Dry eye disease (DED) is a progressive ocular disorder in which chronic inflammation and oxidative stress synergistically damage ocular tissues and impair vision. While topical anti-inflammatory and artificial tears therapies are the standard treatment for DED, their long-term application is limited by adverse effects and poor patient compliance. Emerging evidence suggests that systemic redox dysregulation contributes to DED pathogenesis, highlighting the potential of oral antioxidant intervention as a disease-modifying strategy. However, the clinical translation of oral antioxidants has been constrained by poor bioavailability and rapid metabolic clearance. Herein, a coral-like resveratrol nanocomplex was fabricated with a composite natural carrier of sericin and dipotassium glycyrrhizinate through a simple pH-ultrasonic-shifting method in aqueous solution, enabling effective oral delivery of this potent polyphenolic antioxidant. This coral-like nanocomplex markedly enhanced gastrointestinal stability and systemic exposure of resveratrol, increasing oral bioavailability by approximately 6.62-fold and ocular accumulation by 2.49-fold. The nanocomplex exerted robust ocular and systemic antioxidant effects and protected against experimental DED in mice. Oral administration of this nanocomplex protected against benzalkonium chloride (BAC)-induced corneal epithelial damage, tear film dysfunction, and inflammatory responses. Mechanistically, the nanocomplex alleviated oxidative damage through ocular and systemic redox homeostasis. Rather than acting solely on the ocular surface, this orally nanomedicine may provide complementary therapeutic benefits through ocular and systemic redox regulation, while also being associated with modulation of gut microbiota and metabolic profiles. These findings support oral redox intervention as a promising complementary strategy for protecting against the DED, particularly for reducing the burden of prolonged topical treatment.

The elderly are at higher risk for sleep disorders and dry eye. This study explored correlations between dry eye and sleep quality in elderly individuals. 58 elderly dry eye patients and 31 controls were enrolled. Sleep quality was evaluated using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and wearable intelligent devices. Dry eye symptoms and signs were assessed via Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), Fluorescein tear breakup time (FBUT), Corneal fluorescein staining score (CFS) and Schirmer I test. The dry eye group showed significantly worse OSDI, FBUT, CFS, Schirmer I, and PSQI scores versus controls (all P < 0.01), with reduced deep sleep duration (P = 0.02) and deep sleep percentage (P < 0.01). Among dry eye patients, 69.0

Purpose:To evaluate long-term visual quality outcomes, refractive changes, and safety during orthokeratology lens wear in children with myopia over a 3-year period. Methods:We conducted a retrospective analysis of 130 myopic children aged 8-18 years who wore corneal refractive therapy (CRT) lenses from February 2021 to November 2024. Participants underwent comprehensive ocular examinations, including assessments of visual acuity, refractive error, axial length, corneal thickness, and visual quality parameters at baseline, 1.5 years, and 3 years. Data were analyzed with repeated measures ANOVA, and post hoc comparisons were conducted using the Bonferroni test. Results:Over the three-year period, there was a slight increase in myopic refractive error and axial length (spherical equivalent: from -1.36 ± 1.17D to -1.69 ± 1.24D; cylindrical power: from -0.70 ± 0.83D to -1.18 ± 0.99D; axial length: from 24.62 ± 0.83 to 25.08 ± 0.85 mm). Overall ocular visual quality improved significantly, with increases in Strehl ratio and modulation transfer function (p < 0.001), while root mean square (RMS) of total ocular aberrations decreased (p < 0.001). After 1.5 years of wear, the corneal high-order aberration (HOA) RMS, corneal spherical aberration (SA) RMS, corneal coma RMS, and corneal tilt RMS all significantly increased (p < 0.0167), while corneal HOAs in the 5-mm optical zone were generally greater than those in the 3-mm optical zone (p < 0.05). Total intraocular aberration RMS decreased significantly in both zones (p < 0.001). No significant changes were observed in corneal endothelial cell density, and no cases of microbial keratitis or other vision-threatening complications occurred. Conclusion:Long-term CRT lens wear was associated with improved overall and intraocular visual quality, despite increased corneal HOA, with better optical performance in the 3-mm zone. The observed axial elongation and refractive changes over 3 years were broadly consistent with previously reported orthokeratology outcomes. CRT lenses also demonstrated a favorable safety profile in this cohort.

Cataract progression is closely associated with oxidative stress and inflammatory activation, while effective non-surgical interventions remain limited. Aesculetin (AES) possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, but its topical ophthalmic application is restricted by poor aqueous solubility, insufficient dispersion stability, and limited local availability. Here, AES-loaded VA64/TPGS co-assembled micelles (AES@V-T) were developed as a topical ophthalmic delivery system. The optimized AES@V-T showed a mean particle size of 13.10 ± 0.16 nm, a narrow polydispersity index of 0.094 ± 0.020, and an encapsulation efficiency above 99%, indicating the formation of a uniform nanoscale colloidal system with efficient drug incorporation. Compared with free AES, AES@V-T increased the apparent solubility of AES in artificial tears by 501-fold and enhanced its 12 h cumulative release from 9.32% to 59.84%. Cou-6 incorporated into the AES@V-T formulation produced stronger corneal-associated fluorescence than the free probe, providing qualitative evidence of improved corneal presentation of a model hydrophobic payload. In an ex vivo post-exposure lens injury model, AES@V-T preserved lens transparency and attenuated abnormal swelling. Topical administration of AES@V-T also markedly attenuated cataract development in sodium selenite-treated rat pups. Biochemical analyses showed that AES@V-T reduced lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage, improved endogenous antioxidant defenses, and decreased the lens levels of HMGB1, total NF-κB p65, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, consistent with attenuation of the inflammatory-marker profile associated with sodium selenite-induced injury. These findings indicate that VA64/TPGS co-assembly improved the aqueous formulation state and topical ocular performance of AES, supporting its enhanced protection against sodium selenite-induced lens injury.

We investigated the distribution of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) patterns and their correlation with dry eye. This cross-sectional study was conducted at Beijing Tongren Hospital's Dry Eye Diagnosis and Treatment Center and included 205 patients diagnosed with dry eye following the TFOS DEWS II criteria. All patients underwent a comprehensive clinical examination for dry eye and completed the dry eye TCM questionnaire. TCM pattern differentiation was performed for all patients. We investigated the distribution of TCM patterns among patients with dry eye and examined the correlation between TCM patterns and dry eye indicators using Spearman correlation analysis. Based on patients' symptoms, tongue coating, and pulse conditions, the 205 patients were classified into 11 TCM patterns. The 3 most common TCM patterns were qi stagnation and blood stasis pattern, spleen-kidney yang deficiency pattern, and qi-yin deficiency pattern. There were significant correlations between these TCM patterns and 1, 3, and 4 dry eye indicators, respectively. The proportion of TCM patterns and the correlations between TCM patterns and dry eye indicators varied among different dry eye subtypes. We preliminary investigated the distribution of TCM patterns among patients with dry eye and found a certain correlation between TCM patterns and dry eye indicators. These findings provide a theoretical basis for further research on TCM for treating dry eye.

Blepharitis and meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) commonly cause ocular surface symptoms, but comparative evidence for commonly used eyelid-cleansing strategies remains limited. We compared the 4-week efficacy of preformulated eyelid cleansing wipes, hypochlorous acid-assisted cleansing, and saline-assisted cleansing in adults with blepharitis-associated ocular surface disease. In this single-center, randomized, assessor-masked, parallel-group trial, adults aged 18-70 years were assigned to one of three cleansing interventions for 4 weeks. The primary endpoint was the baseline-adjusted Week 4 visual analog scale (VAS) score for the selected study eye in the full analysis set. Pairwise comparisons were performed only after a significant overall test, with Holm adjustment. Seventy-two participants were randomized; 64 were included in the full analysis set, and 59 had observed Week 4 VAS data. The overall between-group difference in baseline-adjusted Week 4 VAS was significant (P = 0.007). Adjusted mean Week 4 VAS values were 27.47 (95% CI, 22.18-32.76) in the wipe group, 33.16 (95% CI, 27.80-38.51) in the hypochlorous acid group, and 40.83 (95% CI, 34.93-46.72) in the saline group. The wipe group had lower Week 4 VAS than the saline group (adjusted difference, - 13.35; 95% CI, - 21.51 to - 5.20; Holm-adjusted P = 0.005). No other pairwise comparison remained significant. Between-group differences in Schirmer test result, corneal fluorescein staining, and MGD expressibility were interpreted as supportive secondary findings. In this single-center, assessor-masked randomized trial, preformulated eyelid cleansing wipes were associated with a lower baseline-adjusted Week 4 VAS symptom score than saline-assisted mechanical lid cleansing. Confirmatory superiority over hypochlorous acid was not established, and sign-based secondary findings should be interpreted as supportive.

Background:Chronic dacryocystitis resulting from lacrimal pathway obstruction is a persistent condition associated with bothersome symptoms. Objective:This study aimed to evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of steroid-eluting sinus stents in endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (EN-DCR). Methods:This study enrolled patients who underwent EN-DCR between July 2021 and April 2022. Adult patients with chronic dacryocystitis caused by primary lacrimal duct obstruction were enrolled. After completion of the conventional EN-DCR procedure, a steroid-eluting sinus stent designed for use in the frontal sinus was implanted at the ostium. Patients were followed up for 54 months after surgery. Operative time, stent removal time, and symptoms at each follow-up visit were recorded. The endoscopic ostium patency rate and lacrimal irrigation success rate were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier product-limit survival analysis. Results:A total of 31 patients (33 eyes) were included. At 12, 45 and 54 months, the neo-ostial patency rates were 96.97% (95% confidence interval [CI] 80.37%-99.57%), 93.94% (95% CI 77.88%-98.45%) and 90.70% (95% CI 73.84%-96.91%), with 3 eyes experiencing ostial occlusion over 54 months. Lacrimal irrigation success rates matched patency rates at 12 and 45 months (96.97% and 93.94%, identical 95% CIs), declining to 84.22% (95% CI 66.12%-93.12%) at 54 months in 5 eyes with irrigation failure. Serum cortisol concentrations stayed within normal range, with no stents-related adverse events documented postoperatively. Conclusions:Implantation of steroid-eluting sinonasal stents during EN-DCR achieves favorable long-term safety and efficacy by preserving neo-ostial patency. Nevertheless, dedicated stents anatomically tailored to the neo-ostium of EN-DCR are required to further optimize surgical outcomes.

Purpose: To investigate the incidence, clinical characteristics, and possible pathogenesis of retinal detachment (RD) after penetrating keratoplasty (PK), and to assess the impact of RD and vitreoretinal surgery on the postoperative effects and prognosis of PK surgery. Methods: A retrospective review of 3,241 eyes from 2,884 patients who underwent PK was conducted. RD incidence, characteristics, and outcomes of vitreoretinal surgery were analyzed. Results: The incidence of RD after PK was 1.32%, with a mean follow-up of 7.7 years. RD occurred on average 28.3 months post-PK, sooner in eyes with multiple PKs. A unique traction RD pattern was identified, with anterior proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) observed in 73.9% of cases during pars plana vitrectomy (PPV). This caused RD without detectable retinal breaks due to anterior displacement of the retina and vitreous base. Endoscope-assisted PPV in eyes with opaque corneas resulted in better visual acuity and silicone oil removal rates than standard techniques. Clear graft eyes retained silicone oil more frequently than those with opaque grafts. Conclusion: RD after PK is a rare complication, characterized by severe anterior PVR, presenting significant surgical challenges. Effective management involves specialized surgical interventions. Early detection and tailored surgical strategies are crucial for improving patient outcomes after PK.

PURPOSE:To investigate the efficacy and safety of a novel dual-sided composite defocus (DSCD) lens for pediatric myopia control. DESIGN:Prospective, randomized, double-masked, three-arm, parallel-controlled clinical trial with 1-year follow-up. PARTICIPANTS:A total of 225 children aged 6-14 years with myopia ranging from -0.50 D to -6.00 D were randomized 1:1:1 to DSCD, single-surface defocus (SSD), or single-vision spectacle (SVS) lenses. Overall, 194 participants (86.2%) completed the 1-year follow-up. METHODS:Participants were randomly assigned to the DSCD, SSD, or SVS lens group. The DSCD lens incorporated a front-surface microlens array and a posterior freeform aspheric design intended to generate an asymmetric peripheral myopic defocus profile. Outcomes were measured at baseline and during the 12-month follow-up. Statistical analyses included analysis of covariance, Pearson correlation, and exploratory subgroup analyses. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:The primary outcomes were 12-month changes in axial length (AL) and spherical equivalent refraction (SER). RESULTS:At 12 months, the DSCD group exhibited significantly less SER progression than the SVS group (-0.22 ± 0.37 D vs -0.83 ± 0.47 D; P < 0.001) and the SSD group (-0.22 ± 0.37 D vs -0.45 ± 0.43 D; P = 0.005). Axial elongation was also significantly slower with DSCD than with SVS lenses (0.19 ± 0.14 mm vs 0.42 ± 0.18 mm; P < 0.001). No statistically significant difference in axial elongation was observed between the DSCD and SSD groups. The DSCD lens reduced SER progression by 73.6% and AL elongation by 55.2% relative to SVS lenses. Exploratory subgroup analyses suggested less progression in children aged 8-12 years, those with baseline AL of 24-25 mm, and those with low myopia. No lens-related adverse events were observed, and all groups demonstrated high compliance and good adaptation. CONCLUSIONS:Over 12 months, DSCD lenses resulted in significantly less SER progression and axial elongation than SVS lenses. Compared with the SSD lenses tested in this study, DSCD lenses showed significantly less SER progression, whereas the difference in axial elongation was not statistically significant. DSCD lenses were generally well tolerated and may represent a spectacle-based option for pediatric myopia control.

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of decellularized conjunctival stroma (DCS) as a novel biomaterial by comparing its grafting outcomes with amniotic membrane (AM) when used for conjunctival reconstruction after primary pterygium excision. METHODS: This randomized, parallel-controlled study with allocation concealment enrolled 40 patients with primary pterygium. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups using the sealed envelope method: the DCS group (n=20) and the AM group (n=18), receiving DCS and AM grafts respectively. Slit-lamp photography of the operative eyes was performed preoperatively and at 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 30, 90, and 180d postoperatively. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and symptom scores were recorded simultaneously. In vivo confocal microscopy was conducted at 3 and 6mo postoperatively. RESULTS: All participants exhibited improved postoperative symptoms. The mean age was 60±9y (male/female ratio: 6/14) in the DCS group and 56±12y (male/female ratio: 7/11) in the AM group. The average epithelial healing time was 9.89±3.54d in the DCS group and 8.17±1.34d in the AM group (P=0.084). One recurrence case was observed in each group. Postoperative graft hemorrhage was significantly more severe in the DCS group than in the AM group only at 30d postoperatively (P=0.011). In vivo confocal microscopy revealed conjunctival epithelial cell growth in both groups at 90d postoperatively, while clear corneo-conjunctival cell boundaries were observed until 180d postoperatively. CONCLUSION: DCS used in primary pterygium surgery has a safety profile comparable to AM. It promotes rapid postoperative conjunctival healing, achieves a relatively low pterygium recurrence rate, and yields outcomes similar to AM. DCS provides a novel biomaterial option for conjunctival reconstruction after pterygium excision and the treatment of other conjunctival injuries.

This study explores the feasibility of pea protein isolate (PPI) as a topical ocular carrier to deliver naringenin (NAR), and develops an aqueous, solvent-free plant protein-polyphenol nanocomplex (PPI-NAR) for corneal epithelial repair. Molecular dynamics simulations suggested that the complex was stabilized by hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding. PPI-NAR displayed substantially enhanced solubility (∼150-fold in water) and excellent ocular safety. Importantly, treatment accelerated wound closure by ∼1.7-fold, promoted nerve regeneration, and restored corneal sensitivity in a mouse model. Mechanistically, PPI-NAR modified the immune microenvironment by polarizing macrophages toward the M2 phenotype and suppressed IL-6 and TNF-α via modulation of HMGB1 and Sonic Hedgehog signaling, while elevating IL-10. These findings suggest that PPI-NAR offers a promising therapy with both anti-inflammatory and regenerative potential for corneal repair.

PurposeSjögren’s disease (SjD) is a group of chronic autoimmune diseases primarily targeting exocrine glands, including the lacrimal glands (LG). Involvement of the lacrimal glands leads to severe dry eye, also known as Sjögren’s disease-associated dry eye (SjD-DE). Current, available animal models of SjD are achieved by using autoantigens from salivary gland. This study establishes a novel lacrimal gland-specific autoimmune model that recapitulates key features of SjD-DE, providing a tool for investigating LG-focused mechanisms in SjD.MethodsTo establish the lacrimal gland-specific Sjögren’s model (termed LGSS) model, autoimmune responses were induced in mice using homogenized lacrimal gland proteins. LGSS mice were evaluated at various timepoints after immunization to determine SjD development. SjD phenotype such as tear and saliva secretion, lymphocyte infiltration in the lacrimal and salivary glands and serum autoantibody levels was assessed. Immune cell profiles in the spleen and cervical lymph nodes were evaluated via flow cytometry. In addition, corneal epithelial intactness, goblet cell density, lacrimal gland injury was evaluated to assess lacrimal gland involvement and secondary ocular surface damage. RNA sequencing and gene enrichment analysis of diseased lacrimal glands were performed.ResultsLGSS mice demonstrated a reduced tear and saliva secretion, increased lymphocyte infiltration, and elevated autoantibody levels that are similar to common SjD mice. Additionally, the established LGSS mice demonstrated increased populations of Th1 and Th17 cell, along with lacrimal gland and ocular surface damage. RNA sequencing revealed that LGSS mice shared a common genetic profile with NOD mice, the spontaneous SjD model, such as Parp9, Cdkn2c, and Ifi35. Additionally, LGSS mice exhibited several uniquely expressed genes, including metabolism-related genes (Cbs, Dlst, Sardh) and genes associated with cellular processes (Actc1, Tnnc1).ConclusionThe LGSS mice have been shown that successfully replicates several key features of SjD and demonstrates significant lacrimal gland and ocular surface damages, making it a valuable animal model to study SjD-DE.

Background/Objectives: First NIBUT, Average NIBUT, and tear meniscus height (TMH) are routinely used to characterize tear film stability and tear volume at individual visits, whereas their longitudinal behavior across the hospital-attending population is less well characterized. Aggregating routine examinations over time may provide a continuous hospital-level view of ocular surface status and enable the short-term forecasting of expected trajectories. We therefore evaluated a benchmark-first framework for monthly aggregated adult ocular surface indicators. Methods: This retrospective time-series study used de-identified adult eye-level Keratograph 5M records from July 2018 to November 2023. After cleaning, 31,492 records from 13,749 patients and 15,334 examination occasions were aggregated across 65 calendar months (64 observed months; March 2020 had no eligible records). Seven benchmark models and two exploratory deep learning comparators were evaluated using eight rolling-origin 3-month test windows. Results: Linear trend had the lowest mean origin-level macro-normalized RMSE (0.875; 95% bootstrap CI, 0.497–1.421), followed by simple exponential smoothing (0.907) and SARIMA(1,0,0)(1,0,0,12) (0.940). The paired difference between linear trend and simple exponential smoothing was small and did not show clear superiority (mean difference, −0.032; 95% bootstrap CI, −0.217 to 0.135; p = 0.789). The model with the lowest pooled error differed by target, while patient-month and sample-size-weighted sensitivity analyses gave a similar overall benchmark pattern. The exploratory LSTM and Transformer did not show a consistent advantage over the leading simple models. Conclusions: In this short hospital-level monthly series, simple forecasting models remained competitive, while no single model showed consistent superiority across forecast origins and sensitivity analyses. By extending ocular surface assessment from isolated examinations to longitudinal hospital-level trajectories, this framework provides a methodological basis for monitoring temporal changes in tear film stability and tear volume and for future quality monitoring, clinical, and epidemiological applications.

BACKGROUND:Dry eye disease (DED) commonly impairs quality of life. This phase 3, randomized, double-masked, multicenter, vehicle-controlled trial evaluated the efficacy of 5.0% lifitegrast ophthalmic solution (KH732) in improving signs and symptoms of DED. METHODS:Adults with moderate-to-severe DED and corneal staining score ≥2.0 in any corneal region were randomized 1:1 to lifitegrast (KH732) or vehicle twice daily for 84 days after a 3-7-day vehicle washout. The primary endpoint was change from baseline in inferior corneal staining score (ICSS) at Day 84. Secondary endpoints included changes in total corneal staining score, Eye Dryness Score (EDS), Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), 7-item visual analogue scale, and Ocular Discomfort Score. RESULTS:At Day 84, lifitegrast (n = 309) significantly reduced ICSS versus vehicle (n = 306) (P = 0.027). In a post hoc analysis, the effect was more pronounced in participants with the highest baseline staining in the inferior region (P = 0.046). Lifitegrast also significantly improved EDS (adjusted P = 0.006), ocular discomfort (adjusted P = 0.010), photophobia (adjusted P = 0.004), and OSDI (adjusted P = 0.014) versus vehicle. Post hoc analyses showed significant between-group differences in EDS, photophobia, and OSDI as early as Day 14. No serious ocular adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS:Lifitegrast (KH732) improved both signs and symptoms of DED and was generally well tolerated, with potentially greater benefit in patients with prominent inferior corneal staining.

Visual fatigue is becoming increasingly prevalent globally, while universally accepted definitions and standardized diagnostic criteria remain lacking. This study aims to develop consensus-based recommendations on the definition, diagnostic criteria, core symptoms, risk factors, and assessment of visual fatigue, using a modified Delphi process to support standardized clinical and epidemiologic practice. A modified Delphi process was conducted with an international panel of experts in optometry, ophthalmology, and related disciplines. Two rounds of questionnaires were used to generate candidate definitions, diagnostic criteria, symptoms, risk factors, assessment methods and management principles. A subsequent hybrid meeting was held to discuss unresolved items and consolidate the final recommendations. Of 20 experts invited, 14 participated in the panel (response rate 70

Dry eye disease (DED) is a prevalent and multifactorial condition that significantly impacts the ocular surface, characterized by symptoms of discomfort, visual disturbance, and tear film instability. Recent research has increasingly focused on the ocular surface microbiome (OSM) and its potential role in the pathogenesis and progression of DED. The OSM consists of a diverse community of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, that interact with the host to maintain ocular surface health. Dysbiosis, or the imbalance of these microbial communities, has been linked to various ocular surface disorders, including DED. This review comprehensively summarizes the current understanding of the differences in OSM between healthy individuals and patients with different types of DED, such as aqueous-deficient dry eye, evaporative dry eye, and DED associated with autoimmune conditions. Additionally, it explores the detection methods used to study the OSM, highlighting the strengths and limitations of culture-based approaches, 16 S rRNA sequencing, metagenomic shotgun sequencing, and emerging technologies like 2bRAD-M. The review also outlines future research directions, emphasizing the need for advanced multi-omics approaches, personalized microbiome-based therapies, and longitudinal studies to further elucidate the role of the OSM in DED. By enhancing our understanding of the OSM composition and function, these insights may lead to innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for managing DED.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the association between visual display terminal (VDT) usage frequency and the prevalence of dry eye disease (DED), ocular surface signs, and their trends over a 1-year follow-up among adults in Beijing. METHODS:This prospective cohort study recruited 1040 adults (393 males, 647 females); with a mean age of 54.72 ± 17.99 years. Participants were categorised into three groups based on their VDT usage frequency: T1, T2, and T3. Data on the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) and clinical signs of DED were collected at baseline and after the 1-year follow-up. Examinations included measurements of tear meniscus height (TMH), non-invasive tear film break-up time (NIBUT), corneal fluorescein staining (CFS), and meibomian gland (MG) assessment. RESULTS:The prevalence of DED decreased from 34.1% to 32.2% after follow-up. T1 and T2 groups had a significantly higher prevalence of DED than T3 group at both time points (P < 0.001). A decreasing trend in DED prevalence was observed with reduced VDT usage. The incidence of new DED cases was 9.27%. A significant transition between DED and non-DED status occurred during the follow-up (P < 0.001). NIBUT and CFS showed slight increases, while MG assessment slightly decreased (P < 0.05). OSDI and TMH Changes were not significant (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION:VDT usage is associated with a higher prevalence of DED. Reducing VDT usage may help lower the risk of DED.

To analyze the distribution of Non-Invasive Break-Up Time (NIBUT) and its potential associations with demographic characteristics, systemic disease, lifestyle factors, and psychological among adults in Beijing. We conducted a population-based, cross-sectional analysis using baseline data from the Beijing Adult Dry Eye Cohort (ADEC), collected between July and August 2023. A total of 1,249 adult participants were randomly selected from 15 communities in Beijing, China, and 91.5