Although leveraging the interaction with endophytic fungi is an efficient and environment-friendly strategy for plants to enhance growth and resistance, how different endophyte species influence host plants' resilience in adverse conditions remain comparatively unclear. In order to explore the effect of endophytic fungi on the aluminum resistance of woody host plants, Vernicia montana seedlings were subjected to different aluminum concentrations (T0, T1, T2, T3, T4) in this study. The aluminum contents in roots, leaves and rhizospheric soil of V. montana seedlings were determined after applying endophyte suspensions of Pestalotiopsis (NP), Alternaria (LA), Penicillium (QP), Coniothyrium (DC) and Thermophilic (ST) spp. The results showed that aluminum stress treatment, endophytic fungi treatment and their interaction had significant effects on aluminum content in leaves, aluminum content in roots, aluminum content in rhizospheric soil, and the transport and retention rate of aluminum ions in soil-root-leaf. With the increase of aluminum concentrations, the aluminum content in leaves of V. montana increased in the endophyte treatments of LA and ST, decreased in CK, NP and DC, or had marginal variation in QP treatment. Compared with T0, four endophyte treatments of LA, QP, DC and ST significantly reduced root aluminum content under T4 concentration (P < 0.05), contrary to the results of NP treatment. Endophyte treatments significantly increased root aluminum content of V. montana under T1 concentration (P < 0.05). The foliar Al content in fungi-inoculated seedlings was significantly lower than that of the non-inoculated ones under T0 and T3 levels (P < 0.05), the LRR is less than 1, while the opposite trend was observed under T2 and T4 treatments. The aluminum transport coefficient TFsoil-root and TFroot-leaf increased in different proportions under the same aluminum concentration. The findings indicate that the application of endophytic fungi change the aluminum contents and transport from rhizospheric soil, roots to leaves. The specific effects of endophytic fungi vary with the degree of aluminum stress and the fungi genus. The study proves that inoculation of endophytic fungi can improve the aluminum tolerance of host plants, and thereby play an important role in promoting the sustainable development of forestry.

Long-term monocultures of tea and the excessive use of chemical fertilizer lead to the degradation of soil quality. Improving the soil quality of ex-tea plantations through vegetation restoration is an important task. However, the changes in soil nutrients, fungal communities, and the effects of microorganisms on soil nutrients after reforestation remain unclear. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to explore the effects of Pinus and Chinese fir on soil nutrients and fungal communities in ex-tea plantation areas that were subjected to the reforestation modes of pure forest and mixed forest by measuring soil chemical properties and ITS rRNA gene sequences. The results showed that (1) after reforestation, the relative normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of the Mixed forest, Mixed Pine and Mixed Fir areas increased (p < 0.05) compared to that of pure forest; (2) the soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and N:P ratios of the mixed forest increased by an average of 54%, 90%, and 299% (p < 0.05) compared to pure forest, whereas the total phosphorus (TP) and available potassium (AK) decreased by an average of 39% and 89% (p < 0.05); and (3) there was no significant difference in the diversity of the fungal communities of the pure and mixed forests, but the fungal phyla Mucoromycota, Glomeromycota, and Rozellomycota were significantly different in the pure and mixed forests. This differing microbial composition led to a significant increase (p < 0.05) in symbiotrophs (ecotomycorhizal, ericoid mycorhizal) in the mixed forest, which was negatively correlated with the soil TP and positively correlated with the TN and the N:P ratio. In addition, there was also a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in complex nutrient types (ectomycorrhizal-fungal parasite-plant saprotroph-wood saprotroph), which were negatively correlated with the SOC and TN, and arbuscular mycorrhizas, which were positively correlated with the TP. Our results show that the chemical properties of soils and the structure of the fungal communities changed significantly due to the reforestation of Chinese fir and Pinus, and the mixed forest mode of reforestation was more conducive to improving the soil quality; therefore, a mixed forest of Chinese fir and Pinus can be used to improve degraded soils in ex-tea planting areas.

林学专业的森林康养方向是近年来为满足"健康中国"国家战略的人才需求和践行"绿水青山就是金山银山"理念而新设的培养方向,其人才培养目标是满足我国大力发展森林康养产业的需求."森林生态学"是林学专业(森林康养班)的核心课程,教学重点关注森林生态系统中各类生物间及其与森林环境的相互关系,同时涉及生物学、环境学和森林经营管理学等多学科的交叉.该课程在教学中存在理论教学内容繁杂、课程案例缺乏专业衔接、缺乏实践教学环节等问题.提出了林学专业(森林康养班)核心课程"森林生态学"的教学改革举措:依据专业需求与培养目标,调整优化理论教学内容;通过丰富多样的教学方法增强理论教学内容与专业的衔接度,充分发掘和填补专业案例库;充分利用地区资源和森林康养基地,增加实践教学环节,并开展特色实践教学活动.课程教学改革提高了教学内容与林学专业(森林康养班)的契合度,有效激发了学生的学习兴趣和积极性,增强了学生理论联系实际的能力,树立了学生对专业的自信心和使命感,提升了课程教学的效果与质量.

为阐明光强与酸雨及其交互作用对常绿阔叶树种幼苗生长的影响,在100％自然光(L1)、50％自然光(L2)和20％自然光(L3)3种光环境下分别设置对照(pH值7.0,ACK)、重度酸雨(pH值2.5,A1)、中度酸雨(pH值4.0,A2)及轻度酸雨(pH值5.6,A3)等处理,测定和分析木荷幼苗苗高、地径和各器官生物量.结果表明:胁迫150 d后,光强对木荷幼苗苗高和地径有极显著影响(P<0.01);酸雨仅对地径有显著影响(P<0.05),光强和酸雨对苗高和地径无明显交互作用.光强对木荷幼苗各器官生物量有极显著影响(P<0.01),遮阴总体抑制了幼苗生长;酸雨仅对幼苗叶和茎生物量产生极显著影响(P<0.01),光强和酸雨对叶生物量具有显著(P<0.05)的交互作用,而对茎生物量有极其显著(P<0.01)的交互作用;重度酸雨(A1)在3种光环境下分别显著降低了48.8％、13.8％和32.2％的茎生物量,却分别提高了24.4％、37.0％和7.6％的叶生物量.光强、酸雨和其交互作用均对茎重比和茎根比有极显著影响(P<0.01).综上所述,酸雨对苗木早期生长是抑制还是促进作用取决于其所处的光环境、pH值和器官,适度遮阴下酸雨促进效应明显.

【Objective】The differences in leaf nutrient content and nutrient resorption efficiency of different canopies of A. montana forest were analyzed, and the relationship between A. montana leaf nutrient resorption efficiency and nutrient contents in leaves and soil was studied.【Method】The Aleurites montana forest, planted after the coniferous forests with low production being cut down and cultivated as ecological forest conforming to the nature, was taken as test materials. The contents of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in leaves of the upper and lower canopies of A. montana were determined in the peak vegetative period (July) and the defoliating period (October).【Result】The macronutrients N, P, K, Ca and Mg in senescent leaves were significantly lower than those in mature leaves and there was no nutrient enrichment in senescent leaves. The N contents of mature and senescent leaves in the upper canopy were significantly higher than those in the lower canopy. The K content in mature leaves of upper layer was significantly higher than that in the lower canopy. Ca resorption efficiency was significantly lower than that of other nutrients, with only 14.935 (±3.191) %. In addition, the resorption efficiency of Mg in the lower canopy was significantly higher than that in the upper canopy. There was no significant difference in the resorption efficiencies of other nutrients between upper and lower canopies. There was a significant negative correlation between K resorption efficiency and K content in mature and senescent leaves, and a significant positive correlation between Ca resorption efficiency and Ca content in mature leaves. There was a significant positive correlation between N resorption efficiency and soil hydrolyzed nitrogen. The K resorption efficiency was negatively correlated with soil total K content, but positively correlated with soil available K content.【Conclusion】The nutrient contents in senescent leaves of A. montana were significant lower than those in mature leaves, and there was a certain correlation between nutrient resorption efficiency and nutrients in leaves and soil. The study results could provide a scientific basis for further exploring the nutrient cycling mechanism of ecological public welfare forests.

探明亚热带山岳型国家公园不同林地利用方式下土壤呼吸（R s ）的动态变化规律以及影响因素,对准确评价和预测该区域以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系的碳收支具有重要的现实意义。以武夷山国家公园为研究对象,利用Li—8100开路式土壤碳通量测定系统对茶园、锥栗（Castanea henryi（Skam） Rehd. et Wils.）林、马尾松（Pinus massoniana Lamb.）林和裸地的土壤呼吸及近地面气温、土壤温度、土壤湿度、土壤养分和土壤微生物碳（MBC）、氮（MBN）进行测定。结果显示:（1）与近地面气温、土壤温度和土壤湿度相同,不同林地的R s 均呈现夏＞春＞秋＞冬的季节动态,R s 的季节均值按大小排序为茶园(3.10μmol m -2 s -1 )＞马尾松(2.96μmol m -2 s -1 )＞锥栗(2.32μmol m -2 s -1 )＞裸地(1.43μmol m -2 s -1 ),锥栗和裸地之间、锥栗与马尾松之间均差异显著（P＜0.01）。除马尾松林外,其他林地水热因子（近地面气温、土壤温度和土壤湿度）的单因子二次多项式模型对R s 的拟合度最高。水热因子共同建立的复合模型中,土壤温度、湿度的幂—指数模型对茶园R s 的拟合度较高,土壤温度和土壤湿度能够解释R s 变化的80%,马尾松林的R s 较适用于土壤温度、湿度建立的对数函数模型,而三因子线性模型（进入回归法）对锥栗林和裸地的R s 的拟合度最优,R~2分别为0.565和0.281。（2）茶园和锥栗林的碳、氮、磷含量均高于马尾松林和裸地,MBN含量茶园＞马尾松＞锥栗＞裸地。茶园的R s 与全磷（TP）、有效磷（AP）、全钾（TK）、速效钾（AK）含量呈极显著（P＜0.01）正相关,马尾松林的R s 受TP、TK、AK含量的影响极显著（P＜0.01）,锥栗林的R s 与TK、AK、MBN含量呈现显著（P＜0.05）正相关,裸地的R s 受MBN含量影响较为显著（P＜0.05）,4种林地土壤呼吸与养分的多元逐步回归方程R~2均接近1。综上,茶园和马尾松林土壤呼吸速率较高,且所有林地的土壤呼吸均呈现夏＞春＞秋＞冬的季节动态。温度和湿度与土壤呼吸的相关性强,是水热条件丰富的亚热带山岳地区土壤呼吸季节变化的主导因素,其中武夷山茶园土壤呼吸对水热因子的响应在4种林地中最为敏感。除温度和湿度外,各林地土壤呼吸受P、K元素的影响较大,其中茶园主要受P元素影响,马尾松林地受K元素影响较多。

为揭示森林土壤呼吸异质性的影响因素,以武夷山自然保护区常绿阔叶林优势种甜槠(Castanopsis eyrei)、细叶青冈(Cyclobalanopsis tenuifolia)、米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)为研究对象,采用LI-8100碳通量系统测定土壤呼吸速率及其影响因子土壤温度、土壤含水量值,比较不同龄级树种土壤温度、土壤含水率、土壤呼吸速率在不同海拔的差异.结果显示,3种常绿阔叶林优势种中甜槠在海拔700 m土壤呼吸速率最高,为4.75 μmol m-2s-1,米槠在海拔540 m处土壤呼吸速率最高,为3.12 μmol m-2s-1;细叶青冈在海拔850 m处土壤呼吸速率最高,为4.39 μmol m-2s-1.无论是单因素模型(自变量为土壤温度)还是双因素模型(自变量为土壤温度和土壤含水率)拟合结果均体现自变量与土壤呼吸速率呈极显著相关关系(P＜0.01).不同龄级甜槠、细叶青冈、米槠土壤呼吸速率变化并不显著(P＞0.05),树种差异对土壤呼吸速率变化不显著(P＞0.05).随着海拔升高,温度敏感性指数Q10增大,高海拔地区Q10值显著高于低海拔地区(P＜0.05).因此,在中亚热地区常绿阔叶林带中,土壤呼吸速率的变动主要受土壤温度影响,高海拔地区可能释放更多CO2,上述结果丰富了中亚热带森林土壤碳汇研究.

以地方农林院校生态环境类课程中应用性极强的生态工程学课程为研究对象,重构其讨论课的教学模式.课堂讨论内容的选择和设计需要结合当下可持续发展的热点问题和福建省地域特色,侧重理论知识融入实践中,确保课堂讨论形式的多样化与内容的"接地气".通过课前小组研讨、课堂讨论和课后交流总结等环节高效组织实施,激发学生参与讨论的热情,以实现人才培养服务"生态文明"建设的专业定位,调查结果和改革建议能够为生态环境类课程的教学改革和人才培养提供参考和借鉴.

为揭示中亚热带常绿阔叶林群落优势种一甜槠天然林不同林龄林下土壤呼吸(Soil respiration,Rs)差异及影响因素,采用LI-8100开路式土壤碳通量系统对武夷山自然保护区不同林龄(18、36、54、72 a)天然甜槠林进行了1年的野外原位测定.结果 表明:(1)不同林龄甜槠林Rs季节动态呈现明显的单峰趋势,林龄对冬季Rs影响并不显著(P＞0.05),秋季18a甜槠林Rs与其他3种林龄差异显著(P＜0.05),林龄对土壤含水率的季节变化没有显著影响(P＞0.05);(2)不同林龄甜槠林5 cm深土壤温度与Rs拟合R2明显高于土壤含水率与Rs拟合R2,随着林龄增大,Rs温度敏感性指数Q1o值呈上升趋势,依次为1.551、1.589、1.640、1.664,且54、72 a甜槠林Rs温度敏感性指数Q1o值显著高于18、36 a(P＜0.05);(3)土壤含水率与5 cm深土壤温度共同解释了Rs变异的86％-90.3％;0-60 cm土层根系生物量与5 cm深土壤温度共同解释了Bs变异的88.3％-91.8％,由此可见,生物因子与非生物因子双因素拟合可以更好地解释不同林龄Rs差异.在对未来森林植被土壤呼吸及碳汇功能进行研究时,应在考虑林龄及季节差异的基础上,加强对生物因子的测定.

植物根系对环境的形态适应研究对准确揭示植物与环境的关系十分重要.为探索滨海恶劣环境条件下木麻黄林下植被天然更新特征,本研究以沿海木麻黄防护林林下野生苗为研究对象,比较不同高度级木麻黄野生苗根系的总根长、总根表面积、平均根系直径、总根体积和总根尖数,分析林下3种草本植物根系形态特征.结果表明:随着木麻黄野生苗高度级的增加,总根表面积、平均根系直径和总根体积显著增长(P<0.05);高度级1的野生苗总根表面积随根系径级的增加显著减少,高度级2的野生苗总根表面积在0～2.0 mm随根系径级的增加而减少,但在>2.0 mm时显著增加(P<0.05);与林下草本植物相比,木麻黄野生苗的根系生长不占优势,其平均根系直径是窃衣和一点红的2～3倍,但是总根尖数最少且显著少于天门冬(P<0.05);此外,在根系径级>1.5 mm时,仅木麻黄有根尖存在,根尖数占总数的0.33％.研究结果为促进林下植被的更新和保持植物多样性提供参考.

Major earthquakes can cause serious vegetation destruction in affected areas. However, little is known about the spatial patterns of damaged vegetation and its influencing factors. Elucidating the main influencing factors and finding out the key vegetation type to reflect spatial patterns of damaged vegetation are of great interest in order to improve the assessment of vegetation loss and the prediction of the spatial distribution of damaged vegetation caused by earthquakes. In this study, we used Moran’s I correlograms to study the spatial autocorrelation of damaged vegetation and its potential driving factors in the nine worst-hit Wenchuan earthquake-affected cities and counties. Both dependent and independent variables showed a positive spatial autocorrelation but with great differences at four aggregation levels (625 × 625 m, 1250 × 1250 m, 2500 × 2500 m, and 5000 × 5000 m). Shrubs can represent the characteristics of all damaged vegetation due to the significant linear relationship between their Moran’s I at the four aggregation levels. Clustering of similar high coverage of damaged vegetation occurred in the study area. The residuals of the standard linear regression model also show a significantly positive autocorrelation, indicating that the standard linear regression model cannot explain all the spatial patterns in damaged vegetation. Spatial autoregressive models without spatially autocorrelated residuals had the better goodness-of-fit to deal with damaged vegetation. The aggregation level 8 × 8 is a scale threshold for spatial autocorrelation. There are other environmental factors affecting vegetation destruction. Our study provides useful information for the countermeasures of vegetation protection and conservation, as well as the prediction of the spatial distribution of damaged vegetation, to improve vegetation restoration in earthquake-affected areas.

高校实施双语教学是顺应我国高等教育国际化发展趋势的需要,也是培养具有国际合作意识、国际交流和竞争能力的外向型人才的重要途径.目前我国高等农林院校的双语教学尚处于起步阶段,无论是在理论研究方面,还是在实践探索方面,都面临很多问题和存在一些争议.高等农林院校开展双语教学面临的主要问题,一是学生英语基础薄弱,专业词汇积累量少;二是部分学生缺乏学习兴趣,课堂教学参与度不高.因此,根据学生的实际情况,高等农林院校双语教学改革首先应重视教学设计,采取多样化的课堂教学组织方式;其次,应加强师资队伍建设,提高教学保障水平.基于此,福建农林大学海外学院在“生态学”课程双语教学实践中,针对生态学学科的特点,以完善教学设计和加强教学保障为出发点,合理选择教材,重视案例教学;改革课程考核方式,使学生成为学习的主人,从而收到了良好的教学效果,提高了学生学习的主动性和积极性.

In this paper, in order to discuss the effects of removing / keeping litter on soil respiration( SR) in / out of the gaps, clearly put forward the major factors influencing SR under these situations, improve the managements, and keep sustainable development of Chinese fir plantation, 12 years⁃old Chinese fir plantations and their gaps in similar sites and

人文地理学教学改革的目的,是为了提高学生学习兴趣、打下前期良好知识基础.教师在教学过程中,应根据专业特色和课程体系,合理设计课程内容,通过学生主动参与式教学、典型区域的实践教学和多样化的教学手段等课堂改革方法,激发学生探索和学习的兴趣,培养学生后期的主动学习积极性和优良的个性,提高学生的综合知识水平以符合复合型人才培养的需求.

Four different levels of water stress,mild water stress (W1,65％ FC),moderate water stress (W2,50％ FC),severe water stress (W3,35％ FC) and the control (CK,80％ FC) were applied to study the effects of water stress on the diurnal change of photosynthetic characteristics of Liriope muscari (Decne.) Bailey at different growth stages.The net photosynthetic rate reached a maximum at 10∶00am under different soil moisture conditions.The diurnal variation of net photosynthetic rate presented a one-peak curve overall.At theso three stages,the maximum peak and average value of photosynthetic rate were expressed as CK ＞ W1 ＞ W2 ＞ W3,and transpiration rate and stomatal con ductance were CK ＞ W1 ＞ W2 ＞ W3.Under different soil moisture conditions,the daily average and peak value of net photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance and water use efficiency were early stage of tuber-expanding ＞ later stage of tuber-producing ＞ middle stage of tuber-producing,while the daily average value of transpiration rate was manifestedas as middle stage of tuber-producing ＞ later stage of tuber-producing ＞ early stage of tuber-expanding.Comprehensive analysis showed that at different growth stages,water stress decreased the net photosynthetic rate (Pn),transpiration rate (Tr) and stomatal conductance (Gs),while improve water use efficiency (WUE),reasons for the decline of Pn performance at different growth stages were different.Net photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency showed an upward trend after entering the root enlargement stage.

The MS 8.0Wenchuan Earthquake in 2008 caused huge damage to land cover in the northwest of China's Sichuan province. In order to determine the nutrient loss and short term characteristics of change in soil chemical properties, we established an experiment with three treatments ('undestroyed', 'destroyed and treated', and 'destroyed and untreated'), two climate types (semi-arid hot climate and subtropical monsoon climate), and three slope positions (upslope, mid-slope, and bottom-slope) in 2011. Ten soil properties-including pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, Ca2+, Mg2+, alkaline hydrolysable nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium-were measured in surface soil samples in December 2014. Analyses were performed to compare the characteristics of 3-year change in soil chemical properties in two climate zones. This study revealed that soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, Ca2+ content, alkaline hydrolysable nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium were significantly higher in subtropical monsoon climate zones than in semi-arid hot climate zones. However, subtropical monsoon climate zones had a higher decrease in soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, and alkaline hydrolysable nitrogen in 'destroyed and untreated' sites than in semi-arid hot climate zones. Most soil chemical properties exhibited significant interactions, indicating that they may degrade or develop concomitantly. 'Destroyed and treated' sites in both climate types had lower C:P and N:P ratios than 'destroyed and untreated' sites. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the first, second, and third principal components explained 76.53% of the variation and might be interpreted as structural integrity, nutrient supply availability, and efficiency of soil; the difference of soil parent material; as well as weathering and leaching effects. Our study indicated that the characteristics of short term change in soil properties were affected by climate types and treatments, but not slope positions. Our results provide useful information for the selection of restoration countermeasures in different climate types to facilitate ecological restoration and reconstruction strategies in earthquake-affected areas.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) released from respiring cells in the stems of trees (RS) can diffuse radially to the atmosphere (EA) or dissolve in xylem sap and move internally in the tree (FT). Previous studies have observed that EA decreases as stem or branch diameter increases, but the cause of this relationship has not been determined, nor has the relationship been confirmed between stem diameter and RS, which includes both EA and FT. In this study, for the first time the mass balance technique was used to estimate RS of stems of Liriodendron tulipifera L. trees of different diameters, ranging from 16 to 60 cm, growing on the same site. The magnitude of the component fluxes scaled with tree size. Among the five trees, the contribution of EA to RS decreased linearly with increasing stem diameter and sapwood area while the contribution of FT to RS increased linearly with stem diameter and sapwood area. For the smallest tree EA was 86% of RS but it was only 46% of RS in the largest tree. As tree size increased a greater proportion of respired CO2 dissolved in sap and remained within the tree. Due to increase in FT with tree size, we observed that trees of different sizes had the same RS even though they had different EA. This appears to explain why the EA of stems and branches decreases as their size increases.

Forest soil respiration is an important component of global carbon budgets, but its spatial variation is inadequately understood. This research aimed to measure soil respiration (R s), soil water content (M s-5), soil temperature (T), and carbon dioxide (M co2) in a coastal protection forest (CPF), which is one kind of man-made forests designed for coastal protection primarily along the coast in China, to determine the relationships among them, and to analyze their spatial distributions in a small scale.

Materials were collected from Quanzhou primary production zone of Liriopemuscari( Decne. ) Bailey. The endophytic fungi of leave, fibrous and tuber roots from Liriopemuscari( Decne. ) Bailey of one year and six yeas were isolated,and antioxidant activity of endophytic fungi from roots were measured. The results showed that the isolation rate of tuber root of one year was higher than that of six years. The endophytic fungi number from fibrous roots was least. The total antioxidant capacity of 18 strains isolated from roots were determined, and 5 strains with better antioxidant capacity were screened out,and their scavenging activity of DPPH,hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical were explored. Among them,the fermentation broth extracts of d5 exhibited best scavenging effects. Hence,the antioxidant activities of the ethyl acetate extracts of d5 was further evaluated. The capacity of scavenging the DPPH and hydroxyl radical from d5 were the strongest, and their EC50 were 0. 572 mg/mL and 1. 257 mg/mL,respectively. The 18 s rDNA sequence analysis suggested that d5 strains belonged to Eupenicillium sp. and were worth of making further study.