Agricultural production is considered one of the most important sources of water quality deterioration in the Taihu Lake Basin, China. Crop farming, livestock & poultry breeding and aquaculture are primary agricultural non-point sources and their impacts on the water environment are, in most cases, evaluated separately. Therefore, it is a challenge for current research to consider all of the different agricultural non-point sources as a whole and assess their combined influence on the water environment. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the conjoint impact that agricultural non-point sources such as crop farming, livestock & poultry breeding and aquaculture have had on the local water environment in the Taihu Lake Basin by taking Huzhou City of Zhejiang Province as a case study. To achieve this, a new, innovative approach named the “Waste Absorption Footprint” (WAF) is applied. The results show that nitrogen and phosphorus pollution generated by agricultural production are more serious than that of organic substances, while aquaculture and crop farming are more critical pollution sources compared with livestock and poultry breeding, and so they should be the focus of environmental management and pollution control initiatives. There is a regional discrepancy in the spatial distribution of agricultural non-point source pollution across counties and districts, which provides information for determining the key regions for the treatment of agricultural pollution. This study demonstrates that the WAF method can make a comprehensive assessment of the influence of agricultural production on the water environment and provide references for the control and management of agricultural non-point source pollution, which is of great importance for management of the water environment.

当前,如何帮助乡村从"衰落"走向振兴是世界各国普遍面对的难题.农业文化遗产传承至今的品种资源、农业技术、知识体系和系统结构功能目前仍可发挥重要作用,如何利用古老的农业文化遗产助力乡村振兴战略的实施具有重要的理论意义与实践意义.本文基于农业文化遗产资源禀赋,分析农业文化遗产助力乡村振兴的物质基础,探讨其运行机制和实施路径.研究表明,农业文化遗产系统蕴含乡村振兴所需的生物资源、技术资源、生态资源和文化资源.遗产地可以利用农业文化遗产得天独厚的资源禀赋,提升农产品价值,发展乡村旅游,传承传统文化,最终实现遗产地的乡村振兴,从而形成了产品增值驱动、乡村旅游驱动和农耕文化驱动等助力乡村振兴的运行机制.构建了农业文化遗产助力乡村振兴的实施路径,包括推进三产融合发展、积累优秀人力资本、促进农耕文化繁荣、保护优良生态环境和加强基层党组织建设5个方面.因此,提出加强农业文化遗产价值评估研究、建立遗产地生态补偿机制和实施农业文化遗产乡村振兴系列工程等政策性建议.

To realize rural revitalization, this article analyzes the trends of China’s agricultural product demand, agricultural industrial structure, and agricultural labor demand in the next 30 years, and proposes that China should insist on the development of modern smart ecological agriculture in the future. To ensure national food security and achieve sustainable development of a high-efficiency, green, and high-value agriculture, China should promote agricultural efficiency improvement, system optimization, and efficient recycling of resources. It is necessary to reconstruct four systems: innovative agricultural science and technology, modern agricultural management, socialized agricultural service, and new-era agricultural personnel systems. Biological, equipment, ecological, and information technologies should be innovated to improve the agriculture sector. Furthermore, five major projects are recommended including pilot demonstration project for modern smart ecological agriculture, modern production and living waste treatment project, high-quality development monitoring and evaluation project for the whole agricultural industry chain, planting and breeding combined project led by breeding enterprises, and agricultural and rural personnel cultivation project.

Wild edible plants (WEPs) can provide a variety of provisioning services and cultural services but they are currently under-utilized. Understanding farmers' perceptions of the collection and consumption of wild edible plant resources is essential for promoting local socio-ecological system resilience and local wild plant resource use. This paper uses the Q-method to investigate the main perspectives of farmers toward collecting and consuming wild edible plants in the Honghe Hani Terraces region of Yunnan Province. This analysis identified four main per-spective types among the farmers, including market-driven, household user-driven, cultural service seekers, and tradition followers. It revealed the main factors that limit and facilitate farmers' WEP collection and consumption, including limitations due to loss of traditional knowledge, and changes in socioeconomic conditions that negatively affect WEP collection and consumption; while, on the other hand, the demand for WEP-related cultural services and the presence of a strong culture slowed down changes in dietary structure, which in turn have maintained WEP collection and consumption. The Q-method can help in identifying the relationship between community residents and local wild plant resource use in rapidly transitioning areas and in identifying the barriers that affect the resilience of local socio-ecological systems.

Agricultural biodiversity has a high importance in social-cultural, economic, and environmental aspects, and can help in adapting to and withstanding climate change. Conserving the GIAHS sites and the important components within them can help conserve the agricultural biodiversity and traditional agricultural culture of the whole country. This study considered Ifugao Rice Terraces, Dong's Rice-Fish-Duck System, and Hani Rice Terraces System as three examples which show that traditional culture can be used to protect agricultural biodiversity, while as a carrier of traditional culture, agricultural biodiversity also conveys and protects the traditional culture of the nation. According to the analyses, through several years of efforts, the status of agricultural biodiversity and traditional culture in them has improved. Then, to further promote agricultural biodiversity conservation and traditional culture protection, several suggestions are made, such as establishing community seed banks; documenting and preserving traditional farming methods, techniques, and tools and developing participatory activities which encourage more farmers to participate in the protection work.

Based on the basic selection criteria of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) and food and livelihood security research trends, this paper established an evaluation framework and indicator system for food and livelihood security in GIAHS and selected the first GIAHS site in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as a case for empirical evaluation. The results demonstrate that the food and livelihood security of farmers at this site was at a medium level, with an average evaluation value of 2.91, which still lagged behind the level of better food and live-lihood security. Specifically, the average values of farmers' evaluation of food security and livelihood security were 1.43 and 1.48, respectively, which show that farmers' food security in the study area was at a medium level and that of livelihood security was relatively good. Simultaneously, the more simple a farmers' economic activities (i.e., ag-riculture-oriented economic activities or non-agriculture-oriented economic activities), the worse their food and live-lihood security; while the more diversified the economic activities (i.e., engaged in part-time economic activities), the better the food and livelihood security.

本文应用"二封一补"的策略完成黑龙江省水直播田杂草的药剂系统防控试验,结果表明,在16个有效处理中,处理5(25％噁草酮EC+25％丙炔噁草酮OD+10％吡嘧磺隆WP,50％丙草胺EC+33％嗪吡嘧磺隆WG,5％五氟磺草胺OD+30％氰氟草酯OD)防控效果最好,对总杂草的株数相对防效和鲜质量相对防效均为100％,产量也最高,达到7.77 t/hm2;处理6(25％噁草酮EC+25％丙炔噁草酮OD+10％吡嘧磺隆WP,50％丙草胺EC+33％嗪吡嘧磺隆WG,5％五氟磺草胺OD+48％灭草松AS)防控效果次之,对总杂草的株相对防效和鲜质量相对防效分别为99.92％和99.74％,产量也较高,达到7.65 t/hm2.此外,从首次出苗率、分蘖动态、株高动态、千粒重和结实率等指标来看,各处理间差别很小,无药害问题.

Understanding how soil water source is used spatiotemporally by tree species and if native species can successfully coexist with introduced species is crucial for selecting species for afforestation. In the rocky mountainous areas of the Taihang Mountains, alien Robinia pseudoacacia L. has been widely afforested into the native shrublands dominated by Ziziphus jujuba Mill var. spinosa and Vitex negundo L. var. heterophylla to improve forest coverage and soil nutrients. However, little is known about the water relation among species, especially seasonal water use sources in different microsites. We selected the soil and plant xylem samples of two opposite microtopographic sites (ridge and valley) monthly in the growth season to analyze isotope composition. The proportions of water sources were quantified by the MixSIAR model and compared pairwise between species, microsites and seasons. We found that deep subsoil water at a depth of 40–50 cm contributed up to 50% of the total water uptake for R. pseudoacacia and Z. jujuba in the growing season, indicating that they stably used deeper soil water and had intense water competition. However, V. negundo had a more flexible water use strategy, which derived more than 50% of the total water uptake from the soil layer of 0–10 cm in the rainy season, but majorly captured soil water at a depth of 30–50 cm in the dry season. Therefore, high niche overlaps were shown in V. negundo with the other two species in the dry season, but niche segregation was seen in the rainy season. The microtopographic sites did not shift the seasonal dynamic of the water source use patterns of the three studied species, but the water use niche overlap was higher in the valley than in the ridge. Taken together, the introduced species R. pseudoacacia intensified water competition with the native semi-arbor species Z. jujuba, but it could commonly coexist with the native shrub species V. negundo. Therefore, our study on seasonal water use sources in different microsites provides insight into species interaction and site selection for R. pseudoacacia afforestation in the native shrub community in rocky mountainous areas. It is better to plant R. pseudoacacia in the shrubland in the valley so as to avoid intense water competition and control soil erosion.

Precipitation-use efficiency (PUE) is an important ecosystem indicator of the efficiency of carbon–water conversion. The trend and interannual variation of precipitation-use efficiency (PUE) response to climatic factors provide a theoretical foundation for understanding how Eurasian grasslands adapt to climate change. However, the long-term trends and regulating factors of PUE in Eurasian grasslands at the continental scale are still unclear. Here, we integrated long-term Global Inventory Monitoring and Modeling System (GIMMS) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), field surveys of aboveground net primary production (ANPP) and meteorological datasets during 1982–2015 to reveal the temporal variations and controls of PUE in Eurasian grasslands. We found that there was an overall uptrend of PUE (3 × 10−3 g C m−2 mm−1/10 yr) in Eurasian grasslands. The greatest increasing trends of PUE was found in forest steppe at the rate of 13 × 10−3 g C m−2 mm−1/10 yr, while greatest decreasing trend presented in alpine steppe at the rate of −2.6 × 10−3 g C m−2 mm−1/10 yr. The PUE showed linearly decreasing patterns with precipitation at the biome and continental scales, while it was uncorrelated with temperature at the continental scale and showed diverse patterns of linear increase, concave-down and no correlation with temperature for different biomes. The temporal variation of PUE was mainly controlled by precipitation in Eurasian grasslands. This result further revealed that climatic factors shaped the temporal pattern of PUE by the cascading effects networks of climatic factors (precipitation and temperature) − vapor pressure deficit (VPD) – leaf area index (LAI) – ANPP – PUE (CVLP-CENet). This study identified the long-term trends, interannual variations and controls of PUE in Eurasian grasslands over the past three decades, and provided crucial insights into understanding grassland ecosystems dynamics and response to climate change.

国家公园管理目标的实现依赖于大量监测数据和信息的支持,然而国家公园不同管理分区往往具有不同的管理目标,因此对于监测数据具有不同的需求.为满足国家公园不同管理分区管理的差异性需求、提高生态监测指标体系的针对性和监测效率,探讨了基于管理分区的国家公园生态监测指标体系构建的可行性,并以神农架国家公园为例,应用面向国家公园管理目标的生态监测指标体系构建方法,构建出两个管护小区的生态监测指标体系.研究结果表明神农架国家公园两个管护小区在监测内容和监测指标上都存在差异,反映出两个小区管理目标的差异.这在一定程度上说明基于管理分区的生态监测指标体系更具有针对性,能够满足不同管理分区的监测需求,可为我国国家公园不同管理分区生态监测指标体系的构建提供借鉴.

Tourism is often considered as one of the dynamic conservation and adaptive management approaches in Agricultural Heritage Sites. It has been over 15 years since the GIAHS programme was initiated in China, and tourism developed quickly in the Agricultural Heritage Sites, to some extent because many researchers consider tourism as a significant engine of the local economy. However, this is contrary to the original intention of agricultural heritage tourism as it was proposed in the first place. Apparently, there are some overt problems during the tourism development process, which are mainly as follows: Some threats to Agricultural Heritage Systems are ubiquitous; The tourism development mode in Agricultural Heritage Sites is questionable; Community involvement is difficult to implement; And the negative environmental impacts are easy to overlook. Under the context of global development, the UNWTO sustainable tourism criteria provide some guidance for agricultural heritage tourism. Based on the Global Sustainable Tourism Criteria, combined with previous survey experiences and related researches, this paper analyzes the tourism sustainability of all the 15 GIAHS sites in China, and explores the current sustainable tourism development level. On this basis, an agricultural heritage sustainable tourism development framework was built in an attempt to find the road to sustainability for agricultural heritage tourism. The framework in the global and local contexts is trying to connect all the important elements related to agricultural heritage tourism according to the UNWTO sustainable tourism criteria.

Elucidating aboveground net primary production (ANPP) and precipitation-use efficiency (PUE) spatial variations and mechanisms are essential for predicting how ecosystem functioning will respond to future climate change. However, a comprehensive recognition of spatial patterns of ANPP and PUE across continental scale is still lacking. Here, we integrated long-term GIMMS NDVI remote sensing, field survey ANPP and meteorological datasets to reveal the spatial variations and controls of ANPP and PUE across Eurasian grasslands for the first time. The results showed that the mean value of ANPP and PUE of Eurasian grasslands were 40.20 ± 0.40 g C m-2 yr-1 and 0.15 ± 0.01 g C m-2 mm-1, respectively. At the continental scale, the ANPP and PUE showed unimodal patterns along mean annual precipitation (MAP) and hydrothermal index (HT) gradients, while a piecewise linear pattern along mean annual temperature (MAT) gradients. The MAP exerted positive effect on the ANPP in desert and temperate grasslands, while negative effect on the ANPP in alpine grasslands. Conversely, the MAT negatively affected the ANPP in desert and temperate grasslands, while positively affected the ANPP in alpine grasslands. The results indicated that the hydrothermal conditions coupled with the transition of vegetation types and its different responses combinedly shaped the spatial patterns of ANPP and PUE in Eurasian grasslands. This study advanced our knowledge of the spatial variations of ANPP and PUE at continental scale, providing theoretical information for predicting productivity and water use changes of arid and semi-arid grasslands under climate change in the future.

<span id="ChDivSummary" name="ChDivSummary" class="abstract-text">中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所生态系统学科以生态系统生态学研究为核心,通过研制生态系统观测和模拟分析的技术和方法,探索解决区域性/大尺度生态学问题的理论和方法,监测生态系统变化,认知生态系统变化规律,推动生态系统生态学、生物地理生态学、全球变化生态学和生态信息科学技术的发展,创新生态系统管理模式,服务于国家和地方的生态建设、应对全球变化及区域可持续发展。面向国家重大需求,在中国华北平原农业区、南方红壤丘陵林业区、青藏高原农牧区以及黄土高原区等典型区域开展生态系统管理技术与模式的集成与创新研究,着力解决国家生态文明建设和应对全球气候变化中的重大生态学问题,推动区域生态系统管理领域的科技进步。围绕生态系统生态学学科前沿,着重在①生态系统联网观测、模拟与信息管理,②生态系统结构、过程与功能,③生态系统空间格局与机制,④生态系统对全球变化的响应与适应,⑤生态系统管理与生态系统服务等五大主要研究方向,系统开展生态系统生态学前沿理论和实践的创新研究,研究成果处于国内和国际生态学研究的科学前沿。</span>

<span id="ChDivSummary" name="ChDivSummary" class="abstract-text">中华人民共和国成立以来,中国的资源科学研究在自然资源考察的基础上形成了一门综合性的学科体系。本文系统总结中国资源科学从自然资源综合考察到资源科学综合研究的发展历程,大致可划分为自然资源综合考察初期（20世纪50—60年代）、区域资源综合科学考察与资源科学研究时期（20世纪70—80年代）、资源科学学科体系的形成与发展时期（20世纪90年代—2000年）及现代资源科学迈向新发展时期（21世纪以来）等4个阶段,促进了中国自然资源的考察和开发利用事业不断向前发展,对中国资源科学形成与发展影响深远。当下面向生态文明建设和美丽中国建设两个国家先进发展需求,资源科学研究要以史为鉴,推陈出新,不断丰富学科的新概念、新知识与新方法,促进资源科学的蓬勃发展。</span>

Starting from livelihood capitals of households and regarding planting structures and wills of households as the core, this paper explores elements and mechanisms influencing households' planting decisions in Zhagana Agriculture-Forestry-Animal Husbandry Composite System, the first Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems site in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. (1) Based on DFID's Sustainable Livelihoods Approach, this paper highlights the influences of traditional cultures and information technology on livelihood activities and formulates a livelihood capital accounting framework for agricultural heritage systems. According to accounting results, the average value of livelihood capitals of households is 2.617. (2) This paper divides planting decisions of households into planting structures demonstrated in the current phase and planting willingness demonstrated in anticipated phase. As to planting structures, oilseeds, highland barley and potatoes rank the top 3 among the 66.601 ha of cultivated lands involved. As to planting willingness, households show a relatively stronger planting will of oilseeds and a relatively weaker planting will of barley. (3) This paper selects the SUR model and the Probit model to screen livelihood capital indicators obviously relevant to planting decisions. Based on a statistical analysis, this paper makes element analyses of livelihood capital indicators with an obvious relevance one by one and finally screens incentive, restrictive and regulatory livelihood capital indicators influencing planting decisions of households. In addition, the "incentive livelihood capital indicators" influencing households' highland barley-planting decisions refer to households' cultivated area and productivity of farming activities.

我和东北森林结下的是一段不解之缘.这里,是我追求心中绿色的梦的起点,也是我心灵的驿站.在我从事林业研究60年的过程中,有机会到几十个国家进行森林参观和考察,科学研究的方向和地点也几经变迁,但我与东北森林的联系却是绵延不断.除了对这里山山水水的热爱,还有那人际间的情愫.每提到东北的森林,总会使我联想起在自己科学道路上引我入门的师长、科学研究中亲密的伙伴、那些曾与我共同在艰苦条件下患难与共的学生以及当地给了我浓郁友情的淳朴的林业工作者们.

As the first Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System (GIAHS) in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the “Zhagana Agriculture-Forestry-Animal Husbandry Composite System” is a typical representative of agricultural production in farming-animal husbandry areas. In recent years, a tourism-oriented planting tendency is increasingly popular, which makes historically traditional tillage methods and agricultural landscapes gradually disappear. Starting from livelihood capitals of peasant households and regarding planting structures and wills of peasant households as the core, this paper explores elements and mechanisms influencing peasant households’ planting decisions in order to propose suggestions for dynamic protections and sustainable developments of agricultural heritage. (1) Based on the Sustainable Livelihood Analysis Framework proposed by DFID, this paper highlights the influences of traditional cultures and information technology on livelihood capitals of peasant households and formulates a livelihood capital accounting framework that is suitable for agricultural heritage systems. According to accounting results, the average value of livelihood capitals of local peasant households is 2.617, which demonstrates a shortage of the total livelihood capital of peasant households. (2) This paper divides planting decisions of peasant households into two aspects: planting structures demonstrated in the current phase; and planting willingness demonstrated in the anticipated phase. As to planting structures, oilseed, highland barley and potatoes rank the top 3 among the 66.601 ha of cultivated lands involved, according to the total planting area and planting households; oilseed, highland barley and broad beans rank the top 3, according to the average planting area per household. As to planting wills, peasant households show a relatively stronger planting will of oilseeds and a relatively weaker planting will of barley. (3) This paper selects the SUR model and the Probit model to screen livelihood capital indicators obviously relevant to planting structures and wills of peasant households. Based on a statistical analysis, this paper makes element analyses of livelihood capital indicators with an obvious relevance one by one and finally screens incentive, restrictive and regulatory livelihood capital indicators influencing planting decisions of peasant households. In addition, the “incentive livelihood capital indicators” influencing rural households’ highland barley-planting decisions refer to households' cultivated area and productivity of farming activities, while the “restrictive livelihood capital indicators” influencing rural households’ highland barley-planting decisions refer to types of houses, the number of guest rooms at households' inns and the number of relatives at the same village.

国家公园具有生态系统保护、自然资源可持续利用等管理目标,这些管理目标的实现需要大量监测数据和信息的支持.对国家公园开展生态监测有助于了解国家公园内生态系统的动态变化并揭示管理活动的影响,从而为管理决策的规划和实施提供有用信息.为推动我国国家公园生态监测体系的建立,提出了面向管理目标的国家公园生态监测指标构建方法.该方法由确定国家公园生态监测目标、识别国家公园管理目标、识别国家公园关键生态过程、确定需要监测的生态过程并制定初始监测指标清单、确定最终监测指标清单5个部分组成.该方法在三江源国家公园进行了应用.三江源国家公园的管理目标包括生态系统保育、维持江河径流量持续稳定等13项,在区域、景观、生态系统和种群尺度上共识别出16个关键生态过程.通过匹配三江源国家公园的关键生态过程与管理目标,构建了一个由两级共93个指标组成的三江源国家公园生态监测指标体系,为三江源国家公园生态监测体系的构建奠定了基础.

自2002年联合国粮农组织发起“全球重要农业文化遗产(GIAHS)”保护倡议以来,经过10多年发展,农业文化遗产已经得到国际社会的广泛关注.2015年6月联合国粮农组织正式将全球重要农业文化遗产列为常规工作,截至目前已有21个国家的57个项目被列为全球重要农业文化遗产.中国是最早响应者、积极参与者、坚定支持者、重要推动者、成功实践者、主要贡献者,目前不仅以15个项目位列各国之首,而且还率先开展了国家级农业文化遗产发掘与保护,颁布了管理办法,开展了全国性农业文化遗产普查,建立了全国性工作和学术交流机制,引领国际农业文化遗产发掘与保护,助推了乡村振兴、脱贫攻坚和美丽中国建设.2019年6月21-23日,由中国农学会农业文化遗产分会等联合主办的“第六届全国农业文化遗产大会”在四川省成都市郫都区成功召开,李文华院士发来贺信,400多位来自相关高校和科研单位、国家和地方管理部门、部分重要农业文化遗产地的企业和农户代表,就农业文化遗产的特征价值、生态与文化价值实现机制、保护与发展途径等方面的研究成果和实践经验进行了广泛深入交流.现撷取部分嘉宾和专家观点,以飨读者.

As a discipline, ecology has emerged on the scientific platform for one and a half centuries. Focusing on the interactions among organisms and their environment, ecology is innately linked very clo...