The intrinsic low strength of ultra-light Mg-Li alloys restricts their wider application. This study investigates the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of dual-phase Mg-9Li-6Zn (LZ96) and Mg-9Li-6Al (LA96) alloys hot-rolled at 150–350 °C. A binary Mg-10Li (L10) alloy serves as a benchmark. Unlike the conventional work-softening observed in L10, the alloyed variants exhibit “anomalous strengthening” at elevated temperatures. Specifically, the LZ96 alloy shows a monotonic increase in strength. In contrast, the LA96 alloy displays a “V-shaped” trend, reaching a minimum at 250 °C before achieving an exceptional yield strength of 262 MPa at 350 °C. Microstructural analysis reveals that this behavior is governed by phase-specific precipitate evolution. In LZ96, strengthening arises from solid-solution hardening in α-Mg and dense MgLi2Zn nano-needles in β-Li. In LA96, high-temperature rolling promotes the dissolution of Al, fueling the subsequent precipitation of dispersed MgLi₂Al nanoparticles. We propose a unified mechanism of strain-assisted dynamic precipitation and kinetic stabilization. Crystal defects generated during deformation act as potent nucleation sites. This process kinetically traps the microstructure in a high-strength, non-equilibrium state, establishing a new strategy for developing high-performance Mg-Li alloys.

As-casted Mg-5.5 Li-0.5 Y alloy was tension at different strain rates. A serrated flow with several remarkable drops was only observed when samples deformed at 10(-4) s(-1). The sudden drop of flow stress mainly existed in the strain lower than 0.03, and the plastic instability disappeared at the larger strain. The strain rate jump test proved that the alloy exhibited a negative strain rate sensitivity at 10(-4) s(-1), which is a sign of dynamic strain aging (DSA). The difference in flow behavior indicates the deformation behavior of MgLi alloys largely depends on strain rate. The dislocation configuration in the samples deformed at different strain rates is different. The dislocation density of the DSA sample is relatively low and most of the dislocations were basal slip. DSA promoted jog climb of dislocation and the climb induced the dislocation transferred to another basal plane and further glide, which forms a series of dislocation bows and dipoles. Besides the job climb, the formation of stacking faults is another characteristic of the sample deformed at 10(-4) s(-1). The solute atoms are segregated at the stacking faults, which shows a strong pinning effect on dislocation movability. Inhabitation of the glide induced a high strength and work hardening rate when the sample tension was at 10(-4) s(-1).

Titanium (Ti)/steel clad plates, combining corrosion resistance of titanium with high strength of steel, are critical for applications in petroleum, aerospace, and pressure vessels. This paper comprehensively reviews four manufacturing methods: explosive bonding, roll bonding, explosive-roll bonding, and diffusion bonding detailing their advantages, limitations, and mechanisms. Explosive bonding forms a wavy interface with high strength but faces challenges in process control. Roll bonding ensures dimensional precision but suffers from weakened interfaces due to brittle intermetallic compounds (IMCs). Explosive-roll bonding balances efficiency and quality, yet risks IMCs regrowth during reheating. Diffusion bonding minimizes deformation but requires prolonged processing. Analysis of elemental diffusion and compound formation reveals that coexisting TiC and Fe–Ti IMCs degrade interfacial strength, while interlayers effectively suppress brittle phases. Experimental results highlight that rolling temperatures and interlayer selection critically influence shear strength and tensile properties. The corrugated-flat rolling (CFR) technique enhances mechanical interlocking and diffusion, achieving superior interface bonding strength. Future research should prioritize optimizing process parameters to control IMCs, developing eco-friendly methods, and revealing dynamic interface evolution to research high-performance and large-scale titanium/steel clad plates.

This paper investigates the microstructure, texture, and mechanical properties of the Mg-4Zn-1Mn-0.5Ca alloy subjected to hot extrusion under varying conditions of temperature (260 °C, 300 °C, 340 °C) and extrusion speed (0.01 mm/s, 0.1 mm/s, 1 mm/s). The primary objective is to determine the optimal extrusion parameters within the selected experimental range for achieving superior mechanical properties. The results indicate that, when extruded at a constant speed of 0.1 mm/s, the alloy exhibits optimal performance at 340 °C, with a yield strength of 202 MPa, ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 306 MPa, and elongation at fracture of 18.9%. A decrease in extrusion temperature leads to an increase in yield strength but a reduction in ductility. Specifically, the UTS reaches its peak at 342 MPa at 300 °C, while it drops slightly to 329 MPa at 260 °C. The final results show that the comprehensive mechanical properties of the Mg-4Zn-1Mn-0.5Ca alloy obtained by hot extrusion treatment with an extrusion temperature of 300 °C and extrusion speed of 0.1 mm/s are the best and can effectively improve the mechanical properties of the alloy and provide a good choice for the preparation of other biodegradable magnesium alloy products.

The intelligent detection technology driven by X-ray images and deep learning represents the forefront of advanced techniques and development trends in flaw detection and automated evaluation of light alloy castings. However, the efficacy of deep learning models hinges upon a substantial abundance of flaw samples. The existing research on X-ray image augmentation for flaw detection suffers from shortcomings such as poor diversity of flaw samples and low reliability of quality evaluation. To this end, a novel approach was put forward, which involves the creation of the Interpolation-Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Network (I-DCGAN) for flaw detection image generation and a comprehensive evaluation algorithm named TOPSIS-IFP. I-DCGAN enables the generation of high-resolution, diverse simulated images with multiple appearances, achieving an improvement in sample diversity and quality while maintaining a relatively lower computational complexity. TOPSIS-IFP facilitates multi-dimensional quality evaluation, including aspects such as diversity, authenticity, image distribution difference, and image distortion degree. The results indicate that the X-ray radiographic images of magnesium and aluminum alloy castings achieve optimal performance when trained up to the 800th and 600th epochs, respectively. The TOPSIS-IFP value reaches 78.7% and 73.8% similarity to the ideal solution, respectively. Compared to single index evaluation, the TOPSIS-IFP algorithm achieves higher-quality simulated images at the optimal training epoch. This approach successfully mitigates the issue of unreliable quality associated with single index evaluation. The image generation and comprehensive quality evaluation method developed in this paper provides a novel approach for image augmentation in flaw recognition, holding significant importance for enhancing the robustness of subsequent flaw recognition networks.

In this study, we prepared Mg-9Gd-2Nd-0.5Zr, referred to as alloy I, and Mg-9Gd-2Nd-1.5Zn-0.5Zr, referred to as alloy II. The effects of a long-period stacking ordered (LPSO) phase induced by Zn addition on the high-temperature mechanical properties and fracture morphology of alloy I and alloy II at different temperatures (25 °C, 200 °C, 225 °C, and 250 °C) were studied using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results indicate that Mg5RE at the crystal boundary of the as-cast alloy I transformed into (MgZn)3RE (as-cast alloy II) by the addition of Zn. After solid solution treatment, the secondary phase in alloy I completely disappeared, and there were still residual secondary phases in block-like and needle-like structures in alloy II, while layered LPSO phases precipitated in the matrix. During the high-temperature tensile test, the yield and tensile strength of alloy I decreased significantly with the increase in temperature, while the elongation increased. Compared to alloy I, the yield strength of alloy II with an LPSO phase showed an increasing trend at 25 °C~200 °C and then decreased when the temperature reached around 250 °C. The thermal stability was significantly enhanced, and the elongation was also higher than that of alloy I. As the temperature increased, the fracture surface of alloy I showed increased folding, bending of scratches, and crack enlargement. However, the fracture surface of alloy II remained largely unchanged, with only minor wrinkles and cracks appearing at temperatures reaching 250 °C.

In this study, through reasonable composition design, three elements of Zn, Mn and Ca, which are harmless to human body, were selected for alloying magnesium. The effects of ECAP treatment on the microstructure and corrosion properties of Mg-4Zn-1Mn-0Ca, Mg-4Zn-1Mn-0.2Ca and Mg-4Zn-0Mn-0.2Ca alloys were studied. The corrosion mechanism of Mg-Zn-Mn-Ca alloys with different components in Simulated. Body fluid (SBF) was analyzed by weight loss method and electrochemical test. The grains and the second phase were refined by Equal Angular Channel Pressing (ECAP). It was found that after 8 ECAP deformations, the microstructure of the alloy was refined and more uniform than that of the extruded alloy. The corrosion resistance of the Mg-Zn-Mn-Ca alloy after ECAP deformation in simulated body fluids was studied by electrochemical testing techniques, immersion experiments and observation of the microstructure and morphology of corrosion products. The relationship between microstructure characteristics, the behavior of the magnesium metal matrix and the properties of corrosion products was revealed. The results show that the microstructure of the alloy is refined and the corrosion resistance is improved with the increase in extrusion passes in the SBF solution. The corrosion resistance of magnesium alloy after 8 ECAP deformation is the best, showing small Icorr and large Rt. With the extension of the soaking time, the surface of the alloy will form a passivation film, which will protect the matrix and avoid further corrosion of the alloy. It is found that in SBF, the corrosion of the alloy surface is mainly pitting, which indicates that Ca2+, HCO3- and HPO42- in SBF can reduce the corrosion rate of magnesium alloy.

The multidirectional forging (MDF) experiments of Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr alloy were performed. The effects of temperature and cumulative strain on microstructure and mechanical properties of multi-directional forged Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr alloy were studied. The results showed that the recrystallization ratio of the alloy gradually increased with the initial forging temperature after 3 passes of MDF. Under the condition of the initial forging temperature of 500 °C, the grain size was gradually refined with increasing MDF passes, and the average grain size was refined to 1.49 μm after 12 MDF passes. With the increase in MDF passes, the maximum texture density of the alloy gradually decreased. The mechanical properties gradually increased with the MDF passes. In the first 6 MDF passes, the mechanical properties greatly increased, but after that, the increase gradually slowed down with additional MDF passes. The optimal mechanical properties were obtained after 12 MDF passes, and the tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation after fracture were 362 MPa, 294 MPa, and 14.5%, respectively.

The microstructure and mechanical properties of semi-continuous casting Mg-Gd-Y-Zr magnesium alloys with different Zn contents were studied in this paper. The results showed that an increase in Zn content resulted in gradual refinement of the grains and a gradual increase in the volume fraction of the second phase. At a Zn content of 0.7 wt%, the microstructure was mainly composed of the α-Mg matrix and the Mg5(GdY) and long-period stacking order (LPSO) phases. An increase in the Zn content lowered the volume fraction of the Mg5(GdY) phase and increased the volume fraction of the LPSO phase. At a Zn content of 3.3 wt%, the microstructure was mainly composed of the α-Mg matrix and the LPSO phase. Among these alloys, the alloy without Zn addition showed an optimal ultimate tensile strength and yield strength of 229 MPa and 185 MPa, respectively, while the alloy with 3.3 wt% Zn showed an excellent elongation after fracture of 4.5%. The tensile fracture analysis indicated that the cracks of the alloy without Zn mainly originated at the trigeminal junction of the grain boundary, the cracks of the 0.7 wt% Zn and 1.5 wt% Zn alloy mainly originated at the interface of the Mg/lamellar LPSO phase, and the cracks of the 3.3 wt% Zn alloy mainly originated at the bulk LPSO phase of the grain boundary and then propagated along the bulk LPSO phase.

The microstructures and mechanical properties of Mg-8.5Gd-4.5Y-0.3Zr (wt.%) alloys with and without Zn addition were investigated in this study, and the strengthening mechanisms of these two alloys were also discussed. The results show that the as -extruded alloys possesses a fine and uniform microstructure, while the as-extruded alloy with Zn addition has finer grains due to the dislocation motion inhibited by the long-period stacking ordered (LPSO) phase. Dynamic precipitation occurs during the extrusion process and unevenly distributes in both alloys, which is beneficial for the grain refinement. The yield strength and elongation of the peak-aged alloy with Zn addition are about 56 MPa and 2 times higher than that of the alloy without Zn addition; this higher elongation and yield strength can be mainly ascribed to the LPSO and g0 phases strengthening.(c) 2023 Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

In this work, a novel five-step cold extrusion forging technology was proposed for fabricating a shaped charge liner with hyperboloid structure feature, in which three steps forming to develop the macroscopic hyperboloid shape and two steps annealing treatments to improve the microstructure and property of the liner. Besides, the preforming process was the focus of this investigation because the size structure, microstructure, and texture of the preform play a crucial role in the manufacture of the final forming process due to the heredity of dimension and microstructure, which also provides powerful process reference with the following forming steps. Based on the ABAQUS finite element (FE) platform, the cold extrusion process of the shaped charge liner preform was simulated, and the influences of forming parameters such as the initial billet size and friction coefficient between billet and dies on forming load, cavity filling, and strain distribution of the preform were investigated, respectively. The simulation results show that the optimal parameters of initial billet diameter and friction coefficient between dies and billet in cold extrusion preforming of shaped charge liner are 50 mm and 0.1, respectively. Additionally, the strain distribution of the shaped charge liner in the cold forming process was analyzed in detail. Finally, the experiment of the cold extrusion of the shaped charge liner preform was carried out to verify the feasibility of the cold extrusion process and the correctness of the simulation results.

The actual marine corrosion behavior and tensile properties of 2195 alloy and 2297 alloy in T8 state were studied by means of marine environment outdoor xeposure testing. The cross-sectional and macro morphologies of the alloys after outdoor exposure for different times were analyzed. The results indicated that the alloys possessed poor marine-corrosion resistance and rapidly corroded in an actual marine environment. The grain-interior corrosion (GIC) was the main corrosion mechanism for 2195 alloy and 2297 alloy, leading a lot of corrosive holes. Moreover, the reasons for GIC was discussed through microstructure analysis. Additionally, the trend of tensile performance of both alloys during outdoor exposure to marine environment was also studied. It is found that the tensile properties of both alloys gradually degraded with the increase of exposure time due to the occurrence of corrosive holes. After exposure for 12 months, the tensile strength and yield strength of 2297 alloy declined more than these of 2195 alloy.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of corrosion on the microstructure and tensile properties of 7075 high-strength alloy. It involved outdoor exposure tests in an actual marine atmospheric environment in Wanning, Hainan Province. The results showed that the 7075 alloy was corroded rapidly in the marine atmospheric environment, and corrosion pits and intergranular cracks were generated. The intergranular cracks were extended along the grain boundary during corrosion, leading to the exfoliation of the matrix. The cause for the intergranular corrosion was discussed based on the microstructure characteristics of 7075 alloy. The tensile properties of the 7075 alloy gradually deteriorated with the increase of exposure time in the marine atmospheric environment. The ultimate strength and elongation were decreased by about 3.2% and 58.3%, respectively, after 12 months of outdoor exposure.

Although maize is one of the main crops in the Northeast region, yield is still considered low when compared to other regions. One of the main solutions to increasing yield is the selection of cultivars adapted to the conditions of the Northeast region. Thus, the present study aims to use the Bayesian segmented regression model to evaluate the adaptability and stability of maize. The experiment was set up in a randomized block design with two repetitions, where 25 maize hybrids were evaluated in different states. Initially, the analysis of variance was performed. Then, the Bayesian approach of the segmented regression method was used to select the hybrids regarding adaptability and stability. There was a difference between the genotypes indicated using the a priori distribution and those indicated by the minimally informative a priori distribution. Hybrids 20A55HX, 2B433HX, 2B512HX, and P2830H were considered ideal for the Northeast region.

The mechanical behavior and microstructure evolution of Al-Mg-Li alloys under the effect of electric current was investigated using an electropulsing-assisted uniaxial tensile (EAUT) test combined with microstructure observations. It was found that the localized Joule heating-induced microscale high temperature at the grain boundaries in the necking zone significantly accelerated the grain boundary weakening when necking occurred, which resulted in rapid intergranular fracture and relevant decrease in elongation. Electropulsing induced continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) in the both side layers and the discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) in the intermediate layers of the Al-Mg-Li sheet during EAUT testing at 460 degrees C and higher, promoting the formation of newly near-equiaxed recrystallized grains and weakening of beta-fiber texture components. For the conventional high temperature tensile test, only a small amount of recrystallized grains formed along the grain boundaries of the coarse parent grains under the control of DDRX. The occurrence of CDRX during EAUT was substantially attributed to the promoted effect of electropulsing on dislocation glide and climb, which resulted from the combined effect of microscale localized Joule heating around dislocations and the electro-induced enhancement effect on vacancy diffusion. (c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

It is meaningful to study the effect of long-period stacking ordered(LPSO)phases content on the corrosion behavior of Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr alloys for designing novel high-strong anti-corrosive Mg alloys.In this work, the electrochemical and corrosion behaviors of Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr alloy in 5% NaCl aqueous solution were analyzed by metallographic observation, SEM, EDS, electrochemical test and immersion experiment, further confirming the effect of LPSO content on the corrosion resistance.Results showed that the Zn element played a dominant role in the formation and distribution of the LPSO phase in the Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr alloys, there was no LPSO phase formed in the alloy when no Zn element was added.The volume fraction of the LPSO phase increased and the morphology changed from lamellar to bulk with the increase of Zn concentration.Moreover, during the corrosion process, an uniform and continuous corrosion product layer was formed on the surface of the alloy substrate.when the addition of Zn increased, the thickness of the corrosion product layer decreased, and the corrosion morphology of the alloys changed from general corrosion to local corrosion.Besides, the LPSO phase acted as the cathode of corrosion micro-cell during local corrosion process, accelerating the corrosion and dissolution of the alloy substrate.

In mechanical engineering and intelligent manufacturing research area, excellent surface quality and dimensional accuracy at the macro level for products manufactured by means of information and intelligent technology are desired, at the same time, their controls of microstructure and properties at the microscopic scale are also of great concern. Tantalum-tungsten (Ta-W) alloy components are widely used in high temperatures, ballistics, and aerospace fields due to their advantages of high density, high plasticity, and good corrosion resistance. Therefore, in this paper, by studying the influence of processing parameters of heat treatment on microstructure and properties in cold forging deformation, tantalum-tungsten alloy components with homogeneous and fine-grained microstructure as well as excellent mechanical properties can be successfully achieved. Results show that the average grain size of Ta-W alloy components reaches the minimum when annealed at 1300 °C for 60 min, which is less than 25 μm. The recrystallization process of Ta-W alloy components with a reduction of 74% has completed at the annealing temperature of 1300 °C, and apparently grain growth occurs when the annealing temperature reaches 1400 °C. With the increase of annealing temperature paremeters, the microhardness of Ta-W alloy components decreases at first then slightly increases. The increase of microhardness at 1400 °C is likely due to the tendency of refractory metals to oxidize at high temperatures. After annealing treatment, the deformation of Ta-W alloy components shows obvious elastic-plastic deformation behavior, and its elongation reaches a maximum value of 46%.

目的 建立Mg-8.5Gd-4.5Y-0.7Zn-0.4Zr合金的本构方程和加工图,得到材料的可加工变形参数.方法 采用Gleeble实验机开展温度范围为300～500℃,应变速率范围为0.001～1 s–1的高温单轴压缩实验.结果 流变应力随应变速率的升高和变形温度的降低而增加,当在变形温度为300℃,变形速率为0.1 s–1和1 s–1变形时,试样发生了早期开裂;计算得到了合金的变形激活能为228.414 kJ/mol,较高的活化能与LPSO相的存在有关;合金加工图中存在两个可加工区域,第一个区域在变形温度为350～420℃,应变速率为0.001～0.01 s–1的范围内,第二个区域在变形温度为420～480℃,应变速率为0.005～0.1 s–1的范围内.结论 建立的本构方程得到预测流动应力值与实验值吻合良好,加工图中两个可加工区域的变形机制都为动态再结晶.

High temperature deformation behavior and workability of Mg–8.1Gd–4.5Y–0.3Zr alloy were studied by compression tests. Arrhenius equation with strain compensation and processing maps were established. The results show that the activation energy Q, structure factor α, n and ln A varies with the strain, its relationship fit well by fifth order polynomial. The flow stresses predicted by the extracted model are in good agreement with the experimental results. There are five typical domains in the processing map, and the deformation mechanisms in different domains were determined by microstructure analysis. The feasible processing window of the alloy is in the areas of 400–500 °C/0.001–0.1 s−1.

对一种近β型的两相钛合金Ti12LC进行了热变形实验研究.采用差热实验分析了该合金的相变点温度.通过热模拟压缩实验,研究了变形温度、应变速率和变形量对该合金微观组织的影响.结果 表明,随着温度的变化,初生α相的形态和数量发生改变,当上升到相变温度点以上时,β晶粒的粗化明显;随着应变速率的降低,合金内部动态再结晶充分,晶粒均匀细小,但过低的应变速率又会引起组织粗大;随着变形量的增加,条状α相含量相对增多,组织球化明显,且针状β转变组织含量减少,组织相对更加均匀;在变形量小于75％且不发生变形失稳的缺陷下,通过更大的变形量能获得更好的微观组织.