Clay-type lithium ore,also known as sedimentary lithium ore,is one of the important lithium ore types.It is endowed with structural or adsorbed lithium in the interlayer or lattice of clay minerals such as monazite group minerals and illite.In recent years,the authors have studied the clay layers in the Balun Mahai salt-forming basin in northwestern Qaidam.Major and trace elemental composation analysis,X-ray diffraction analysis,and scanning electron microscope test were performed on the clay samples.The mina-ral assemblages and elemental compositions of clay minerals within the clay layer were investigated.The re-sults showed that the clay minerals within the clay layer in the study area mainly consisted of illite,chlo-rite,imonite mixed layer,kaolinite and so on.The elemental analysis shows that lithium is mainly found in the clay minerals such as illite,chlorite and imonite.In addition,Rb,Cs and Li have similar geochemical behaviors in geological processes.

The analysis of hot spring water and underground dry-hot rock in Gonghe Basin shows that there is helium in hot spring water and dry-hot rock,and some of the samples are up to 0.1% of commercial grade,which are of crustal origin.Based on the compositional and isotopic data,the conditions of helium accumulation in Gonghe Basin of Qinghai Province are studied.The results show that the dry-hot rocks（granites） at the bottom of the Triassic strata are helium source rocks,and the deep and large faults around the basin and several NW-tensional faults in the basin are located in the heat source igneous rocks.The high temperature of the dryhot rock provides the power for the primary migration of helium,and the underground hot water provides the carrier for the secondary migration of helium,the glutenite at the top of the dry-hot rock mass（granite） provides storage space for helium gas accumulation,and the thick sedimentary layer（especially the mudstone layer） at the top of the dry-hot rock mass（granite） is a good cap rock.The comprehensive analysis shows that the helium gas associated with dry-hot rock bodies in Gonghe Basin has geological conditions for the formation of helium-rich gas reservoirs and good exploration prospects.

The strategic importance of lithium in global development has become increasingly prominent due to the rapid growth of the new energy automotive industry and the continuous advancements in controllable nuclear fusion technology. Lithium minerals in salt lakes possess advantageous characteristics, such as abundant reserves, environmental sustainability, and economic viability. Furthermore, with ongoing improvements in the lithium extraction process, the availability of lithium minerals in salt lakes is expected to further increase. The Qaidam Basin Salt Lake in China has served as the location for the establishment of numerous lithium carbonate production enterprises, resulting in a lithium carbonate production volume of 7 × 104 t/yr in 2022. How to meet the growing need for lithium resources has become an enterprise focus. Nevertheless, there are large amounts of clay minerals in and around the bottom and periphery of the salt lake in the Qaidam Basin, and whether these minerals are of exploitable value, regardless of the state of the occurrence of lithium resources, remains unexplored. To ascertain the attributes, extent, and distribution of the lithium occurrence within the clayey layer of the Qaidam Basin, as well as to assess its resource potential, a total of 87 drill holes were conducted within a designated area of the Mahai Basin, which is a secondary basin in the Qaidam Basin. The subsequent analysis encompassed the examination of the lithium content within the clay minerals, the mineral composition of the clay, and, ultimately, the evaluation of the resource potential within the region. Compared with Quaternary salt lake deposits, brine deposits in gravel pores, and the Paleogene–Neogene Li-bearing salt deposits that have been studied, it is suggested that this is a novel form of a clay-type sedimentary Li deposit within the Qaidam Basin. The findings of this research will serve as a fundamental basis for future endeavors pertaining to the exploration and exploitation of lithium deposits within salt lake areas.

锂被称为21 世纪改变世界的"绿色能源金属"和"白色石油", 战略意义显著.锂作为重要的战略资源, 广泛地应用于能源、化工、冶金、玻璃和陶瓷等产业.其中可充电锂电池广泛应用于便携式电子设备(如手机、摄影机、笔记本电脑)、交通运输工具(如电动自行车、新能源汽车)以及航空航天等领域, 是锂化合物最大的潜在应用增长区域.

In recent years,a good prospect of helium resources has been found in the Qaidam Basin.Among them,high helium content has been found in Mabei,Dongping,Tuanyushan,Quanjishan,Jianbei and other areas on the northern margin of Qaidam Basin.The helium content in the analyzed samples is 0.013%-1.14%,and 89.36% of the helium content meets the industrial standard.Based on the analysis of the horizontal and vertical helium distribution in the northern margin of Qaidam Basin,the helium content of Quanjishan coalfield is the highest（1.074%）,followed by Tuanyushan coalfield（0.678%）,Dongping（0.28%）,Mabe（0.261%）,Jianbei（0.24%） and Niudong（0.015%） gas fields.Vertically,the average helium content of Paleogene Lulehe Formation（E1+2） and Jurassic（J） strata is the highest,0.61% and 0.43%,respectively,which can be used as the main helium exploration and development strata.In addition,the samples with helium content higher than 0.3% are mainly located in the shallow layer within 3 000 m.According to isotope analysis,helium in the northern margin of Qaidam Basin is mainly of crust derived helium origin,which is mainly generated by radioactive minerals such as granite,metamorphic rock series and uranium ore in Proterozoic Ordovician basement through U and Th radioactive decay.The fault is used as the migration channel,and groundwater and natural gas are used as carriers.On one hand,natural gas is preserved in the semi-weathered crust at the top of the bedrock through the self-generation and self-storage migration and accumulation mode;on the other hand,the water-soluble helium in the groundwater continuously migrates to the surface through the continuous migration mode.In addition,during the continuous migration process of groundwater,part of the helium released with the change of temperature and pressure is transported to the trap along with the natural gas,and then encounters dense caprocks such as thick mudstone or gypsum rock to form a reservoir.

为查明共和盆地潜在氦气源岩(干热岩)稀有气体、元素地球化学和矿物学特征,笔者在共和盆地采集了与干热岩相关的花岗岩进行了稀有气体和放射性铀钍测试、扫描电镜及能谱分析,发现花岗岩中氦气含量达到 49×10-6～851×10-6,每吨岩石中氦气含量达到 0.27798～4.76992 m3,局部区段氦气含量更高.计算3 He/4 He同位素值在 7.30×10-10～2.5×10-8之间,确定该区氦气为放射性成因.共和盆地花岗岩体中常见铀钍独立矿物及分散矿物,铀含量在 0.74×10-6～38.1×10-6,钍含量在4.7×10-6～42.2×10-6.估算研究区氦生成量约 269×108 m3.在此基础上,进一步开展了花岗岩氦气储层储集特征研究,岩体中存在低密度、较高孔隙度和微裂缝发育区段,测井数据也显示花岗岩体中储集特征和脆性良好的区段,是氦气赋存的空间.花岗岩中的富铀矿物对氦气的封闭温度(27～250℃)与干热岩相关的花岗岩温度(80～236℃)基本一致,具备封存条件,估算岩体中封闭氦量为4.03×108～46.8×108 m3.岩体中浅部、深部和压裂返排液中均有氦气,深部高含量氦气存在,压裂后返排液中氦气聚集明显,初步证明了自生自储型氦气藏的存在.

锂被称为21世纪改变世界的"绿色能源金属"和"白色石油",其战略意义显著.在过去的一个世纪里,锂的开采和加工方式存在高能耗、高化学品消耗、低资源利用率、高环境污染等问题.现在,美国普林斯顿大学开发出一种基于3D多孔纤维绳的卤水提锂新技术,可以大幅减少锂生产所需的土地和时间.文章对该技术的原理、优点进行了评论,同时与我国科研人员独创的"太阳池-立体结晶法"提锂工艺进行对比.该新技术不仅可以提高现有锂盐生产线的产量,还可以扩大锂资源的可开采和利用范围,能应用于以前因锂浓度太低而不具有经济价值的锂资源,例如废弃的油气井和地热盐水,以及拥有广阔锂资源的海洋,同时该技术还可以节省大量的水,比传统的盐田蒸发更环保.相信随着该技术理论和工艺的不断发展,将会颠覆提锂技术,同时推动现有锂行业的蓬勃发展,促进全球新能源产业快速发展.

为了查明黏土层中稀有金属矿的赋存形式、富集特征和分布范围,了解稀有轻金属矿组分变化特征,评价资源潜力,在柴达木巴伦马海盆地开展了以锂稀有轻金属为主攻矿种的地质调查评价工作.在全新统(Qh)、上更新统(Qp3)和中更新统(Qp2)圈定含矿黏土层3层,估算LiCl潜在资源总量可达114.41万t.选矿试验锂浸取率达到51%～55%.含矿黏土层厚度和Li、Rb、Cs含量变化稳定.锂以铁锰结合态为主,残渣态次之.黏土矿物以伊利石为主,Li、Rb和Cs含量与黏土含量呈正相关关系.本区黏土型锂矿中既有结构型锂,也有吸附型锂,是介于碳酸盐黏土型锂矿与火山岩黏土型锂矿之间的一类黏土型锂矿.首次针对黏土层开展了锂稀有轻金属矿的调查评价工作并发现了黏土型锂稀有轻金属资源,其与液体矿、固体盐矿相生相伴,是盐湖资源的重要组成部分.

By collecting and testing brine wells and hot spring water samples in the Qaidam basin, the source rock of water-soluble helium and its helium generation intensity have been explored. The results show that the helium source rocks in the Qaidam basin are diverse and open. In addition to granite, Jurassic and Carboniferous shale are indispensable helium-generating parent rocks, and Jurassic shale is helium-generating. The strength is the highest, followed by the Silurian monzogranite, and the Carboniferous shale is the lowest; the water-soluble helium enrichment areas with the Youshashan Formation and Shizigou Formation as the main enrichment layers are distributed in the area north of the Chaizhong fault, and There are three helium-controlling fault zones in the north, middle, and south; the water-soluble helium in the Qaidam basin is basically crust-derived helium, and the mantle-derived helium only accounts for 0.005%～0.42%; “transportation and storage” is the key factors for water-soluble helium resources, in which shale and medium-acid rock mass are the parent sources of helium gas generation, groundwater and faults provide migration carriers and channels, and the Youshashan Formation and Shizigou Formation provide storage space.

页岩气作为重要的非常规能源,在储层物性、孔隙结构、气体赋存特征等方面与常规气藏有着明显差异,因此,相对于常规天然气,页岩气储层测井评价更为复杂.青海省都兰县八宝山盆地页岩气地质调查评价是国内首次开展的高原页岩气调查评价工作,对沿盆地中轴线施工的三个调查井均进行了全参数地球物理测井,但没有根据该地区页岩气地层特征选用针对性的测井参数.结合地层物性化验测试数据,逐参数逐条曲线核对页岩气层响应特征,遴选研究了定性准确、定量精度高的有效主参数.最终建立了有机碳含量、孔隙率、总含气量、泥质含量4项核心定量评价指数的交会图法和计算数学模型,初步形成了适合本区的特定参数组合测井曲线特征法与物性参数计算定量评价指数相结合的测井资料地质解释双重模式.

为查明共和盆地西缘临夏组地层砂岩型铀矿成藏特征,以区内已发现的铀矿化点为依托,对该区铀源、赋矿地层、构造演化、水文地质、古气候及铀矿化信息等条件进行系统分析,认为区内第三系临夏组具备砂岩型铀矿成矿的基本地质条件.研究表明区内铀源充足,成矿期区内为少雨干旱气候,湖泊三角洲相、辫状河相的沉积层广泛分布,"补-径-排"水动力系统发育完整,矿化点附近临夏组地层层间氧化带发育、铀元素含量可达工业品位.综合来看,共和盆地临夏组砂岩型铀矿成矿前景良好,值得进一步深入调查.

青藏高原北部东昆仑地区八宝山盆地作为高原页岩气成藏特征探索的典型区域之一,对影响储层储集性能的关键因素——成岩作用的研究程度很低,不足以更大限度地发挥其勘探价值.基于岩性观察及薄片、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、X-射线衍射等实验分析资料,对该区三叠系页岩成岩作用及对储层的影响开展研究,结果显示,三叠系八宝山组页岩成岩作用共有6类:压实、胶结、黏土矿物转化、交代、溶蚀及有机质热成熟作用.综合有机质成熟度、岩石热解最高峰温、伊蒙混层比中蒙皂石占比、黏土矿物组合、孔隙类型等指标得出:研究区页岩处于中成岩B期-晚成岩阶段.结合各成岩作用对储层孔隙度的影响,研究区压实作用、胶结作用、黏土矿物转化作用易于造成孔隙度的减小,溶蚀作用、有机质热成熟作用易于孔隙度的增大,而交代作用对孔隙影响小.

基于青藏高原北部东昆仑地区八宝山盆地八页1井、八页2井、八页3井中的三叠系页岩微量元素和稀土元素测量结果,进行氧化还原条件、古盐度、古气候和古水深等古环境分析.结果显示:研究区三叠系八宝山组微量元素V/(V+Ni)值在0.6～0.84之间,Cu/Zn值在0.21～0.63之间,La/Ce>1.8,Sr/Ba<0.5,B/Ga值绝大多数<3,Sr/Cu值在1～10之间,指示该地区当时的古水深基本大于15 m,为贫氧—缺氧、半咸水—淡水、温暖潮湿的海陆过渡相—陆相的沉积环境.另外,稀土元素含量较高,轻稀土元素富集,重稀土元素亏损,轻重稀土分异程度大,稀土元素配分曲线相互平行且呈明显的右倾V型,δEu为正异常,δCe为弱负异常,指示弱还原的沉积环境.

通过结合电阻率、声波时差、补偿中子、自然伽马测井等常规测井评价方法,用大量岩心样品作为校正依据,使用测井曲线重叠法、测井参数图版交会法、多元线性回归法等建立了青藏高原北部东昆仑地区三叠系八宝山组储层岩性、物性、有机碳含量等关键参数的定性识别方法和定量解释模型,并结合实测有机碳含量(TOC)、镜质体反射率(RO)和补偿中子(CNL)之间的相关性建立储层含气量解释模型.通过测井模型拟合计算结果显示:青藏高原北部东昆仑地区三叠系八宝山组页岩储层孔隙度分布在0.5％～2.6％之间,渗透率分布在(0.002～2.3)×10-3 μm2之间;有机碳含量分布在0.2％～7％之间,镜质体反射率分布在2.3％～3.12％之间,平均含气量为3.7 m3/t.储层整体表现为特低孔特低渗的物性特征,具有良好的生烃潜力和含气性及较高的资源潜力.

能源是现代社会发展的动脉.人类利用能源经历了高碳、中碳到低碳的过程,并将逐步发展到无碳时代.当今已进入了低碳能源时代,而天然气的利用是实现低碳能源的最佳选择.研究了青海八宝山地区小口径页岩气钻探技术,分析了钻孔分类、钻孔施工程序以及钻孔结构、钻具组合、钻进技术参数的选择、钻头选择、钻井液与护壁.研究为在其他矿区推广使用这一小口径页岩气参数井钻探技术奠定了基础.

分布在东昆仑山南坡青海省大干沟地区的浩特洛哇组黑色岩系,属陆缘裂陷滨海—浅海相沉积的碎屑岩—碳酸盐岩建造,形成于缺氧环境.区内的大干沟钒钼矿床、大干沟口V-Mo-PGE矿床均赋存于浩特洛哇组(C2P1h)中,矿体均为层状、似层状,具层控特征.近年工作在大干沟口浩特洛哇组碳质板岩中发现了Mo、Au等元素的化探异常,通过少量的槽探及钻探工程控制钒钼矿体8个;钻孔ZK001、ZK701中均见Pd矿化,w(Pd) =0.03×10-6～0.16×10-6,达到伴生矿床工业开采品位.大干沟黑色岩系中伴生铂族元素的发现,给青海省柴南缘地区非传统类型的铂族元素矿床的找矿突破带了希望,与黑色岩系有关的V-Mo-PGE矿产找矿前景光明.

Triassic strata with dark shale and carbonate rocks are widely distributed in Qilian region of Qinghai Province. In this pa?per, the route geology was surveyed, drilling was conducted, samples from North Qilian and Muli areas were analyzed, and data col?lected from south Qilian basin and north Qilian basin were collected. The results show that the thickness of Triassic is large. Most of the organic matters belong to low-medium abundance, with a small part belonging to relatively high-high abundance. The types of organic matters are mainly type II1 and II2, with a small part being type III. The maturity of organic matters have reached low ma?ture-mature stage, within the maturity range favorable for the shale gas generation. The values of quartz, plagioclase mineral calcite and other brittle minerals of dark shale are relatively high. The space types of shale reservoirs mainly include two types of pores and cracks. In brief, Qilian Triassic shale shows good conditions for hydrocarbon source and has good exploration prospect.

通过对木里煤田炼焦用煤资源/储量探明程度、灰分特征、硫分特征、精煤回收率的分析,总结出绝大部分炼焦用煤符合灰分＜20％、硫分＜1％、精煤回收率高的优质至非优质环保炼焦用煤.木里煤田可以作为稀缺煤种基地,且具有重要的战略意义.

通过统计九井田各煤类中固定碳、燃烧比、碱酸度、氧化物含量等相关参数,分析出井田内各煤层煤类不同,固定碳、燃烧比、碱酸度、氧化物含量均有所不同;影响煤类变化规律的因素有沉积环境、煤化作用两个方面,这两个方面的因素综合影响到各煤类有不同的组分,同一煤层不同层位也存在不同的组分,导致煤层电阻率出现幅值的差异,总结出影响测井中视电阻率曲线的主要因素是固定碳、碱酸度、氧化物含量.

为了探索木里煤田隐伏区找煤有效的物探方法组合,本文在研究区域含煤地层构造格架和分布规律的基础上,采用可控源音频大地电磁测深测量进行反演推断,结合重力异常对比分析,初步划分含煤地层分布的有利地段,从而为进一步钻探验证提供依据.