Songliao Basin is one of China's major energy bases. With the implementation of the policy of revitalizing the old industri-al bases in Northeast region, how to deal with the increase of CO2 emissions arising from industrial and economic development has become an urgent problem. Performing CO2 geological sequestration in this basin will be one of the major techniques to solve the problem. Therefore, with Songliao Basin as the study object and in consideration of the geological conditions of Songliao Basin, the authors selected indexes from the four aspects which include storage's size, storage's security, social environmental risk, economic suitability, and established an index system that includes 16 indicators by applying the gray relational analysis method to the basin level suitability assessment of the 33Ⅱtectonic units of Songliao Basin. The results provide a basis for target area selection of ground level.

As irrigation area used by saline water increasing every year, people pay more and more attention to the security of irrigation water quality in our country. As typical study region, central Cangzhou was studied in saline water chemical characteristics and recharge source by statistical analysis, correlation analysis and isotope analysis and etc. At the same time, the quality of irrigation water in the region was comprehensively evaluated by electric conductivity and sodium adsorption ratio ( SAR ) indexes in this paper. Research shows that the chemical type of shallow groundwater is largely Cl?Na, recharged by precipitation since the Holocene, the salinity of shallow groundwater source is from saltrocks dissolving in marine sedimentary strata. Moreover, the chemical type of surface water is mainly Cl·SO4?Na·Mg, recharged by shallow groundwater and the salinity in surface water controlled by evaporation. In this region, it can produce salt damage and alkali injury if it is irrigated by saline water, however, the alkali injury degree is less than salt damage. The salinization hazard degree irrigated by surface water is low and moderate degree compared with moderate and severe degree irrigation by shallow groundwater.

During the process of the suitability investigation and assessment of the important areas, the study and assessment object and the boundary conditions are the two problems that confuse the author. Through studying the international carbon dioxide storage projects that have been carried out, combining target selection process experience in the Sichuan Basin, we think that geological storage of carbon dioxide target investigation and evaluation should begin from three tectonic levels or partially favorable structures, and finish with closed saline aquifers, or suitable non-enclosed interior saline aquifer for the storage of carbon dioxide. In the course of the investigation and evaluation, we should consider objective target boundary conditions, namely, the physical boundary conditions of the saline aquifers, three tectonic levels and local favorable structure. At the same time, when we select the target, we must consider the source-sink match which is conducive to further evaluate the migration of CO2 in deep saline aquifers and the impact on other energy sources of the aquifer system. The article proposes the target evaluation index system, and points out that when a clear physical boundary condition exists, we recommend using AHP-comprehensive index method; for large-scale regional saline aquifers evaluation, we recommend using multi-factor spatial overlay method.

From 2010 to 2013, China Geological Survey (CGS) launched a project“CO2 Geological Storage Potential and Suitability Assessment and Pilot-Project in China”, which has promoted CO2 geological storage study in China. Based on the complex geological conditions of basins in China, the authors have established CO2 geological storage potential and suitability assessment system suitable for China, and assessed CO2 geological storage potential and suitability about the 417 land and shallow marine sedimentary basins with the area greater than 200 km2. The CCS pilot-project in Ejin Horo Banner of Ordos City within Inner Mongolia was carried out, which served as the first coal-based CCS pilot project in deep saline aquifers in China and the largest one in the world. Some scientific and technical breakthroughs in such aspects as drilling, perfusion, sampling and monitoring were achieved. The substantial progress in the basic theoretical researches such as physical chemical and biological process, simulation, environmental impact and safety risk assessment of CO2 geological storage has also been obtained.

The paper takes the secondary tectonic units of Sichuan basin as the evaluation objects, with regional crustal stability conditions, basic geological conditions, reservoir and cap rock conditions, storage potential conditions , geothermal conditions, research degree and potential resources conditions, social and economic conditions for the level one indexes, Based on the data collection and analysis for 16 level two indexes, using AHP - fuzzy comprehensive index method, think that middle gentle fold belt in Sichuan basin is suitable for carbon dioxide geological storage; High and steep fold belt of east, Low and steep fold belt of south, Low and mild fold belt of north are unlikely for carbon dioxide geological storage; Low and steep fold belt of south-west, Low and steep fold belt of west are unsuitale for carbon dioxide geological storage; CO2 geolog-ical target reservoirs include Lower Jurassic ZLJ Group、Upper Triassic XJH Group、Middle Triassic LKP Group、Lower Trias-sic JLJ Group and FXG Group、Lower of Middle Permian QX Group.

On the basic of third-grade tectonic units potential and suitability evaluation results of suitable for carbon dioxide geological storage,learning from siting processes and methods,combining with geological conditions and technical methods level of China,we bring forward that the target scale can be determined by the four major evaluation index as layers of safety,reservoir scale,the ground environment conditions and economic suitability and 44 detailed indexes.The authors still bring forward that evaluation methods,such as the analytic hierarchy process and multi-factors space superposition assessment methods,can be used in the process of selecting target.The authors evaluated the suitability of three typical targets in Ordos basin and Hetao basin,confirming this evaluation index system has better maneuverability and application value in selecting target.

The paper chooses the secondary tectonic units of Sichuan Basin as the evaluation object, and considers regional crustal stability conditions, basic geological conditions, reservoir and cap rock conditions, storage potential conditions, geothermal conditions, research degree and potential resources conditions, social and economic conditions as first-level indexes. Based on collected data and a comprehensive analysis of 16 level-two indexes and 9 level-three indexes, and with the application of comprehensive index method, the conclusions regarding the suitability partition of the secondary tectonic units of Sichuan Basin are as follows: Central Sichuan low-flat structural belt is highly suitable for carbon dioxide geological storage, West Sichuan low-slope structural belt is relatively suitable, and SW low-slope structural belt is unsuitable for carbon dioxide geological storage, South Sichuan low-slope structural belt is relatively unsuitable, whereas East Sichuan high-slope faulted fold belt, and North Sichuan low-flat structural belt are fairly suitable for carbon dioxide geological storage. Based on the above, with a comprehensive analysis of corresponding hydrographic and geological conditions, and at the same time considering the non-cov- ered oil or gas resources and the buried structure, six CO2 geological target formations are identified, including lower Jurassic Ziliujing Group, upper Triassic Xujiahe Group, middle Triassic Leikoupo Group, lower Triassic Jialingjiang Group and Feixianguan Group, and lower Permian Qixia Group. This paper provides an important guidance and reference for the selection criteria of CO2 geologic storage sites in Sichuan Basin.

我国页岩气开发仅处于理论研究阶段,但面对强劲的开发势头,提前开展相关问题研究十分必要；根据国外页岩气开发的工程经验,结合我国地质条件从页岩气勘探开发的工程特点入手,分析其可能产生的环境影响问题,并提出页岩气工程环境影响研究方向和评价体系,为我国页岩气开发工程的可持续发展提供科学参考.

Through analyzing the subsurface space and time characteristics of geological storage of carbon dioxide and considering the characteristics of environmental isotopes,the following three aspects are presented when environmental isotopes are used in carbon storage:(1) hydrogeological conditions of the carbon dioxide sequestration site are identified and safety durability of typical salt water layer in which carbon dioxide is sealed and its suitability to store carbon dioxide are evaluated;(2) determining the isotope methods to recognize the "leaked carbon source"and the leaked"carbon" source;(3) with the environmental isotope technique,the relationship between groundwater circulation and CO2 geological storage is examined,and the potential leakage of carbon dioxide sequestration effect on the shallow aquifer is evaluated.

CO2 geological storage belongs to environmental protection projects, reservoirs and caprocks evaluation are the important base for CO2 sequestration safely for long period of time. Reservoirs geological evaluation contents include physical properties and CO2 injectivity, while caprocks geological evaluation contents include development characteristics and quantitative sealing capacity. In the different stages of planning and engineering site selection, contents and objects of reservoir and caprock evaluation should improve the precision and quantization degree according to the evaluation purposes. At the basis of CO2 geological storage engineering site selection stages division, combined with reservoirs and caprocks evaluation contents, suitable evaluation indexes and grading standard are established preliminary, which provides guidance for reservoirs and caprocks geological and suitable evaluation of CO2 geological storage engineering site selection in deep saline aquifers of China.

Through the field survey,it is found that the main water disasters in Kunlun mountain-Qingshui river section of Qinghai-Tibet engineering corridor include: The surface water and groundwater are artificially obstructed,when the drainage measures are inappropriate the ponding in the road bed occurs,then the underground ice thaws because of the water heat change effect which causes the roadbed subsidence.At the places where the ascending springs are dense and the frost heaving-thawing settlement is intense,the permafrost thaw causes the roadbed subsidence and deformation and the frost heaving causes the road boiling.At the places where the pits locate along the road densely,the ponding at one side or both sides of the embankment occurs.Water disasters caused by water levels change in the areas with the strong groundwater runoff and the shallow groundwater.The river water scour and the bank erosion cause the bank recession.

At present,there is a lot of methods of CO2 geological sequestration,but geological sequestration has been considered one of the most promising ways.Compared with other methods,characteristics of the storage method are relatively safe,reliable,and wide range,with small side effects.Research shows that the geological storage reservoir which is favorable,elaborate design and proper management can store the injected CO2 of 99% for more than 1000 years.In order to cope with the challenge of global climate change,The main western developed countries are doing CCS projects research.Acording to the collected the research data of CCS,authors summarize the current research status of CO2 geological sequestration and put forward some inspiration for CO2 geological storage in China.

Kaschin-Beck disease(KBD)is a local endemic osteoarthritis disease.Hongyuan County is one of the serious KBD area in China.A total of 37 groundwater and surface water samples were collected in September 2009.The water quality data in this research include major cations,anions,and trace elements.The results indicate that hydrochemical types of disease areas are mainly low degree of mineralization and HCO3-Ca and the water source is melt water and rainfall.The enrichment presented by Se and Zn while Sr,Ba,F existed in indigence is the the typical characteristic of the drinking-water.There were significant differences among prevalence rates of KBD by drinking different water sources with SPSS software.People drinking the surface water there are more likely to become KBD victims.According to factor analysis method and hydrogeological conditions of the study area,KBD prevalence in the study area has close relationship with Ca,SO4,Sr,F elements in drinking water.Lack of these four elements leads to prevalence of KBD increase.

CO2 geological storage belongs to environmental protection projects,suitable sites are the important base for CO2 sequestration safely for long period of time.It is just the beginning stage of CO2 geological storage in China,there is no mature technical methodological system.So relevant research is being carried out in this paper.Site selection of CO2 geological storage should satisfy the principles that effective storage capacity is large enough,safe,economy,the site selection should meet the general conditions for environmental protection engineering standard,and the site should not be affected by adverse geological factors.Site selection of CO2 geological storage in deep saline aquifers could use multi-scale objective approximation method,including planning and engineering stages.Planning site selection is divided into national,basin and target grade stages.Engineering site selection to ensure the suitable locations according to targets selection,comprehensive geological survey,drilling,injection test and selected site comprehensive evaluation.Ranking multi-factor index method on the basis of AHP could be used for CO2 geological storage site selection,and an index system is established,which provides guidance for site selection of CO2 geological storage engineering in deep saline aquifers of China.

Learning from geological investigation and assessment working procedures of foreign CO2 storage potential and suitability and taking our country's complex geological background into account,CO2 geological storage potential and suitability assessment can be divided into national predicted potential assessment,basin presumed potential assessment,target controlled potential assessment,site based potential assessment and perfusion project potential assessment.According to the evaluation precision,from low to high,the CO2 geological storage potential and the suitability assessment can be classified as E and D,C,B and A levels,and analytic hierarchy process method of fuzzy index is used to carry out preliminary screening for continental sedimentary basins.

The replenishment source of Xidatan drinking mineral springs in island permafrost area on north slope of the Kunlun Mountains are mainly the melting water from the modern glaciers bottom, snow and ice melting water, atmospheric precipitation, and surface water in Yuzhu Peak area on the Kunlun Mountains. This scenario is based on the survey of hydrogeology, water-conducting and water-controlling faults, and water chemistry, and on the EH-4high-frequency electronic deep exploration. The original water recharges the deep groundwater at fracture zone of active normal faults F-3 and F-4, then groundwater enriches at normal faults F(2)and F-2-1,2, and then run northward. A water-rich triangle area is formed when groundwater reach the active reverse fault F-1. Groundwater then discharges through fracture zone of F-1, which is the major cause of the Xidatan mineral springs formation.

Important traffic engineering constructions over the Tibetan Plateau cause the eco-geological environment is more vulnerability in some areas,ecological functions and bearing capacity decrease sharply.The index system of the impact comprehensive evaluation is established,fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method based on the analytic hierarchy process which is suitable to the study area is suggested,according to the research on the cutting,isolation,hinder and disturbed effect on the eco-geological environment.Meanwhile,unit division evaluation method of the practical research process is suggested.It is very mea-ningful for treating the relationship between the important traffic engineering constructions and environmental protection,protection of plateau environment,promoting the harmonious development between basic construction and social economic environment.

Basing on the hydrogeological investigation,the water-conducting and water-controlling fractures survey,the water chemistry survey and EH-4 high-frequency deep sounding in the area of Xidatan mineral springs,it is found that the origin of the mineral springs is the meltwater from snow,ice and glaciers,atmospheric precipitation and surface water around the Mount Yuzhu of Kunlun Mountain. The origin water supplies the deep groundwater through active fractures F3and F4,then riches at almost south-north running normal faults F2 and F2-1,2,which inclines to west,and goes on toward the north,finally,forms a water-rich triangle area,when the water reaches the active reverse faults F1,which inclines to south. Afterwards,the deep groundwater discharges through F1,which is the major cause of the Xidatan mineral springs group.

This paper takes North China Plain and Guanzhong Basin as examples and considers that the high-fluorine groundwater is affected by the aquifer rock,evaporation,ground temperature and human pollution.It also gives the scheme to avoid the fluorosis.