in a marker-assisted breeding program for hybrid identification of R. multiflora.

[Objective] This study aimed to analyze the ploidy of Chinese old roses and their progenies.[Method] The ploidy level of 38 roses was examined by the flow cytometry.[Result] The four Chinese old roses that influenced breeding of modern roses were diploid.Since the progenies of these Chinese old roses crossed with the tetraploid European old roses were almost tetraploid,it is probable that the progenies were arisen by the unreduced gametes of the Chinese old roses.Other Chinese old roses analysed were triploid,it was presumed that triploids and diploids were intermingled in China of the 1700s and the plant hunters preferred the more fertile Chinese old roses to be introduced to Europe.Sixteen hybrids of Chinese old rose originated in China consisted of six diploids,five triploids and five tetraploids.[Conclusion] Although these diploid Chinese roses might be the progeny brought by crossing among only Chinese old roses,it was considered that triploids and tetraploids have been arisen by crossing between European old roses and Chinese old rose.